Nhit mi trng cao qu c th gy nguy him v cc cc mch bn trong m un c

th hot ng km tin cy v gim tui th ca m un.

m thng t 5% n 95% l khong cha ngng t nc. Ngi thit k h thng
phi m bo rng m c iu khin chun xc trn bn iu khin ni m h thng
vo ra c lp t.





Chng 3 Hot ng ca b nh v cch ghi a ch

M u
Cc h thng iu khin PLC lu tr thng tin v chng trnh iu khin trong b nh.
Thng tin c lu tr y xc nh PLC s x l cc d liu vo ra nh th no. Trong
chng ny, chng ta s trnh by v thnh phn v cu trc ca b nh, dng b nh, t
chc ca b nh, cch ghi a ch ca b nh v a ch u vo/ra. Cui cng ta s tp
trung vo giao din t phn cng n phn mm ca PLC.

3.1 Cc thnh phn v cu trc ca b nh

B nh ca PLC c th c hin th bng mot mng hai chiu ca cc t bo nh, m
mi t bo c th cha mt bit n ca thng tin di dng l gi tr 0 hay 1. S nh phn
n hay bit c ly t hai ch u ca t Binary v ch cui ca digit. Bit l n v
nh nht trong b nh v ch cha c thng tin dng 1 v 0. Mi t bo nh c in p
th hin trn u ra ca mch in t ch th gi tr 1 v in p 0 ch gi tr 0.
Bit c bt ln trng thi ON nu gi tr lu trn l 1 v OFF nu l lu gi tr 0.
Trong nhiu trng hp, iu quan trng i vi b x l l gi c nhiu d liu hn l
mt bit n. V d khi b x l truyn d liu i v v b nh, lu tr cc s, cc m
chng trnh, n cn mt nhm cc bit gi l byte hay t (word). Mt byte c nh
ngha l mt nhm nh nht ca cc bit m CPU c th x l c ng thi trong mt
ln. Trong cc thit b iu khin PLC byte c c thng thng l 8 bit v mt t c c l
hai byte hay 16 bit. Mc d vy, mt t c th c ln ln hn hay nh hn, ph thuc
vo c tnh ca b vi x l c s dng.
Lng b nh c tnh bng hng 1000 hay K K=kilo, vi 1 K l 1024 t ( tc l
2
10
=1024) ca khng gian nh.Dung lng b nh ca PLC c th thay i t nh hn 1K
n 64K t. Ph thuc vo nh sn xut. Tnh phc tp ca k hoch iu khin, s lng
ca cc im vo/ra v dng vo ra l nhng thng s xc nh ln ca b nh PLC.
di ca t thng l hai byte ( 16 bit) hay c th di hn. Chiu di ca t trong PLC
c th l 4, 8, 16 hay 32 bit. T c 16 bit th hin trn hnh3..

53


Hnh 3.. T mi su bit
Mt s PLC s dng h m 16 nhn dng mi bit, nh hnh 3 Bit c trng lng
ln nht l bit 17 v bit nh nht l bit 00.
Mt mng nh n 64 bit c minh ho trn hnh 2..
Mng ny gm 8 hng v tm ct. Mng 64 bit cn c 6 bit a ch cp cho mi t bo.
Mt t bo thng l mt mch in t c gi l mch flip-flop, mch ny c gi tr
+5VDC hay 0 VDC. ly d liu t mng nh, cc b gii m a ch dng v ct s
chn ra t bo yu cu.
Cc mng nh thng c to bi cc mch tch hp (IC). Mt n v c trng ca
mch tch hp cha nhiu ngn t bo nh sp xp theo cch khc nhau. Mt mch tch
hp 8K-bit (8096 bit) c th b tr thnh 8K t bo nh vi mt bit mi t bo, hay 1K
byte vi 8 t bo mi byte. S ca nhm (bit, byte hay t) c ghi a ch l hm ca 2
n
,
v d 1K=2
10
, 4K=2
12
, 8K=2
13
v tng t. Gi tr n l s bit da ch cn chn cho mi
nhm ring bit.

Hnh .. Mng nh c trng

Vi 1000 t ta cn s dng mi bit ghi a ch ca mi t trong nh, vi cc t c tm
bit, mi su bit hay ba mi hai bit. i vi b nh 1Kx8, mch IC cn 10 bit a ch
chn 1 K t trong b nh. Mch IC c 8 chn cho d liu u vo v u ra, 10 chn cho
chn a ch, hai chn cho ngun mt chiu DC. Hai chn cp ngun c s dng ni
vi + 5 VDC v tip t. Tn hiu iu khin c/ghi c s dng xc nh khi no
54
cc bit d liu c ghi vo b nh hay c c t b nh. Bit d liu c ghi vo b
nh khi tn hiu iu khin (R/W) mc in p thp v d liu c truyn i t b nh
khi tn hiu iu khin (R/W) mc in p cao. Mt chp pht tn hiu iu khin c
dng chn hot ng ca mi chip ring bit khi mt nhm cc mch tch hp c s
dng to ra b nh ln hn kh nng to ra bi mt chp.




Hnh 3.. Mt chp nh 1K-byte R/ c trng

Dng b nh
Ta s ni v dng b nh hay c s dng trong PLC cng nh trong ng dng ca
chng cho cc dng d liu hay thng tin c lu tr. Trong vic la chon b nh s
dng, k s thit k h thng phi ch kh nng xo v kh nng lp trnh d dng. K
s thit chu trch nhim v vic mt thng tin trong b nh, bi v b nh gi chng
trnh iu khin qu trnh, v nu chng trnh ny b xo th ton b h thng sn xut b
ngng. T khi b nh li cun s ch rng n c v tr quan trng gia ngi s dng v
PLC, n c th d dng thay i. S tng tc bt u t khi bt u lp trnh cho h
thng, sa li v tip tc vi cc thay i trc tuyn, nh thay i cc gi tr ca cc b
m thi gian v b m thng

B nh c/ghi (R/W)
B nh ghi v c c thit k d liu hay thng tin c th c ghi vo hay
c ra t cng mt v tr . Trn hnh 3.. cho thy d liu c th c a vo b nh bng
s dng phng thc ghi v c th ly ra bng s dng phng thc c. a ch u vo
b nh nh r v tr v a ch ca d liu s c c hay c ghi vo.

55

Hnh 3.. S khi ca b nh R/W
i vi phn ln PLC, s dng b nh R/W vi pin hi lu cho cc ng dng nh.
B nh R/W to bin php tuyt vi c th to ra d dng v thay i mt chuyng
trnh iu khincng tt nh cho php nhp d liu. So snh vi mt s dng b nh khc,
b nh R/W hot ng rt nhanh. Ch c mt bt li l pin h tr b nh c th hng theo
thi gian. Mc d vy, phn ln PLC c tn hiu nh sng bo pin sp cn bo cho
ngi vn hnh thay ngun pin hi lu cho b nh.

B nh ch dng c ROM
B nh ROM c thit k lu thng xuyn mt chng trnh c nh m
bnh thng khng th hay khng b thay i. Tn ca b nh loi ny xut pht t thc
t ni dung ghi trong n ch c c v khng th ghi hay thay i c, mt khi d liu
hay chng trnh c lu trong n. D liu ch c th s dng bng phng thc c.
Cng nh b nh R/W, b nh ROM cng c a ch ca u vo, ni v tr xc nh ca
d liu s c c. Nh thit k ca n, b nh ROM khng cn b nh hng bi nhiu
in hay mt ngun. Chng trnh thc hin hay chng trnh ca h thng iu hnh
thng c cha trong b nh ROM.



PLC rt him khi s dng b nh ROM cho cc b nh chng trnh iu khin
ng dng. Mc d vy, trong cc ng dng m c yu cu cc d liu c nh, ROM c
li th hn v tc , gi thnh v tin cy. Thng cc chng trnh PLC trn c s
ROM c sn xut ti nh my bi nh sn xut thit b . Mt khi mt b lnh gc c
lp trnh, ngi s dng khng bao gi c th thay i c n. Nh sn xut s ghi v
sa li chng trnh nh thit b iu khin c/ghi hay my tnh v khi chng trnh
hon thin s c a vo b nh R/W hay ROM. ROM cng c tm thy trong cc
b nh ng dng ca cc h thng PLC chun dng nh l vi sng, my bn hng, my
git v tng t.

B nh ch dng c c kh nng lp trnh PROM
B nh PROM l dng b nh c bit ca b nh ROM, rt him c s dng
trong cc ng dng ca PLC. Mc d vy, khi n c s dng, n l dng lu tr c nh
c yu thch nht, hn hn cc b nh RAM (random Acces Memory). PROM cng
56
nh cc b nh ROM v n cng khng b mt thng tin khi mt ngun hay b nh hng
ca nhiu. Bt li l lp trnh cho PROM cn c thit b c bit. Mt khi lp trnh n
cng khng th xo v thay i c. Mt thay i trong chng trnh cn phi c mt b
chp PROM mi. B nh PROM c th thch hp cho lu tr chng trnh c kim
tra v nh trong b nh RAM v n khng cn thay i hoc c d liu vo trc tuyn.

B nh ROM c kh nng xo bng in EEPROM
EEPROM l loi PROM c bit c th lp trnh li sau khi xo hon ton bng
in. POM c th xem nh thit b nh tm thi, trong c th cha chng trnh n
khi n sn sng c thay i. EEPROM to mt phng tin lu tr tuyt vi cho
chng trnh iu khin c yu cu khng b xo v khng thay i chng trnh. Phn
ln cc nh sn xut PLC ch to PLC vi b nh EEPROM to b nh c nh ca
chng trnh my sau khi pht trin, sa li v hot ng tt.
Mt chng trnh iu khin gm chir EEPROM s khng thun tin nu c yu
cu thay i trc tuyn hay cn d liu vo. Mc d vy, nhiu PLC a ra b nh chng
trnh bng EEPROM nh mt yu cu thm thay th cho cc b nh RAM c pin h tr.
EEPROM to h thng nh thch hp bi v n kt hp c kh nng lu tr v kh nng
thay i d dng ca b nh R/W.

T chc ca b nh
B nh ca PLC c trng c hai phn chnh: b nh h thng v b nh ng dng. B
nh h thng l ni cha ca tp hp cc chng trnh v cc b ghi to thnh chng
trnh iu hnh h thng, phn mm chn on s c, v cc b ghi trng thi ca h
thng. H thng iu hnh hng cc hot ng nh thc hin chng trnh iu khin,
trao i thng tin vi thit b ngoi vi, hay cc chc nng bo v h thng.
B nh ng dng gm min vo, min ra, cc b ghi d liu hay thng tin, cc min bit
lu tr bn trong v chng trnh iu khin. B nh h thng v b nh ng dng c
cch lu tr v cch ly thng tin khc nhau. B nh h thng cha cc lnh lm CPU
hot ng, cha mt b cc chng trnh chun on v cc b ghi trng thi. B nh ng
dng cha cc min nh vo, min nh ra, chng trnh iu khin, v cc b ghi d liu.
Chng s dng cc loi b nh khc nhau. Phn h thng iu hnh cn c b nh c
nh lu cc thng tin hay d liu c lu khng b thay i v tnh hay c bi mt
ngun hay bi ngi s dng. y cn n mt s loi b nh ROM. Mt khac ngi
s dng cn thay i chng trnh iu khin hay d liu vo/ra cho cc ng dng cho
trc, th dng b nh R/W l thch hp.



Cu trc ca tp
57
Mt tp nh c nh ngha l mt nhm t trong b nh m chng c chc nng
chuyn dng. Cc tp vo v tp ra l cc tp chung ging nhau trong PLC. Cc tp ny l
cc t nh sp xp cnh nhau cho u vo t bn ngoi v bit u ra c gn cho
im vo/ra trong PLC. Cu trc tp ca PLC Allen Bradley PLC5 c k trong bng
3..


Bng 3. Cu trc tp nh ca PLC S5 Allen Bradley
so snh bng 3.. gii thiu mt phn cu trc tp nh ca PLC S7 Siemens Simatic.
Trong c hai loi PLC ny, bit nh vo c k hiu l ch I trong lp trnh. Bit nh ra
c k hiu la O trong PLC S5 Allen-Bradley v l Q trong PLC Siemens S7.
58

Bng 3.. Cu trc tp nh ca PLC S7 Siemens Simatic

Bit nh trong
Phn ln cc PLC gn mt min nh cc bit trong. Cc bit nh ny cn c gi l bit
u ra bn trong , bit ra cun ht bn trong hay cn gi l bit iu khin trong. u ra
trong hot ng ging nh bt k u ra no, ch khc n c iu khin bng l gc
chng trnh. Mc d vy, u ra ny c s dng hn ch cho lp trnh l gc bn trong
v khng iu khin trc tip u ra no ti qu trnh. Cc u ra trong c dng
kho l gc trung gian trong chng trnh iu khin. y chnh l cc bin trung gian,
bi chng va c th l bin ra trong va c th l bin vo trong.
u ra trong bao gm c bit thc hin trn cc b m v b m thi gian nh mt bit l
gc trong cc dng khc nhau. Mi bit ra trong c so snh bng a ch trong chng
trnh iu khin v c bit lu tr trn cng a ch. Khi l gic iu khin l ng TRUE,
th bit u ra trong bt ln gi tr 1 hay ON.

Min nh chng trnh ng dng
Min nh chng trnh ng dng c s dng cha chng trnh iu khin l gc
ca qu trnh cng ngh. Tt c cc lnh ca thit b iu khin iu khin my hay
iu khin qu trnh c lu trong min nh ny. Cc a ch ca cc bit thc v cc bit
vo/ra trong c xc nh trong mt phn ca min nh. Khi PLC ang ch hot
ng v chng trnh iu khin ang thc hin, CPU dch cc v tr nh ny v iu
59
khin cc bit trong bng d liu, tng ng vi bit thc hay bit vo /ra trong. Chng
trnh iu khin c dch khi b x l thc hin chng trnh iu khin.
Gi tr cc i ca b nh chng trnh ng dng l kh nng m bo hot ng bnh
thng ca chng trnh iu khin tu thuc c ca h thng iu khin. H thng PLC
hng trung hay hng ln, ln ca chng trnh s dng cng thng linh hot. N c
th c thay i bng thay i kch thc bng d liu sao cho c th tm thy cc yu
cu lu tr d liu nh nht. Trong cc PLC nh, ln ca chng trnh ng dng
thng c nh.

Kch c ca b nh ng dng
C ca b nh ng dng l mt thng s quan trong trong thit k h thng iu khin
trn c s PLC. Xc nh c ca nh ng c ht gim gi thnh v trnh mt nhiu thi
gian sau ny. Nu tnh ton c ca b nh chnh xc ta khng cn mua PLC vi dung
lng thp hn hay vt qu.
C ca b nh ng dng c ht m rng n im cc i trong mt s thit b iu
khin, nhng khng th m rng trong mt s cc PLC nh hn. Cc PLC nh hn y
xc nh l cc PLC iu khin t 10 n 64 thit b vo/ra. Thit b iu khin c su
mi t hay nhiu hn cc thit b vo ra thng m rng b nh vi dung lng 1K, 2K,
4K hay tng t. Mi K tng ng vi 1024 t. Trong cc PLC c ln dung lng b
nh thng t 64K tr ln.
C b nh c thng bo ca cc PLC ch mi a ra ch s th ca khng gian nh c
sn cho ngi s dng, bi v mt phn ca b nh phi dng cho cc chc nng bn
trong ca cc thit b iu khin.
Cn tr chnh trong vic xc nh c ca b nh cho ng dng l tnh phc tp ca
chng trnh iu khin cha c xc nh cho n khi mua thit b. Nh vy, thng
ta bit s u vo/ra trong h thng trc khi phn cng c mua. K s thit k h
thng c th d tr c b nh ng dng nhn vi s u vo/ra vi hai mi t nh. v d
nu h thng c khong mt trn im vo/ra, th chng trnh thng cn ni chung c
2K t. Cn ch l c ca chng trnh b nh hng bi mc tinh vi ca chng trnh
iu khin. Nu ng dng yu cu thu thp d liu hay thut ton iu khin phc tp,
nh iu khin PID, th vic b xung thm b nh l cn thit.
Sau khi k s thit k xc nh b nh ti thiu yu cu cho ng dng, cn phi tnh thm
25% n 50% cho trng hp thay i chng trnh hay m rng chng trnh.

Ghi a ch vao/ra
T khi mt trong cc mc tiu chnh l iu khin cc u vo v u ra ca cc thit b
hin trng , cc u vo/ra phi chim ch trong b nh ca b x l tn hiu, ni m
chng c gn a ch trong chng trnh iu khin ca PLC. Mi im u trn m
un vo/ra c th c ni dy n thit b hin trng chim 1 bit trong b nh PLC.
Phn ca b nh cha a ch vo/ra c gi l bng nh vo v bng nh ra.
Bng nh nh vo
Bng nh vo l mng cc bit trong cha trng thi ca cc u vo gin on t qu
trnh cng ngh, m chng c ni n u vo ca PLC. S lng bit trong bng bng
s lng u vo cc i. Mi thit b iu khin c dung lng cc i l 64 u vo s
cn mt bng 64 bit u vo. Mi u vo c ni n c mt bit trong bng u vo
tng ng chnh xc ti im u m u vo c kt ni. Nu u vo trng thi
ON th bit trong bng nh cng l ON hay l gc 1. Trong phn ln cc PLC, u vo
trng thi ON nu in c trn im ni vo. Nu khng c in p, bit tng ng s
60
xo hay chuyn sang trng thi OFF hay l gc 0. Bng u vo tip tc c thay i
phn nh trng thi dng in ca cc thit b u vo c kt ni. Chng trnh iu
khin s dng cc thng tin trng thi xc nh trng thi TRUE hay FALSE ca
cc lnh trong chng trnh.









Bng 3.. l v d c trng ca mt bit vo n trong bng nh vo. im vo I:007/12
c nhn dng trong bn nh.

Bng nh nh ra
Bng nh nh ra l mng bit iu khin trng thi ca thit b u ra gin on, m
thit b ny c ni ti mch giao din ca u ra. Mi u ra c kt ni c mt bit
trong bng nh ra, tng ng chnh xc vi im u m u ra c kt ni. Bit trong
bng ra c iu khin bi b x l ca PLC ging nh n dch chng trnh iu khin
v c cp nht trong qu trnh qut u vo/ra. Nu mt bit c bt ln trng thi
ON hay l gc 1, th sau o mch in ni u ra s c kch hot, v y s c in
p trn im ni u ra. Nu bit b xo hay tt OFF (tc l gc 0), u ra s b ngt.
Hnh 3.. minh ho bit ra n trong bng nh ra. Trong v d ny, v tr bit ra O:017/16
c ch ra trn bn nh ca u ra. Ch O ch mt u ra, t a ch 017, bit l bit 16,
bit cui cng trong t nh.

61


Hnh 3.. Bit ra trong bng nh nh ra ca PLC s5 Allen Bradley.

Giao din gia phn cng v phn mm
C l l th quan trng nht hiu v thit b iu khin l b x l s dng cc u
vo ca qu trnh nh th no, th m cc mch vo cm nhn c, kch hot cc thit
b u ra theo yu cu iu khin qu trnh cng ngh. y chnh l giao din gia phn
cng v phn mm. a ch cc lnh l th ni chng trnh iu khin ca phn mm
vi phn cng ca cc im vo/ra.
a ch ca cc u vo v u ra ca PLC ni v tr vt l ca cc m un u cui n
v tr bit nh. Cu trc hay mt ca m un vao/ra: 8, 16 hay 32 im, c quan h trc
tip n cc bit m m un chim trong b nh ca PLC. V d m un 8 im vo nh
hnh 3.. tm bit 00 n 07 chim 8 v tr trong bng nh vo trong b nh ca b x l tn
hiu.




Hnh 3.. M un vo mt chiu 8 im c trng
Ta s gii thiu mt s cch ghi a ch ca cc h thng PLC.

Cch ghi a ch vo/ra trn Allen Bradley PLCS5
Phng php ghi a ch vo ra gin on ca Allen Bradley PLC S5 s dng m 6 v tr
(a:bbc/dd) i chiu vi a ch nh vo/ra v v tr vt l ca phn cng. Trong h
thng ny, v tr pha tri nht l ch I cho u vo gin on v ch O cho u ra gin
on. Hai ch tip theo (bb) l s hiu ca m un, ch s tip theo (c) l s ca nhm
vo/ra ( t 0 n 7). Hai ch s cn li th hin bit vo hay bit ra hay s ca im cui: 00
n 07 hay 10 n 17.
V d a ch I:001/07 ch th thit b u vo c ni n mun s 00 v nhm vo/ra
s 1 ti im cui 07 v bit nh 07. a ch O:074/10 ch th thit b u ra c ni ti
m un 07 ti im cui 10 trn nhm vo /ra s 4.

62

Hnh 3.. S ghi a ch vo/ra gin on ca Allen Bradley PLC S5

Mt giao din phn cng n phn mn i vi ng dng ca Allen Bradley PLC S5 c
minh ho trn hnh 3..


Hnh 3.. S giao din phn cng ti phn mm ca PLC S5
ng dng ny ch ra quan h hot ng gia cc thit b hin trng, bit nh vo/ra gin
on v chng trnh l gc thang ng dng.
Trong v d ny, nu cng tc mc cao c ni n m un trong gi s 0, nhm vo/ra
s 0, im cui s 7 c ng, bit bn trong ca phn mm I:000/07 s c bt ln gi
tr 1. ng gin on t im cui s 7 n v tr ca bit nh I:000/07 ch th mt kt
ni trong h thng PLC S5. Nu trong cng thi gian cng tc van v tr m c ni
n im cui 13 ca cng m un c ng li. Trong trng hp ny, bit vo I:000/13
s c bt ln 1, v bc ca l gc thang s c tnh lin tc ca l gc, v bit ra O:001/03
s c bt ln gi tr 1. iu ny kch hot van con trt ni vi im cui s 3 ca gi
s 0 v nhm vo/ra s 1.
63
Bc thang l gc trn y hnh 3.. cho thy v d hai bit u vo t bn ngoi c s
dng bt bit ra bn ngoi.

Cch ghi a ch vo/ra trn PLC Siemens Simatic S7-300
Trn hnh 3.. ch ra thit b c 11 khe ci cho PLC S7 -300 Siemens Simatic. S khe ci
trn gi nh hng n s a ch ca S7-300. a ch vo /ra u tin c xc nh
bi v tr ca n trn gi o. Khe cm u tin c dnh cho gi ca b ngun, tt nhin
a ch vo/ ra khng cn cho ngun. M un CPU c b tr tip theo trong khe s 2.
Khng cn a ch vo/ra gn cho m un CPU. Khe s 3 cha m un giao din (CIM:
Communication Interface Module). M un ny c dng ni CPU trong gi
vo/ra chnh vi cc m un vo /ra trn gi m rng. Khng c a ch vo/ra no c
gn cho m un giao din trong khe cm s 3. Mc d ngay c khi khe s 3 khng c m
un giao din, th khng mt m un no c cm vo y. Khe s 4 l khe cm u
tin cho cho cc m un vo/ra.



Quan h gia gi vt l v v tr khe cm v v tr m un vo/ra c ch trn hnh 3
a ch gin on cho c u vo v u ra bt u bng a ch t s 0 v a ch bit 0
(0.0) trong khe s 3 gi s 0. Chng tip tc ti t 95 v bit 7 trong khe cm 11 ca gi
s 2. Mi m un vo/ra gin on c dnh 4 byte (32 bit) ca a ch t nh, khng
cn quan tm n s lng im vo/ra thc s ca m un.
Phng php ghi a ch vo/ra gin on ca Siemens l dng m ba v tr (abb.cc)
i chiu vi a ch nh vo/ra. Trong h thng ny, v tr ngoi cng pha bn tri (a) l
ch I cho u vo gin on v ch Q cho u ra gin on. Hai v tr tip theo (bb) l s
byte nh c gn cho khe cm vo/ra, v ch (c) bn phi du chm l s ca bit ca
bng nh nh vo/ra ( t 0 n 7). V d m un vo/ra trn khe cm s 5 trn gi s 0
c 16 u vo gin on. Tm u vo u tin s c gn a ch t 4.0 n 4.7. Tm
u vo tip theo s c gn a ch 5.0 n 5.7.


64