GEOL882.

3
Reflection
Seismic Processing
Objective
Processing Systems
General concept of CMP
processing
Processing Tools
SEGY and similar file formats
General features of ProM!
Reading"
ProM! manual #$ntroduction%
GEOL882.3
Reflection
Seismic Processing
Objective & transform
redundant reflection seismic
records in t'e time domain
into an interpretable depth
image(
)ata reduction and editing*
Transformation into conveniently
computer&manageable form*
Removal of bad records*
Gat'ering*
CMP sorting*
+iltering in time and space*
ttenuation of noise*
$maging
+inal velocity and reflectivity
image(
GEOL882.3
Seismic Processing
Systems
,sually geared to a particular
type of application
Mostly CMP reflection processing*
-and or marine. /) or 0)(
Commercial"
ProM! #-andmar1%*
Omega #2estern Geop'ysical. marine%*
+ocus #Paradigm%*
moco and almost every ot'er company 'ave
t'eir o3n4
5ista #Seismic $mage Soft(%(
Open&source6,niversities"
Stanford E7ploration Project*
Seismic ,8$! #Colorado Sc'ool of Mines%*
+ree,SP #moco%*
S$OSE$S #Scrippts. marine. not free9%*
S$" 'ttp"66seis3eb(usas1(ca6S$
GEOL882.3
Seismic data formats
SEG&Y
Most seismic data formats are similar. and
include"
Te7t file 'eader #comments for t'e user. line
description%*
:inary file 'eader #number of traces. ot'er vital
formatting information%*
;Traces<. eac' including"

:inary trace 'eader #c'annel number. coordinate.

offset. statics. mute times. filter parameters.
etc(%( Some formats allo3 user&defined trace
'eaders(

Trace sample values #integer or floating&point%(

SEG&Y #adopted by SEG as t'e standard data
e7c'ange format%"
Te7t file 'eader of 0/== bytes #>= ?=&c'aracter
lines%*
:inary file 'eader of >== bytes*
Traces include"

/>=&byte 'eaders. fi7ed predefined format(

Samples in any of t'e /& or >&byte formats

#usually stored as >&byte $:M RE-%(
moderate /&) seismic line 3it' ?== s'ots
recorded by @A c'annels at BC== samples per
trace ta1es about C== Mb of storage in SEG&Y
format #verify t'is9%
GEOL882.3
General CMP Processing
SeDuence
B% )emultiple7. 5ibroseis
correlation. Gain recovery
Conversion from file formats produced
by field data loggers into processing&
oriented formats

SEG&Y. SEG&/(

ProMa7. +ocus. Omega. S,. 5ista. etc(.

internal formats(
T'ese days. may not be reDuired #done
in t'e field%(
/% +ield Geometry
ssignment of source&receiver
coordinates. offsets. etc( in t'e
trace headers(
0% Edit
Removal of bad traces #noisy
c'annels. poorly planted
geop'ones. c'annels contaminated
by po3er line noise. etc(%(
GEOL882.3
General CMP Processing
SeDuence #continued%
>% +irst arrival pic1ing
May be semi&automatic or manual*
ReDuired for generation of refraction statics*
models and for designing t'e mutes(
C% Elevation statics
:ased on geometry information. compensates
t'e travel&time variations caused by variations
in source6receiver elevations(
Transforms t'e records as if recorded at a
common 'oriEontal datum surface(
A% Refraction statics
:uilds a model for t'e s'allo3. lo3&velocity
subsurface*
Compensates t'e travel&time variations caused
by t'e s'allo3 velocities(
F% ;Top<. ;bottom<. and ;surgical< mute
Eliminates #sets amplitudeG=% t'e time
intervals 3'ere strong non&reflection energy is
present"
+irst arrivals. ground roll. air3ave(
GEOL882.3
General CMP Processing
SeDuence #continued%
?% Gain recovery
Compensates geometrical spreading*
:ased on a simple 'euristic relation(
B=% Trace balance
EDualiEes t'e variations in amplitudes
caused by differences in coupling*
$n true&amplitude processing. replaced 3it'
;surface-consistent deconvolution(
@% )econvolution
Compresses t'e 3avelet in time. attenuates
reverberations(
B=% Gat'er. CMP sort
$n modern processing systems #ProMa7.
Omega. 5ista% done by using trace lookup
spreadsheets rat'er t'an by creating
additional copies of t'e dataset(
GEOL882.3
General CMP Processing
SeDuence #continued%
B/% 5elocity analysis
+or eac' of t'e CMP gat'ers.
determines t'e optimal stacking
velocity(
B0% )ip Moveout #)MO% correction
Transforms t'e records so t'at t'e
subseDuent 8MOHstac1 3or1 3ell even
in t'e presence of dipping reflectors(
B>% 8ormal Moveout #8MO%
correction
Removes t'e effects of source&receiver
separation from reflection records*
Transforms t'e records as if recorded
at normal incidence(
BC% Residual statics
Removes t'e remaining small travel&
time variations caused by inaccurate
statics or velocity model
GEOL882.3
General CMP Processing
SeDuence #continued%
BA% Steps B/&BC above are usually
iterated 0&C times to produce
accurate velocity and residual
statics models(
Success of velocity analysis depends
on t'e Duality of )MO68MO and
residual statics. and vice versa(
BF% Stac1
Produces a zero-offset section*
,tiliEes CMP redundancy to increase
t'e Signal/Noise ratio.
B?% Migration
Transforms t'e Eero&offset time
section into a dept' image*
Establis'es correct e7tents and dips of
t'e reflectors(
GEOL882.3
Processing tools
Preprocessing
)emultiple7*
Editing*
Gain recovery*
+ield geometry*
Elevation #;field<% statics(
Travel&time corrections
Statics. i(e(. time s'ifts
#elevation. refraction
#3eat'ering%. residual%*
5elocity analysis #testing for
'yperbolic moveout%*
8ormal&moveout correction
#8MO%*
)ip moveout correction #)MO%*
Migration(
GEOL882.3
Processing tools
Continued
2avelet adjustments
5ibroseis correlation.
)econvolution*
+reDuency filtering(
mplitude corrections
Compensation of Geometrical
spreading*
Gain

utomatic Gain Correction

#GC.%. trace normaliEation. etc(
8oise reduction
5elocity filtering #f&k and &p
filters%*
;5erticalI stac1. CMP stac1*
Muting(
GEOL882.3
General Processing +lo3
Seismic processing flo3 is a
computer program
$mplemented as a IscriptI #)$SCO. S$.
S,%. Iinstruction listI #ProM!%. or visual
Igrap'I #5ista. Omega%
,ser builds t'e processing seDuence using
a collection of tools for data manipulation
Results in generation of a code customized
to perform t'e specified tas1
GEOL882.3
More General
Processing +lo3 #S$%
S$ Seismic processing logic is based on
independent operation of t'e modules
Eac' module transforms an input gather of
multicomponent traces into output one
S$ also maintains a system of database tables
and inter&modular messaging mec'anism
GEOL882.3
ProM!
)ata 'ierarc'y
rea #project%
-ine
Processing +lo3s #perform specific
processing tas1s 3it' t'e traces or
databases%
)atasets #traces. 'eaders. loo1up
tables%
)atabases #most of t'em called
OP+ J Ordered Parameter +iles%
Tables #travel times. velocity
models. etc(%
special area used for archiving
and restoring ot'er projects
#IareasI%
GEOL882.3
ProM!
Key components
+ront&end G,$
8avigates 3it'in areas. lines. flo3s.
datasets. databases. tables. etc(
+lo3 builder
llo3s building processing flo3s
from a library of modules
Send flo3s to e7ecution
Monitor
Monitors running jobs. allo3s
suspending and 1illing t'em
)isplays job logs
)atabase editors
)isplay6edit various databases