Short Line Parameters Calculations

Positive and Zero Sequence Impedance

EDSA MICRO CORPORATION
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Copyright 2008
All Rights Reserved




Version 1.30.00 October 2008


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i

Table of Contents

1. Foreword............................................................................................................................................ 1
2. Purpose ............................................................................................................................................. 1
3. Capabilities ........................................................................................................................................ 1
4. Option 1. Aerial (Overhead) Lines..................................................................................................... 2
5. Option 2. Three-Conductor Cables ................................................................................................... 3
6. Option 3. Three-Single Conductor Cables ........................................................................................ 3
7. Option 4. Three-Single Concentric Neutral Cables, Neutrals Solidly Grounded............................... 3
8. Three-phase Short Line Consisting of a Three-conductor Cable:..................................................... 3
8.1 Cable Configuration: ............................................................................................................. 3
8.2 Parameters Identification:..................................................................................................... 4
8.3 Positive-sequence Impedance (R1, X1):.............................................................................. 4
8.4 Zero-sequence Impedance (RO, XO): ................................................................................. 4
8.4.1 Sheath return only: ............................................................................................................... 5
8.4.2 Grounded sheath-earth return: ............................................................................................. 5
8.5 Reference: ............................................................................................................................ 6
9. Three-phase Single Circuit Short Aerial (Overhead) Line With Neutral Wire: .................................. 6
9.1 General Configuration: ......................................................................................................... 6
9.2 Parameters Identification:..................................................................................................... 6
9.3 Positive-sequence Impedance (R1, X1):.............................................................................. 7
9.4 Zero-sequence Impedance (R0, X0): ................................................................................... 7
9.4.1 Earth return only: .................................................................................................................. 8
9.4.2 Neutral return only: ............................................................................................................... 9
9.4.3 Grounded neutral-earth return:............................................................................................. 9
9.5 Reference: ............................................................................................................................ 9
10. Three-phase Single Circuit Short Line Consisting of Three-single Conductor Cables: .................. 10
10.1 General Configuration: ....................................................................................................... 10
10.2 Parameters Identification:................................................................................................... 10
10.3 Positive-sequence Impedance (R1, X1):............................................................................ 11
10.3.1 With sheaths open.............................................................................................................. 11
10.3.2 With sheaths short-circuited (Bonded together): ................................................................ 11
10.4 Zero-sequence Impedance (RO, XO): ............................................................................... 11
10.4.1 Earth return only: ................................................................................................ 12
10.4.2 Sheaths (bonded together) return only: ............................................................. 13
10.4.3 Grounded Sheath-earth return: .......................................................................... 13
10.5 Reference ........................................................................................................................... 13
11. Mr. G.C. McDonalds Contribution................................................................................................... 14
12. Computation of Zero-sequence Impedance Following the Formulas of Westinghouse
Transmission and Distribution Reference Book: ........................................................................... 16
13. Verification and Validation: .............................................................................................................. 20
14. Computation of Positive and Zero-sequence Impedances (R & X) for Three-phase
Configuration Consisting of Three-single Concentric Neutral Cables ........................................... 22
15. Positive and Zero-sequence Impedance Calculation...................................................................... 25
16. Positive and Zero Sequence Impedance Calculation ..................................................................... 28
17. Nomenclature for Equations............................................................................................................ 32
18. References ...................................................................................................................................... 34
19. Standalone Short Line Parameters Tutorial .................................................................................... 35
20. Network-Based Short Line Parameters Calculations...................................................................... 46



ii

iii
List of Figures


Figure 1......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Figure 2......................................................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 3......................................................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 4......................................................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 5....................................................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 6....................................................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 7....................................................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 8....................................................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 9....................................................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 10..................................................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 11..................................................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 12..................................................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 13..................................................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 14..................................................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 15..................................................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 16 Tutorial Case Study (File: shtln.mzp) ......................................................................................... 35
Figure 17 Short Line Under Study ............................................................................................................. 46




Note: You can view this manual using your CD as an Adobe Acrobat PDF file. The file name is:


Short Line Parameters Short_Line_Parameters.pdf

You will find the Test/Job files used in this tutorial at the following location:

C:\DesignBase\Samples\ShortLine = Short Line Parameters

Test Files: SAMPLE-RELAY-IMP, SAMPLE-RELAY-QUAD, SAMPLE-RELAY-QUAD-V&V
















Copyright 2008
All Rights Reserved



Short Line Parameters
1. Foreword

This program was developed in the assumption that the user is a Professional Engineer and,
therefore, familiar with the concepts under consideration.


2. Purpose

To provide an easy, usable method of producing both Positive and Zero Sequence Impedance values for
short aerial (overhead) lines, three-conductor cables, three-single conductor cables, and three-single
concentric neutral cables.


3. Capabilities

The program will provide Positive Sequence, Zero Sequence or both Positive - and Zero Impedance
values for:


1. Three-Phase, Single Circuit, Short Aerial (Overhead) Lines With Neutral Wire

Return Path options:

a. Earth return only;

b. Neutral return only;

c. Ground Neutral return.

Neutral options:

a. 1 Neutral Conductor;

b. 2 Neutral Conductors.


2. Three-Phase Short Line Consisting of Three-Conductor Cables

Return Path options:

a. Sheath return only;

b. Grounded Sheath-Earth return.


3. Three-Phase Single Circuit Short Line consisting of three-single conductor cables.

Return Path options:

a. Earth return only;

b. Sheath return only;
1

Short Line Parameters

c. Grounded Sheath-Earth return.

Sheath options:

a. Open Circuit;

b. Short Circuit (Bonded).

4. Three-single concentric neutral cables with the neutral solidly grounded.


4. Option 1. Aerial (Overhead) Lines

Three-Phase, Single-Circuit, Short Aerial (Overhead) Lines with Neutral Wire;

After selecting the Aerial (Overhead) Lines option from Line Type Options, input information with
regard to the screen instructions.

When entering "Systems" information the user can press the "F2" function key for pick list to select:

Units used:

a. Standard.

Results are in ohms/1000 feet, and will be stored in the Standard EDSA Feeder
Data File.

b. Metric.

Results are converted to ohms/1000 meters, and will be stored in the Metric EDSA
Feeder Data File.

c. Frequency.

in Hz, defaults to EDSA configuration setting.

If data for the feeder already exist in the EDSA Feeder Data File, then a warning screen will present
the following:

OVERWRITE EDSA FEEDER DATA WARNING SCREEN

To Overwrite Existing Data:

N. Do NOT overwrite existing EDSA Feeder Data (default).

Y. Overwrite existing EDSA Feeder Data.


2

Short Line Parameters
5. Option 2. Three-Conductor Cables

Three-Phase, Three-Conductor Cable.

After selecting the Three-Conductor option from the Line Type Options, input the required items
according to the screen instructions.

Sheath's resistivity is in ohms/cubic centimeters at the temperature under consideration.


6. Option 3. Three-Single Conductor Cables

Three-Phase, Three-Single Conductor Cables.

After selecting the Three-Single-Conductors option from the Line Type Options, input the required
information according to the screen instructions.


7. Option 4. Three-Single Concentric Neutral Cables, Neutrals Solidly Grounded

After selecting the Three-Single Concentric Neutrals option from the Line Type Options, input the
required information based on the screen instructions.


8. Three-phase Short Line Consisting of a Three-conductor Cable:

8.1 Cable Configuration:



Figure 1
3

Short Line Parameters
8.2 Parameters Identification:

R
p
= Effective a.c. resistance of a conductor of the cable (with sheath
open) at the temperature and frequency under consideration, in
ohms per 1000 feet.

(GMR)
p
= G.M.R. of a conductor of the cable at the frequency under
consideration, in feet.

(RAD)
i
= Inner radius of sheath in feet.

(RAD)
o
= Outer radius of sheath in feet.


sh
= Resistivity of sheath in ohms per cubic centimeter, at the sheath
temperature under consideration.

(GMD)
p
= Mutual distance between two-phase conductors in feet.

F = Frequency (c/s) under consideration.

= Earth resistivity in ohms per cubic meter.

R
sh
= Resistance of sheath in ohms per 1000 feet.


8.3 Positive-sequence Impedance (R1, X1):

R1 = R
p
ohms per phase per 1000 feet.

X1 = 0.000882(F) log10 [(GMD)
p
/(GMR)
p
] ohms per phase per 1000
feet.


8.4 Zero-sequence Impedance (RO, XO):

D
e
= 2160

F
feet.

(GMR)
pg
= (GMR) (GMD)
p
p
2
3
(1)

(GMD)
sep
= [(RAD)
i
+(RAD)
o
]/2

R
sh
= 10.443238
sh
/[(RAD)
2o
-(RAD)
2i
] ohms per 1000 feet. (2)


NOTE: Skin effect of sheath is assumed to be negligible.


4

Short Line Parameters
The equivalent circuit for zero-sequence impedance calculation for three-conductor cables in terms
of actual impedance in ohms per 1000 feet is shown below:


Figure 2


NOTE: To obtain per phase values, actual impedance is to be multiplied by 3.

where

R
co
= R
p
/3, R
so
= R
sh
, R
eo
= 0.00030113(F) ohms per 1000 feet.

X
co
= 0.000882(F)log
10
[(GMD)
sep
/(GMR)
pg
] ohms per 1000 feet.

X
eo
= 0.000882(F)log
10
[D
e
/(GMD)
sep
] ohms per 1000 feet.


8.4.1 Sheath return only:

R
O
= 3(R
co
+R
so
) ohms per phase per 1000 feet.

X
O
= 3(X
co
) ohms per phase per 1000 feet.

8.4.2 Grounded sheath-earth return:

G
so
= 1/R
so
, S
eo
= R
2
eo
+X
2
eo
, G
eo
= R
eo
/S
eo
, B
eo
= -X
eo
/S
eo
,

G
se
= G
so
+G
eo
, B
se
= B
eo
, S
se
= G
2
se
+B
2
se
,

R
se
= G
se
/S
se
, X
se
= -B
se
/S
se
,

R
O
= 3(R
co
+R
se
) ohms per phase per 1000 feet.

X
O
= 3(X
co
+X
se
) ohms per phase per 1000 feet.
5

Short Line Parameters
8.5 Reference:

Wagner, C.F. and Evans, R.D., "Symmetrical Components", First edition, pp. 136-157, pp.
163-169, McGraw-Hill.


9. Three-phase Single Circuit Short Aerial (Overhead) Line With Neutral Wire:

9.1 General Configuration:


Figure 3

Conductor identification:

a, b, c are the phase conductors;

1, 2 are the neutral wires.


9.2 Parameters Identification:

R
p
= Effective a.c. resistance of a phase conductor at the
frequency and temperature under consideration, per 1000
feet.

(GMR)
p
= G.M.R. of a phase conductor at the frequency under
consideration.

D
pp1
, D
pp2
, D
pp3
= Three mutual distances among the phase conductors.

R
n
= Effective a.c. resistance of a neutral wire at the frequency
and temperature under consideration, per 1000 feet.

6

Short Line Parameters
(GMR)
n
= G.M.R. of a neutral wire at the frequency under
consideration.

NNW = Number of neutral wires, up to a maximum of two.

D
pn1
, D
pn2
,..., D
pnj
= Mutual distances from each phase conductor to each
neutral wire where j = 3(NNW).

D
nn
= Distance between the two neutral wires (if NNW = 2).

F = Frequency in c/s.

= Earth resistivity in ohms per cubic meter.


NOTE: All G.M.R.'s and distances are in feet and the resistances are in ohms.

It is assumed that the three-phase line is properly transposed or the effect of asymmetrical
spacing is negligible. The neutral wires (if two) are assumed to be symmetrically located
with respect to the line.


9.3 Positive-sequence Impedance (R1, X1):

(GMD)
p
= (
D
) (
D
) (
D
)
pp1 pp2 pp3
3
(3)

R1 = R
p
ohms per phase per 1000 feet.

X1 = 0.000882(F) log10 [(GMD)
p
/(GMR)
p
] ohms per phase per
1000 feet.


9.4 Zero-sequence Impedance (R0, X0):

(GMR)
pg
= (GMR)
(GMD)
p
p
2
3
(4)

D
e
= 2160

F
feet. (5)

(GMR)
ng
= (GMR)
n
, if NNW = 1. (6)

(GMR)
ng
= (
GMR
)(
D
)
n nn
if NNW = 2. (7)

(GMD)
sep
= (
D
)(
D
) . . . (
D
) , j = 3(NNW)
pn1 pn2 pnj
j
(8)


The equivalent circuit for the calculation of zero-sequence impedance for the configuration
shown before in terms of actual impedance in ohms per 1000 feet is:
7

Short Line Parameters

Figure 4

where
R
co
= R
p
/3

R
no
= R
n
/NNW

R
eo
= 0.00030113 (F) ohms

X
co
= (F1)(F)log
10
[(GMD)
sep
/(GMR)
pg
] ohms

X
no
= (F1)(F)log
10
[(GMD)
sep
/(GMR)
ng
] ohms

X
eo
= (F1)(F)log
10
[D
e
/(GMD)
sep
] ohms

(X
co
+ X
eo
) = (F1)(F)log
10
[D
e
/(GMR)
pg
] ohms
with

F1 = 0.000882

NOTE: To obtain per phase impedance, actual impedance is to be multiplied by 3.


9.4.1 Earth return only:

R
O
= 3(R
co
+R
eo
) ohms per phase per 1000 feet.


X
O
= 3(X
co
+X
eo
) = 3(F1)(F)log
10
[D
e
/(GMR)
pg
] ohms per phase
per 1000 feet.
8

Short Line Parameters

9.4.2 Neutral return only:

R
O
= 3(R
co
+R
no
) ohms per phase per 1000 feet.

X
O
= 3(X
co
+X
no
) ohms per phase per 1000 feet.

9.4.3 Grounded neutral-earth return:

Z
O
= 3[Z
co
+(Parallel combination of Z
no
and Z
eo
)]

S
no
= R
2
no
+X
2
no
; G
no
= R
no
/S
no
; B
no
= -X
no
/S
no
; S
eo
= R
2
eo
+X
2
eo


G
eo
= R
eo
/S
eo
; B
eo
= -X
eo
/S
eo
; G
one
= G
no
+G
eo
; B
one
= B
no
+B
eo
;

S
one
= G
2
one
+B
2
one
; R
one
= G
one
/S
one
; X
one
= -B
one
/S
one

R
O
= 3(R
co
+R
one
) ohms per phase per 1000 feet.

X
O
= 3(X
co
+X
one
) ohms per phase per 1000 feet.


9.5 Reference:

Wagner, C.F. and Evans, R.D., "Symmetrical Components", First edition, pp. 136-157, pp.
163-169, McGraw-Hill.

9

Short Line Parameters
10. Three-phase Single Circuit Short Line Consisting of Three-single Conductor
Cables:


10.1 General Configuration:

Figure 5


10.2 Parameters Identification:

R
p
= Effective a.c. resistance of a conductor of a cable (with its sheath
open) at the temperature and frequency under consideration, in
ohms per 1000 feet.

(GMR)
p
= G.M.R. of a conductor of a cable at the frequency under
consideration, in feet.

(RAD)
i
= Inner radius of the sheath, in feet.

(RAD)
o
= Outer radius of the sheath, in feet.


sh
= Resistivity of sheath in ohms per cubic centimeter at the sheath
temperature under consideration.

D
pp1
, D
pp2
, D
pp3
= Mutual distances among the three-phase conductors, in feet.

F = Frequency in c/s.

= Earth resistivity in ohms per cubic meter.

NOTE: It is assumed that three-phases are properly transposed or the effect of
asymmetrical spacing is negligible.
10

Short Line Parameters
10.3 Positive-sequence Impedance (R1, X1):

10.3.1 With sheaths open

(GMD)
p
= (
D
) (
D
) (
D
)
pp1 pp2 pp3
3
(9)

R1 = R
p
ohms per phase per 1000 feet.

X1 = 0.000882(F)log
10
[(GMD)
p
/(GMR)
p
] ohms per phase per 1000 feet.


10.3.2 With sheaths short-circuited (Bonded together):

R
sh
= Resistance of a sheath in ohms per 1000 feet.

R
sh
= 10.443238
sh
/[(RAD)
2
o
- (RAD)
2
i
] ohms per 1000 feet. (10)


NOTE: Skin effect on sheath is assumed to be negligible.

X
m
= Mutual reactance between conductors and sheaths per phase per
1000 feet.

X
m
= 0.000882(F)log
10
[(2)(GMD)
p
/[(RAD)
o
+(RAD)
i
]] ohms per phase per
1000 feet.

G.M.R.
of sheath = [(RAD)
o
+ (RAD)
i
]/2

R1 = R
p
+[(X
m
)
2
(R
sh
)/[(X
m
)
2
+(R
sh
)
2
]] ohms per phase per 1000 feet.

X1 = 0.000882 (F)log
10
[(GMD)
p
/(GMR)
p
] - [(X
m
)
3
/[(X
m
)
2
+(R
sh
)
2
]] ohms
per phase per 1000 feet


10.4 Zero-sequence Impedance (RO, XO):

D
e
= 2160

f
feet.

(GMR)
pg
=
p
p
2
3
sh
o
(GMR) (GMD) ; (GMR) =
(RAD) + (RAD)
2
i
(11)

Separation of a sheath from its conductor = [(RAD)
o
+(RAD)
i
]/2 = (SEP)
shc


(GMD)
sep
= (SEP)
(GMD)
shc
p
2
3
(12)

(GMR)
pg
= GMR of the phase conductors as a group

(GMR)
sh
= GMR of sheath
11

Short Line Parameters

Equivalent circuit for zero-sequence impedance calculation for the cable configuration
shown before in terms of actual impedance per 1000 feet, in ohms:



Figure 6


where

R
co
= R
p
/3; R
so
= R
sh
/3; R
eo
= 0.00030113(F) ohms per 1000 feet.

X
co
= 0.000882(F)log
10
[(GMD)
sep
/(GMR)
pg
] ohms per 1000 feet.

X
eo
= 0.000882(F)log
10
[D
e
/(GMD)
sep
] ohms per 1000 feet.

X
co
+X
eo
= 0.000882(F)log
10
[D
e
/(GMR)
pg
] ohms per 1000 feet. (13)


NOTE: To obtain per phase impedance, actual impedance is to be multiplied by 3.

10.4.1 Earth return only:

R
O
= 3(R
co
+R
eo
) ohms per phase per 1000 feet.

X
O
= 3(X
co
+X
eo)
= 3(0.000882)(F)log
10
[D
e
/(GMR)
pg
] ohms per phase per
1000 feet.


12

Short Line Parameters
10.4.2 Sheaths (bonded together) return only:

R
O
= 3(R
co
+R
so
) ohms per phase per 1000 feet.

X
O
= 3(X
co
) ohms per phase per 1000 feet.


10.4.3 Grounded Sheath-earth return:

G
so
= 1/R
so
; S
eo
= R
2
eo
+X
2
eo
; G
eo
= R
eo
/S
eo
; B
eo
= -X
eo
/S
eo
;

G
se
= G
so
+G
eo
; B
se
= B
eo
; S
se
= G
2
se
+B
2
se
; R
se
= G
se
/S
se
;

X
se
= -B
se
/S
se
.

R
O
= 3(R
co
+R
se
) ohms per phase per 1000 feet.

X
O
= 3(X
co
+X
se
) ohms per phase per 1000 feet.


10.5 Reference:

Wagner, C.F. and Evans, R.D., "Symmetrical Components", First edition, pp. 198-214,
McGraw-Hill.
13

Short Line Parameters

11. Mr. G.C. McDonalds Contribution

EDSA Micro Corporation gratefully acknowledges the following work contributed by Mr. Glen Craig
McDonald, P. Eng., Distribution Planning Engineer for the City of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Canada.


2/0 ACSR QUAIL
72 KV

Positive- and Zero-Sequence Impedance of 72KV Line.
(Refer to attached sketch of tangent structure.)


1. Spacing between phases is - 132 inches

- 134 inches

- 89 inches

GMD - 116.3 inches-->9.69 ft


2. Spacing between phases and shield is: -180 inches

- 93 inches

-166 inches


3. Assume a 55-foot-pole set seven feet into the ground. height of the lowest conductor would be:

55 ft. - 7 ft. - 14.8 ft. =33 ft.

X
1
e
12.30
60
log
10
(2)(33) = 0.373 (28)



4. The phase conductors are 2/0 ACSR Quail. Fromthe AluminumElectrical Conductor Handbook
(#81-71410 page 4-27, Library of Congress).

resistance r at

r
a
-->75C - 0.9299 ohms/mile - 0.1759 / 1000 ft.

reactance X
a
- 0.599
shunt cap - 0.1182 mega. ohm/mile - 60 hz. 1 ft. spacing
GMR - 0.0072


14

Short Line Parameters

5. Ground cable (shield) is #2 Copperweld (Turan Gnen, "Electrical Power Distribution System
Engineering", McGraw-Hill, Table A7, page 656, ISBN 0-07-023707-7, Library of Congress).

GMR - 0.00763

r
g
- at 25C - 0.882 ohm/mile 167.045/1000 ft.

r
g
- at 50C - 0.979 ohm/mile

induct X
g
- 0.592 ohm/mile

Shunt capacitor X
g
- 0.1241 mega ohm/mile

X
e(g)
=
12.30
60
log
10
(2)(48') = 0.4064 mega ohm/mile (29)



6. Calculate +Z sequence (phase conductors only)

X
d
= 0.2799 log
10
(GMD) (30)
= 0.2794 log
10
(9.69 ft.) in ohms/mile
= 0.2756
X
d
= r
a
+j(X
a
=X
d
) (31)

Z
+ve
= 0.929 +j(0.599 +0.2756) (32)
= (0.929 +j0.8746) ohm/mile
= (0.1759 + j0.1656) ohm/1000 ft.


7. Capacitive effect +ve sequence (phase conductors)

X
1
= X
1
a
+X
1
d

= 0.1182 +0.06831 log
10
(9.69 ft.) (33)
= 0.1182 +0.06737

X
1
= X
1
a
+X
1
d

= 0.1856 mega ohm/mile (34)
15

Short Line Parameters






Figure 7


12. Computation of Zero-sequence Impedance Following the Formulas of
Westinghouse Transmission and Distribution Reference Book:

GROUNDED NEUTRAL-EARTH RETURN PATH:

For one ground-wire case:

Z
o(a)
= r
a
+r
e
+j(X
e
+X
a
- 2X
d
) per mile per phase (35)

where

X
d
=
1
6
( 0.2794
f
60
log
10
d
ij
)

d
ij
being all possible six distances between phase conductors.

X
a
= .2794
f
60
log
10

1
(GMR)
a
(36)

r
e
= .00477f
16

Short Line Parameters

X
e
=
3
2
x (0.2794) x
f
60
log
10
4.665 x 10
6

f
(37)

= .006985f log
10
4.665 x 10
6

f



At 25C,

r
a
= .929 /mile

X
e
= 2.8879

X
a
= .5987

r
e
= .2862

X
d
= .27566

Z
o(a)
= 1.2152 +j2.93528 (38)

Z
o(g)
= 3r
g
+r
e
+j(X
e
+3X
g
) (39)

where:

X
g
= .2794
f
60
log
10

1
(GMR)
a
(40)

At 25C,

r
g
= .882 /mile

X
g
= .59162

Z
o(g)
= 2.9322 +j4.66276 (41)

= 5.5081 57.84

Z
o(ag)
= r
e
+j(X
e
- 3X
d
) (42)

where

X
d
=
1
3
[X
ag1
+X
bg1
+C
cg1
] (43)

with

X
ag1
= .004657f log
10
d
ag1
, etc.

X
d
= .29862
17

Short Line Parameters

Z
o(ag)
= .2862 +j1.99204 (44)

= 2.0125 81.82

Z
o
= Z
0 ( a)
-
Z
Z
0
2
(ag)
0(g)
(45)

= 1.2152 +j2.93528 -

= 1.2152 +j2.93528 - .73531 105.8

= 1.2152 +j2.93528 +.20021 - j.70752

= 1.41541 +j2.22776 /mile

= 0.2687 + j0.42192 per 1000 ft.

which match almost exactly the computer results.

As per equation (40) of Westinghouse Transmission and Distribution Reference Book, for n =1

Z
o(ag)
= .00477f +j0.01397f
10
e
ag1 bg1 cg1
3
log
D
(
d

d

d
)
(46)

= .00477f +j0.01397f
10
e
10
ag1 bg1 cg1
3
log
D
- j0.01397f log
d

d

d


but

D
e
= 2160

f


Z
o(ag)
= .00477f +j0.01397f log
10
2160

f
- j0.01397f(1/3)log
10
(d
ag1
d
bg1
d
cg1
) (47)

= .00477f +j0.01397f log
10
[4.6656 x 10
6
(

f
)] - j0.01397f/3 x 3 x
1
3
log
10
(d
ag1
d
bg1
d
cg1
)

= j3[
1
3
x .004657f log
10
(d
ag1
d
bg1
d
cg1
)]


Z
o(ag)
= .00477f +j0.006895f log
10
( 4.6656 x 10
6

f
) - j3[_( X
ag1
X
bg1
+X
cg1
)] (48)


18

Short Line Parameters

where

X
ag1
= .004657f log
10
d
ag1
etc. (49)

Z
o(ag)
= r
e
+j( X
e
- 3X
d
) (50)

where

r
e
= 0.00477f

X
e
= 0.006985f log
10
( 4.6656 x 10
6

f
) (51)

X
d
=
1
3
[ X
ag1
+X
bg1
+X
cg1
] (52)

19

Short Line Parameters
20

13. Verification and Validation:

EDSA Mi cr o Cor p. - ( c) Copyr i ght 2008
J ob Fi l e Name : 2TRANS. MZP Dat e :
Posi t i ve and Zer o Sequence Cal cul at i on Ti me :

J ob Ti t l e : QA/ QC J OBFI LES

Pr oj ect Number :

Uni t s ( US, Met r i c) : US St andar d

Fr equency : 60
Fr omNode :
To Node :

Feeder Name : EE1

Li ne Type : 1 - Over head Li nes

Ear t h Resi st ance ( ohm- f t ) : 100. 000
Phase Conduct or Resi st ance ( ohms/ 1000f t ) : 0. 1800000
G. M. R. of Phase Conduct or ( f t ) : 0. 0072000

Di st ance bet ween Phase Conduct or s ( f t )

Conduct or s 1- 2 : 11. 0000000
Conduct or s 2- 3 : 7. 4200000
Conduct or s 3- 1 : 11. 1700000

Cal cul at i on Met hod : 3 - Bot h Zer o and Posi t i ve Sequence

Ret ur n Type : 3 - Gr ound Neut r al - Ear t h

Number of Neut r al Conduct or s : 1

Neut r al Conduct or Resi st ance ( ohms/ 1000f t ) : 0. 1670450
G. M. R. of Neut r al Conduct or ( f t ) : 0. 0076300

Di st ance f r omPhase Conduct or t o 1st Neut r al ( f t )
Phase 1 t o Neut r al : 13. 8300000
Phase 2 t o Neut r al : 7. 7500000
Phase 3 t o Neut r al : 15. 0000000

OUTPUT RESULTS - - - >

Zer o Sequence

Resi st ance ( R0) : 0. 26416 ( Ohms/ Phase/ 1000f t )
React ance ( X0) : 0. 40391 ( Ohms/ Phase/ 1000f t )

Posi t i ve Sequence

Resi st ance ( R1) : 0. 18000 ( Ohms/ Phase/ 1000f t )
React ance ( X1) : 0. 16560 ( Ohms/ Phase/ 1000f t )

Short Line Parameters








Figure 8




Figure 9


Figure 10



Figure 11


Figure 12

21

Short Line Parameters

14. Computation of Positive and Zero-sequence Impedances (R & X) for Three-
phase Configuration Consisting of Three-single Concentric Neutral Cables

WITH THE NEUTRALS SOLIDLY GROUNDED:

EDSA Micro Corporation gratefully acknowledges the contributions of Mr. Glen C. McDonald and
Ms. Jun Sun, P. Engs. for the City of Saskatoon, Sask., Canada, and of Dr. A. Miah, Associate
Professor at the South Carolina State University, Orangeburg, South Carolina, U.S.A.

The following figure shows the three-phase configuration consisting of three identical single
concentric neutral cables.


Figure 13



The equations which have been used for the computation of Positive and Zero-sequence
impedances are shown in the following pages. The different variables of the equations are identified
below:

GMR
a
= Geometric mean radius of a phase conductor, in ft.;

GMR
n
= Geometric mean radius of a single neutral strand, in ft.;
22

Short Line Parameters
R
a
,R
n
= Effective A.C. resistance of a phase conductor and a neutral strand respectively in
ohms/1000 ft. at the temperature and frequency under consideration;

f = Frequency in c/s(Hz) under consideration;

= Earth resistivity in ohm-meter;

S
ab
= GMD of the three-phase conductors

= (d
ab
x d
bc
x d
ca
)
1/3
, in ft.;

D = Diameter of the circle defined by the neutral strand centers of one concentric
neutral cable, in ft.;

N = Number of neutral strands wrapped around the insulation of one concentric neutral
cable;

K
n
= Spacing factor

=
1
N-1
N



NOTE: For the Metric System of Units, proper conversion factors have been used in the program.

The equations are:


Z
aa-g
=
[ ]
r 4.788 10 2 f j2 f 4.681 10 6.096 10 log
1
GMR f
a
5 4 5
e
a
+ + +

(53)


Z
ab-g
=
[ ]
4.788 10 2 f j2 f 4.681 10 6.096 10 log
1
S f
5 4 5
e
ab
+ +

(54)


Z
nn-g3
=
[
3N
+4.788
10
2 f +j 2 f 4.681
10
+6.096
10
-5 -4 -5
r
n

e e
ab
2 3
log
f
+log
1
S
.

+ +

6096 10
5
1
3N
log
1
GMR
( N 1)log
1
K D
2
e
n
e
n
(55)

23

Short Line Parameters

Z
an-g3
=
[ ]
4.788
10
2 f + j2 f
-5



4.681
10
+ 6.096
10
log
1
D
2

S

f
-4 -5
e
ab
2 3

(56)


Z
nn-p
=
r
N
j2 f 6.096 10
N 1
N
log
2
K D
1
N
log
1
GMR
log
1
S
n 5
e
N
e
n
e
ab
+

+

(57)



Z
an-p
= j2 f 6.096 10 log
2
D
log
1
S
5
e e
ab

(58)



Z
13
= Z Z
Z
Z
aa g ab g
2
an p
nn p

ohms per 1000 ft. (59)

Z
03
= Z 2Z
3Z
Z
aa g ab g
2
an g3
nn g3

ohms per 1000 ft. (60)

24

Short Line Parameters

15. Positive and Zero-sequence Impedance Calculation


CONCENTRIC NEUTRAL CABLE:


EXAMPLE 1

INPUT DATA:

Cable description: C-500-14.4-C-31
Figure 14


PHASE CONDUCTOR DATA:

Phase Conductor Resistance (r
a
) (ac 60Hz at 90C): 0.0275 ohms/1000 ft.

Diameter of Conductor D
c
: 0.7890 inches

Strands: 36

Constant based on strands Kg: 0.7678

GMR
a
=
D K
2
c g

: 0.3028971 inches Geometric Mean Radius of the Phase Conductor (61)

GMD : 7.559526 inches

GMD = ( AB x BC x CA ) = ( 6 x 6 x 12)
3 3
(62)


NEUTRAL CONDUCTOR DATA:

Neutral Conductor Resistance (r
n
') (AC 60Hz at 75C): 1.9342638 ohms/1000 ft.

Adjustment for the Lay Length of neutral wires:

r
n
= r
n
' x
15
15

(assuming Lay Length =15 x Lay Diameter) (63)

= 2.339375

Number of wires N: 26

Neutral wire GMR
n
: 0.031464 inches Geometric Mean Radius of a single neutral strand.

D
O
(outside diameter of the neutral): 1.475 inches

D
i
(inside diameter of the neutral): 1.330 inches

25

Short Line Parameters

EDSA Micro Corp. - (c) Copyright 2008
Job File Name : 4NEUTRAL.MZP Date :
Positive and Zero Sequence Calculation Time :

Job Title : QA/QC JOBFILES




Project Number :

Units (US, Metric) : Metric Standard

Frequency : 60
FromNode :
To Node :

Feeder Name : TEST4

Line Type : 4 - Three-Single Concentric Neutrals

Earth Resistance (ohm-m) : 10.000
Phase Conductor Resistance (ohms/1000m) : 0.0275000
G.M.R. of Phase Conductor (m) : 0.0252414

Distance between Phase Conductors (m)

Conductors A-B : 0.5000000
Conductors B-C : 0.5000000
Conductors C-A : 1.0000000

Calculation Method : 3 - Both Zero and Positive Sequence

Return Type : 3 - Ground Neutral-Earth

Single Neutral Strand AC Resistance (ohms/m) : 2.3393750
G.M.R. of Single Neutral Strand (m) : 0.0026220
Diameter of Neutral Centers (m) : 0.1168750

Number of Neutral Strands : 26

OUTPUT RESULTS --->

Zero Sequence

Resistance (R0) : 0.11665 (Ohms/Phase/1000m)
Reactance (X0) : 0.06793 (Ohms/Phase/1000m)

Positive Sequence

Resistance (R1) : 0.09966 (Ohms/Phase/1000m)
26

Short Line Parameters
Reactance (X1) : 0.09915 (Ohms/Phase/1000m)

CALCULATION:

EARTH RESISTIVITY

:100 ohms - meter

CALCULATION

Spacing factor K
n
=
1
N - 1
N

=1.1391973 (64)

All GMR, GMD and D are in inches.

Z
aa-g
=
[ ] r
+4.788x
10
x2 f +2 f 4.681x
10
+6.096 x
10
1n
12 x / f
GMR
-5 -4 -5
a
a

(65)

= 0.0455503 +j 0.2668939 ohms/1000 ft.

Z
ab-g
=
[ ]
4.788 x
10
x2 f +j2 f 4.681x
10
+6.096x
10
1n
12 x / f
GMD
-5 -4 -5

(66)

= 0.0180503 +j 0.1929589 ohms/1000 ft.

Z
nn-g 3
=
[
r
3
+4.788x
10
x2 f +j2 f 4.681x
10
+6.096x
10
1n / f
n
N
-5 -4 -5

(67)

+6.096x10
-5
1n
1
(GMD)
+6.096x
10
x
1
3N
1n
12
GMR
(N- )1n
4 x 12
K
x (
D
+
D
) 2 3
-5
n n o
+

1
i


= 0.0480423 +j0.2111278 ohms/1000 ft.


Z
an-g 3
=
[ ]
4.788x
10
x2 f +j2 f 4.681x
10
+6.096x
10
1n
12 x
f
4
x (GMD)
3
-5 -4 -5


D + D
0 i 2

(68)


= 0.0180503 +j0.2111732 ohms/1000 ft.

Z
nn-p
=
n -5
n i n
r
N
+j2 f 6.096
10

N-1
N
1n
4 x 12
K
(
D
+
D
)
+
1
N
1n
12
GMR
-1n
12
GMD

0
(69)


27

Short Line Parameters
= 0.0899760 +j0.0545066 ohms/1000 ft.
Z
an-p
= j2 f x 6.096 x
10
1n
4 x 12
(
D
+
D
)
- 1n
12
GMD
-5
i

(70)

= j0.0546428 ohms/1000 ft.

Z
13
=
aa-g ab-g
an-p
2
nn-p
Z
-
Z
-
Z
Z
= 0.0617760 + j0.0592289 ohms/ 1000 ft. (71)

Z
03
=
aa-g ab-g
an-g3
2
nn-g3
Z
+ 2
Z
-
3
Z
Z
= 0.1147475 + j0.0313168 ohms/ 1000 ft.

(72)


16. Positive and Zero Sequence Impedance Calculation

CONCENTRIC NEUTRAL CABLE:

EXAMPLE 2

INPUT DATA:

Cable Description: C-250-4.16-C-30

Phase Conductor Data:
Figure 15
Phase Conductor Resistance (r
a
) (AC 60Hz at 90C): 0.0542 ohms/1000 ft.

Diameter of Conductor D
c
: 0.5580 inches

Strands: 37

Constant based on strands K
g
: 0.7678

GMR
a
=
c g D
x
K
2
: 0.2142162 inches

(73)

GMD: 1.17 inches

GMD = ( AB x BC x CA ) = ( 1.17 x 1.17 x 1.17 )
3 3
(74)


NEUTRAL CONDUCTOR DATA:

Neutral conductor resistance (r
n
') (AC 60Hz at 75C): 3.06855 ohms/1000 ft.

Adjustment for the Lay Length of neutral wires:


n r
x
15 +
15

(assuming Lay Length =15 Diameter) =3.7112364 ohms/1000 ft. (75)

28

Short Line Parameters
Number of wires N: 24

Neutral Wire GMR
n
: 0.024961 inches

D
o
(outside diameter of the neutral): 0.9950 inches

D
i
(inside diameter of the neutral): 0.8900 inches


CALCULATION:

EARTH RESISTIVITY

:100 ohms - meter

CALCULATION

Spacing factor K
n
=
1
N-1
N

=1.1481779 (76)

All GMR, GMD and D are in inches.

Z
aa-g
=
[ ] a
-5 -4 -5
a
r
+4.788x
10
x2 f +2 f 4.681x
10
+6.096x
10
1n
12 x
GMR


f

(77)

= 0.0722503 +j0.2748549 ohms/ft.


Z
ab-g
=
[ ]
4.788x
10
2 f +j2 f 4.681x
10
+6.096x
10
1n
12 x
GMD
-5 -4 -5


f

(78)


= 0.0180503 +j 0.2358377 ohms/ft.


Z
nn-g 3
=
n
N
-5 -4 -5
r
3
+4.788x
10
x2 f +j2 f 4.681x
10
+6.096x
10
1n

f
(79)

+6.096x
10
1n
1
(GMD)
+6.096x
10
x
1
3N
1n
12
GMR
+(N-1)1n
4 x 12
K
x (
D
+
D
)
-5
2 3
-5
n n 0

i



= 0.0695952 +j0.2427273 ohms/1000 ft.
29

Short Line Parameters
Z
an-g 3
=
[ ]
4.788x
10
x2 f +j2 f 4.681x
10
+6.096x
10
1n
12 x
f
4
x (GMD
2
)
3
-5 -4 -5


D +
i
D
0

(80)


= 0.0180503 +j0.2428039 ohms/1000 ft.


Z
nn-p
=
n -5
n i n
r
N
+ 2 f x6.096x
10
N - 1
N
1n
4 x 12
K
x (
D
+
D
)
+
1
N
1n
12
GMR
-1n
12
GMD
j
0

= 0.1546346 +j0.0206688 ohms/1000 ft. (81)


Z
an-p
= j2 fx6.096x
10
1n
4 x 12
(
D
+
D
)
- 1n
12
GMD
-5
O i

(82)

= j0.0208986 ohms/1000 ft.


Z
13
=
aa-g ab-g
an-p
2
nn-p
Z
-
Z
-
Z
Z
=0.0569748 +j0.0386463 ohms/1000 ft. (83)


Z
03
=
aa-g ab-g
an-g3
2
nn-g3
Z
+ 2
Z
-
3
Z
Z

=0.2002247 +j0.0482579 ohms/1000 ft. (84)

Longhand Program % Deviance

Zero Sequence

R
0
0.2002247 0.19925 0

X
0
0.482579 0.4977 0

Positive Sequence

R
1
0.0569748 0.05697 0

X
1
0.0386463 0.03865 0



Program and longhand calculation results match 100%
30

Short Line Parameters
EDSA Mi cr o Cor p. - ( c) Copyr i ght 2008
J ob Fi l e Name : 5NEUTRAL. MZP Dat e :
Posi t i ve and Zer o Sequence Cal cul at i on Ti me :

J ob Ti t l e : QA/ QC J OBFI LES


Pr oj ect Number :

Uni t s ( US, Met r i c) : US St andar d

Fr equency : 60
Fr omNode :
To Node :

Feeder Name : TEST5

Li ne Type : 4 - Thr ee- Si ngl e Concent r i c Neut r al s

Ear t h Resi st ance ( ohm- f t ) : 100. 000
Phase Conduct or Resi st ance ( ohms/ 1000f t ) : 0. 0542000
G. M. R. of Phase Conduct or ( f t ) : 0. 0178513

Di st ance bet ween Phase Conduct or s ( f t )

Conduct or s A- B : 0. 0975000
Conduct or s B- C : 0. 0975000
Conduct or s C- A : 0. 0975000

Cal cul at i on Met hod : 3 - Bot h Zer o and Posi t i ve Sequence

Ret ur n Type : 3 - Gr ound Neut r al - Ear t h

Si ngl e Neut r al St r and AC Resi st ance ( ohms/ 1000f t ) : 3. 7112364
G. M. R. of Si ngl e Neut r al St r and ( f t ) : 0. 0020800
Di amet er of Neut r al Cent er s ( f t ) : 0. 0785410

Number of Neut r al St r ands : 24

OUTPUT RESULTS - - - >

Zer o Sequence

Resi st ance ( R0) : 0. 19925 ( Ohms/ Phase/ 1000f t )
React ance ( X0) : 0. 04977 ( Ohms/ Phase/ 1000f t )

Posi t i ve Sequence

Resi st ance ( R1) : 0. 05697 ( Ohms/ Phase/ 1000f t )
React ance ( X1) : 0. 03865 ( Ohms/ Phase/ 1000f t )



31

Short Line Parameters
17. Nomenclature for Equations


D = diameter of the circle defined by the neutral strand centers of one concentric neutral cable
(see Figure 1, page 3) in feet. Values of D can be derived frominformation published in
cable manufacturers' catalogues.


f = frequency - Hertz


GMR
a
, = Geometric Mean Radius of the phase conductor (subscript a) and a single neutral strand
GMR
n
(subscript n) - in feet. GMR
a
is readily available fromtables such as those in References 1,
3, and 5. GMR
n
can also be obtained fromtables but, since each strand has a solid, circular
cross section, it is readily calculated using GMR
a
=.3894d
n
, where d
n
is the diameter of a
single neutral strand in feet (see Figure 1).


j = the complex operator, 1 90


K
N
= spacing factor which, when multiplied by D/2, gives the geometric mean spacing among the
N neutral strands of one concentric neutral cable. K
N
is obtained fromthe expression
K
N
=(N)
1/(N-1)
.


N = number of neutral strands wrapped around the insulation of one concentric neutral cable
(see cable manufacturers' catalogues).


r
a
,r
n
= resistance of the phase conductor (subscript a) and a single neutral strand (subscript n) -
ohms/1000 feet (see cable manufacturers' catalogs). There should be a c resistance values
calculated for the expected operating temperatures of the phase and neutral conductors.
They should include skin effect and proximity effect, wherever these effects can be readily
determined.


r
e
= ohms/1000 ft.


= earth resistivity - ohms meter.


S
ab
= geometric mean spacing of the three-phase conductors - feet. Referring to Figure 1,
S
ab
=(d
ab
d
bc
d
ca
).


Z
aa-g
, = self impedance of a phase conductor (subscript
aa
) and self impedance of a group of
Z
nn-g3
paralleled neutral strands (subscript
nn
) with earth return - ohms/1000 feet.

32

Short Line Parameters

Z
ab-g3
, = mutual impedance between two conductors or two groups of conductors with earth return-
Z
an-g3
ohms/1000 feet. Subscripts a and b denote phase conductors and subscript n denotes a
group of neutral conductors. In a three-phase circuit there are actually three mutual
impedances among the three-phase conductors: Z
ab-g
, Z
bc-g
, and Z
ca-g
. However, in Equation
(A2) the use of a geometric mean spacing S
ab
instead of the actual interphase spacing means
that the resulting value of Z
ab-g
is the arithmetic mean of the three actual values. In a similar
sense Z
an-g3
is an average of the three actual mutual impedances that exist between each of
the three- phase conductors and the entire group of neutral conductors.


Z
an-p
= positive sequence mutual impedance between the phase conductors of the cable and their
concentric neutrals - ohms/1000 feet.*


Z
nn-p
= positive sequence self impedance of the three-phase circuit formed by the concentric
neutrals of the cables - ohms/1000 feet.*


Z
13
, = positive and zero sequence impedance, respectively, of a three-phase concentric neutral
Z
o3
circuit ohms/1000 feet.


* When positive sequence currents flow in the phase conductors of a three-phase concentric
neutral circuit induced currents will circulate between each phase's neutral and the earth
return path. The magnitude of this current depends upon neutral resistance, interphase
spacing, and the diameter of the circle of centers of concentric neutral strands. In turn, the
positive sequence impedance of the circuit is modified by the magnitude of these neutral
currents. Z
2
an-p
/Z
na-p
is the factor which reflects the effect of neutral circulating current on the
positive sequence impedance of three-phase concentric neutral cable. On an overhead
open wire transmission or distribution circuit this effect is negligible. Recent studies have
shown that it is not negligible for the close spacing associated with concentric neutral cable.


33

Short Line Parameters
34
18. References

1. Clarke, Edith, Circuit Analysis of A-C Power Systems, Vol. I, John Wiley and Sons, New
York, 1943.

2. Clarke, Edith, Circuit Analysis of A-C Power Systems, Vol. II, John Wiley and Sons, New
York, 1943.

3. Wagner, C. F., and R. D. Evans, Symmetrical Components, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New
York, 1933.

4. Stevenson, W. D., Jr., Elements of Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New
York, 1955.

5. Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book, Westinghouse Electric
Corporation, Pittsburgh, Fourth Edition, 1964.

6. Smith, D. R., and J. L. Barger, "Impedance and Circulating Current Calculations for UD
Multi-Wire Concentric Neutral Circuits," IEEE Conference Record of 1971 Conference on
Underground Distribution, September 27-October 1, 1971, Detroit, Michigan, pp. 130-138.

7. Edison Electric Institute and the Bell Telephone System, Engineering Reports of the Joint
Subcommittee on Development and Research, Vol. II, Report No. 14.

8. Edison Electric Institute and the Bell Telephone System, Engineering Reports of the Joint
Subcommittee on Development and Research, Vol. IV, Report No. 37.

9. "Rome Cable UD Technical Manual," Third Edition, Rome Cable Co., Rome, N.Y., 13440.

10. IEEE Power Group, Conference Record (69C1-PWR) and Conference Record
Supplement (69C1-PWR (SUP.)) for the Special Technical Conference on Underground
distribution, Anaheim, California, May 12-16, 1969.

11. Ramo, S. and J. R. Whinnery, Fields and Waves in Modern Radio, 2nd edition, John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., New York, 1953.

Short Line Parameters
19. Standalone Short Line Parameters Tutorial
18
1
3
.
4
5
1
3
.
4
5
1
3
.
4
5
1
3
.
4
5
18
10
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
Neutral 1 Neutral 2
18
Figure 16 Tutorial Case Study (File: shtln.mzp)

This tutorial will illustrate the step-by-step procedure required to calculate the following short-line
parameters using EDSA's "Short Line Parameters Calculation" program:

1. Zero Sequence Resistance & Reactance
2. Positive Sequence Resistance & Reactance

The tutorial is based on a 3-phase circuit equipped with two neutral return conductors. Figure 23 shows
the geometrical/structural configuration of the circuit. All the dimensions shown in the figure are
expressed in feet. General data for each circuit follows:

Line Type: Overhead Line
Earth Resistance (ohm-ft): 100.000
Ph. Cond. Res. (ohms/1000ft): 0.0445070
G.M.R. of Phase Conductor (ft): 0.0277000
Return Type: 2 Neutral Conductors
35

Short Line Parameters
Distance between Phase Conductors:

Conductors 1-2: 18.00 ft.
Conductors 2-3: 18.00 ft.
Conductors 3-1: 36.00 ft.

No. of Neutral Cond.: 2

Distance between Neutral Conductors: 18.00 ft

Neutral Cond. Res. (ohms/1000ft): 0.0445070
G.M.R. of Neutral Conductor (ft): 0.0277000

Distance from Phase Conductor to 1st Neutral:

Phase 1 to Neutral: 13.45 ft.
Phase 2 to Neutral: 13.45 ft.
Phase 3 to Neutral: 28.80 ft.

Distance from Phase Conductor to 2nd Neutral:

Phase 1 to Neutral: 28.80 ft.
Phase 2 to Neutral: 13.45 ft.
Phase 3 to Neutral: 13.45 ft.



1.1 From the EDSA TECHNICAL 2004 main menu screen invoke the Short Line Parameters
program as follows:

> Select Analysis / Miscellaneous Analysis / Line Constants / Short Line Parameters
36

Short Line Parameters

1.2 Once in the Positive and Zero Sequence Calculation program main menu, proceed to create
the new file as follows:

> Select File / Select New



1.3 Once in the Enter Data screen proceed as follows:

> From the Select a Page field select Job Title

> In the Project Num. field type the appropriate job id. Number - Tutorial 99

> In the Feeder Name field type the appropriate label for the feeder being studied - Tutorial
Feeder
37

Short Line Parameters
> In the Job Title field type an appropriate description for the project

> In the From Node field type the node id. from which the feeder originates - 1

> In the To Node field type the destination node id. - 2

> Return to the Select a Page field and select Line Type



1.4 As the program displays the Line Data information screen enter the data pertaining to the line as
follows:

> From the Line Type picklist select 1 - Overhead Lines

> From the Calculation Method field select Both (for Positive & Zero Sequence)

> From the Unit Type field select US

> In the Frequency (Hz) field type 60

> In the Earth Resistance (ohm-ft) field type 100

> In the Phase Conductor Resistance (ohms/1000 ft) field type 0.0445070

> In the G.M.R of Phase Conductor (ft) field type 0.0277000 (Geometric Mean Radius)

> Return to the Select a Page field and select Return Type
38

Short Line Parameters

1.5 Proceed to describe the type of current return path according to the following procedure:

> From the Return Type picklist select 2 - Neutral

> Notice that once Neutral is selected a new page named Neutral appears in the Select a page
field. This will allow the user to enter the neutral conductor(s) information.

> Proceed to enter the Distance between Phase Conductors (ft) information as follows:

> Conductor 1 - 2: 18.00 (ft) (Refer to Figure 23)
> Conductor 2 - 3: 18.00 (ft) (Refer to Figure 23)
> Conductor 3 - 1: 36.00 (ft) (Refer to Figure 23)

> Return to the Select a Page field and select Neutral



1.6 Finally, proceed to define the neutral current return-circuit according to the following guidelines:

39

Short Line Parameters
> In the Number of Neutral Conductors field select 2
40

Short Line Parameters
> In the Neutral Conductor Resistance (ohms/1000 ft) field type 0.0445070

> In the G.M.R of Neutral Conductor (ft) field type 0.0277000 (Geometric Mean Radius)

> In the Distance between Neutral Conductors (ft) field type 18.00 (Refer to Figure 23)

> Proceed to enter the Distance form Phase Conductor to Neutrals (ft) information as follows:


1st Neutral 2nd Neutral
Phase 1 13.45 ft 28.80 ft
Phase 2 13.45 ft 13.45 ft
Phase 3 28.80 ft 13.45 ft


> The above distances can be calculated based on the dimensions specified in Figure 23.

> Press .



1.7 Once the data input process is concluded, proceed to save the file according to the following
procedure:

> Select File / Save As

> In the File Name field type "shtln.mzp"

> Press
41

Short Line Parameters



1.8 Once the file has been input and saved, the main menu screen space shows a summary of the
data. At this point the program is ready to run the calculations. To do so, follow this procedure:

> Select Output / Calculate

> Or simply select the icon



1.9 Once the calculations are completed, the results are shown in the output screen. With the aid of
the tool bar menu, the user has the following options: Scroll up and down to read the results,
Print the results, and Save the results to either a Feeder file or Text file.
42

Short Line Parameters


1.10 To save the results to a feeder file, proceed as follows:

> Select Output / Save to Feeder File



1.11 If the output is saved to a feeder file EDSA will acknowledge by means of the above dialog box.
Press .
43

Short Line Parameters


1.12 To save the results to a text file proceed as follows:

> Select Outpu / Save to Text File



1.13 Proceed to save the results into the text file according to the following procedure:

> In the File Name field type "shtln.txt"

> Press
44

Short Line Parameters
45
1.14 Following are the results of the analysis:

EDSA Mi cr o Cor p. - ( c) Copyr i ght 2008
J ob Fi l e Name : SHTLN. MZP Dat e :
Posi t i ve and Zer o Sequence Cal cul at i on Ti me :

J ob Ti t l e : Tut or i al Exer ci se f or Shor t Li ne Par amet er Cal cul at i ons
EDSA Mi cr o Cor por at i on
J anuar y 1999


Pr oj ect Number : Tut or i al 99

Uni t s ( US, Met r i c) : US St andar d

Fr equency : 60
Fr omNode : 1
To Node : 2

Feeder Name : Tut or i al Feeder

Li ne Type : 1 - Over head Li nes

Ear t h Resi st ance ( ohm- f t ) : 100. 000
Phase Conduct or Resi st ance ( ohms/ 1000f t ) : 0. 0445070
G. M. R. of Phase Conduct or ( f t ) : 0. 0277000

Di st ance bet ween Phase Conduct or s ( f t )

Conduct or s 1- 2 : 18. 0000000
Conduct or s 2- 3 : 18. 0000000
Conduct or s 3- 1 : 36. 0000000

Cal cul at i on Met hod : 3 - Bot h Zer o and Posi t i ve Sequence

Ret ur n Type : 2 - Neut r al

Number of Neut r al Conduct or s : 2

Di st ance bet ween Neut r al Conduct or s ( f t ) : 18. 0000000

Neut r al Conduct or Resi st ance ( ohms/ 1000f t ) : 0. 0445070
G. M. R. of Neut r al Conduct or ( f t ) : 0. 0277000

Di st ance f r omPhase Conduct or t o 1st Neut r al ( f t )
Phase 1 t o Neut r al : 13. 4500000
Phase 2 t o Neut r al : 13. 4500000
Phase 3 t o Neut r al : 28. 8000000

Di st ance f r omPhase Conduct or t o 2nd Neut r al ( f t )
Phase 1 t o Neut r al : 28. 8000000
Phase 2 t o Neut r al : 13. 4500000
Phase 3 t o Neut r al : 13. 4500000

OUTPUT RESULTS - - - >

Zer o Sequence

Resi st ance ( R0) : 0. 11127 ( Ohms/ Phase/ 1000f t )
React ance ( X0) : 0. 35633 ( Ohms/ Phase/ 1000f t )

Posi t i ve Sequence

Resi st ance ( R1) : 0. 04451 ( Ohms/ Phase/ 1000f t )
React ance ( X1) : 0. 15416 ( Ohms/ Phase/ 1000f t ) )





Short Line Parameters

20. Network-Based Short Line Parameters Calculations


18
1
3
.
4
5
1
3
.
4
5
1
3
.
4
5
1
3
.
4
5
18
10
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
Neutral 1 Neutral 2
18
































Figure 17 Short Line Under Study


This tutorial will illustrate the step-by-step procedure required to calculate the following short-line
parameters using EDSA Technical 2004 "Short Line Parameters Calculation" program:

1. Zero Sequence Resistance & Reactance

2. Positive Sequence Resistance & Reactance

The tutorial is based on a 3-phase circuit equipped with two neutral return conductors. The above figure
(Figure 24) shows the geometrical/structural configuration of the circuit. All the dimensions shown in the
figure are expressed in feet. General data for each circuit is shown in the next page.
46

Short Line Parameters

Overhead Line Electrical and Physical Topology Data



Line Type: Overhead Line

Earth Resistance (ohm-ft): 100.000

Ph. Conductor Resistance (/1000ft): 0.0445070

G.M.R. of Phase Conductor (ft): 0.0277000

Return Type: 2 Neutral Conductors

Distance between Phase Conductors:

Conductors 1-2: 18.00 ft.
Conductors 2-3: 18.00 ft.
Conductors 3-1: 36.00 ft.


No. of Neutral Conductors: 2

Distance between Neutrals: 18.00 ft

Neutral Cond. Res. ( /1000ft): 0.0445070

G.M.R. of Neutral Conductor (ft): 0.0277000

Distance from Phase Conductor to 1st Neutral:

Phase 1 to Neutral: 13.45 ft.
Phase 2 to Neutral: 13.45 ft.
Phase 3 to Neutral: 28.80 ft.

Distance from Phase Conductor to 2nd Neutral:

Phase 1 to Neutral: 28.80 ft.
Phase 2 to Neutral: 13.45 ft.
Phase 3 to Neutral: 13.45 ft.
47

Short Line Parameters
48

Step 1.
Open the tutorial file called SHORT_LINE.axd.
We will proceed to calculate the positive and zero
sequence parameters of this line according to the
Electrical and Physical Topology data shown in
Figure 1.
Step 2.
Double click on the line called FEEDER No.1.
Step 3.
Once the feeder editor appears, select
Calculate Short Line Parameters.

Short Line Parameters

Step 4.
Select J ob Title.
Step 6.
Select Save As.
This data is automatically
updated from the job files
single line diagram.
Step 7.
Assign an appropriate name
for the file, and select the
folder in which it is to be
stored. Press OK.
Step 5.
Proceed to enter all the pertinent descriptive data for the
line under study, as shown in this example.
49

Short Line Parameters

Step 8.
Select the Line Type
editor.
Step 10.
Select the Return Type
editor.
Step 11.
Proceed to describe the return type (Neutral) and the
distance between the phase conductors of the line.
Proceed as indicated here.
Step 9.
Proceed to describe the electrical characteristics of the line
(Overhead Line) under study as well as the Units and the
Calculation Method required. Proceed asindicated here.
50

Short Line Parameters
51


Step 12.
Select the Neutral editor.
Step 13.
Proceed to select the number of neutral conductors (2) and
describe their electrical characteristics. Enter the distance
between each phase conductors with respect to each of the
neutral conductors. Proceed as indicated here.
Step 14.
Once the data entry process has been completed, select Save and then select OK.
Step 15.
Once the OK button is pressed, the
program returns to the feeder editor.
Select the Short Circuit tab, and the
sequence impedance results calculated by
the program have been automatically
calculated and updated as shown here.

Short Line Parameters
52
Step 16.
To add this feeder data to a library,
select the library in which it is to be
saved and then select Save to
Library. In this example the feeder
will be saved to the default EDSA
Standard library under the
Transmission Line description.
1
3
2
4
Step 17.
Select the specific library to be
used. In this example, select US
Non-Magnetic.
Step 19.
Select OK.
Step 18.
Specify the Resistance and
Reactance correction factors as
required.

Short Line Parameters
53
Step 20.
To verify that the new feeder has
been added to the library, select the
Library pick-list from within the
feeder editor screen.
Step 21.
Verify that the feeder has been added to the following library US
Std. Library/Feeder/3 Phase/EDSA/ Transmission Line

Short Line Parameters

2.1 Editing and Existing Network-Based Study

Step 1.
Open the tutorial file called SHORT_LINE.axd.
Step 2.
Double click on the line called FEEDER No.1.
Step 3.
Once the feeder editor appears, select
Calculate Short Line Parameters.
54

Short Line Parameters

Step 4.
Select Open File.
Step 5.
Select the file that is to be modified. At this
point, the user can also select any other
standalone file to be re-assigned to this feeder.
In this example, select SLT.MZP and press
OK.
Step 6.
Once in the editor screens, select the data to
be modified and re-run the analysis as shown
in previous sections of this tutorial. Select
Save and then select OK, in order to
update the feeder data.
55

Short Line Parameters

3.0 Standalone Short Line Parameters Calculation

Step 1.
From the EDSA Technical 2004 main menu,
select the Short Line Parameters application
as shown here.
This exercise is based on the
overhead line topology shown in
Figure 1 of this tutorial.
Step 2.
From the Short Line Parameters program
main menu, proceed to create a new file by
selecting File/New.
56

Short Line Parameters


Step 3.
Select J ob Title.
Step 4.
Proceed to enter all the pertinent descriptive data for the
line under study, as shown in this example.
Step 5.
Select Save As.
This data is manually
entered and customized by
the user.
Step 6.
Assign an appropriate name
for the file, and select the
folder in which it is to be
stored. Press OK.
57

Short Line Parameters

Step 7.
Select the Line Type
editor.
Step 9.
Select the Return Type
editor.
Step 8.
Proceed to describe the electrical characteristics of the line under
study as well as the Units and the Calculation Method
required. Proceed as indicated here.
Step 10.
Proceed to describe the return type and the distance
between the phase conductors of the line under study.
Proceed as indicated here.
58

Short Line Parameters

Step 11.
Select the Neutral editor.
Step 12.
Proceed to select the number of neutral conductors (2) and
describe their electrical characteristics. Enter the distance
between each phase conductors with respect to each of the
neutral conductors. Proceed as indicated here.
Step 13.
Once the data entry process has been completed, select Save and then select OK.
Step 14.
To run the analysis, select the
Running Man icon.
Step 15.
The results of the calculation are
shown here in red.
59

Short Line Parameters
60


Step 17.
To edit any section of the input data, select
Edit/Edit or simply click on the Edit icon.
Step 18.
Proceed to modify and re-run the
analysis as required.
Step 19.
Once the data entry process and the final
calculations have been completed, select
Save
Step 16.
An alternate way to run the analysis is by
selecting Output/Calculate. This will produce
the same results shown in step 16.
Step 20.
To create a text output report of the analysis,
select Save to Text File.

Short Line Parameters

Step 21.
Assign a name and a folder
location for the text output file as
indicated here. Select OK.
Step 22.
To view the output report, open the
text file using the windows
Notepad or any other word
processor of preference.
61

Short Line Parameters
62


Step 23.
To save the newly created feeder file into an
EDSA library, select Save to Feeder File.
Step 24.
Proceed as indicated in steps 16 to 21.