TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION

Prabal Talukdar Prabal Talukdar

Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIT Delhi
E-mail: prabal@mech.iitd.ac.in p
1. Lumped System Analysis
2 Transient heat conduction in large plane walls 2. Transient heat conduction in large plane walls,
long cylinders, and spheres with spatial effects
3. Transient heat conduction in semi-infinite solids
Lumped System
Cooling of a hot metal forging
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Energy balance
Heat transfer into
the body during dt
The increase in
the energy of the
body during dt
=
dT mC dt ) T T ( A . h
p s
=

V m =
) T T ( d dT

=
t tan cons T =

dt
VC
A . h
T T
) T T ( d
p
s

A h T ) t ( T
t
VC
A . h
T T
T ) t ( T
ln
p
s
i

=

bt
e
T ) t ( T

) s (
A . h
b
1
s

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i
e
T T

=

) s (
VC
b
p
s

=
Effect of b Effect of b
) s (
VC
A . h
b
1
s

=
b has the unit of 1/s.
Reciprocal of b is the time constant
VC
p

Reciprocal of b is the time constant

b
T ) t ( T
bt
i
e
T T
T ) t ( T

This equation enables us to determine the

temperature T(t) of a body at time t, or
alternatively, the time t required for the
t t t h ifi d l T(t) temperature to reach a specified value T(t).
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Effect of b
The temperature of a body approaches the
Effect of b
) s (
VC
A . h
b
1
s

=
ambient temperature T exponentially.
The temperature of the body changes rapidly at
the beginning, but rather slowly later on.
l l f b i di h h b d ill
) (
VC
p

A large value of b indicates that the body will

approach the environment temperature in a short
time.
The larger the value of the exponent b the The larger the value of the exponent b, the
higher the rate of decay in temperature.
Note that b is proportional to the surface area,
but inversely proportional to the mass and the but inversely proportional to the mass and the
specific heat of the body. This is not surprising
since it takes longer to heat or cool a larger
mass, especially when it has a large specific , p y g p
heat.
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Heat Transfer
Rate of convection heat transfer between the body and its environment
at that time
[ ]
&
The total amount of heat transfer between the body and the surrounding medium
over the time interval t = 0 to t is simply the change in the energy content of the
[ ]

= T ) t ( T hA ) t ( Q
s
&
Watt
over the time interval t 0 to t is simply the change in the energy content of the
body:
[ ]
i p
T ) t ( T mC Q = kJ
[ ]
i p max
T T mC Q =

kJ
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L
A
A L
L L thickness wall Plane
c
= =
2
2
) 2 (
Criterion for lumped
system
A 2
system
s
c
A
V
L =
k
hL
Bi
c
=
When the convection
coefficient h is high and k is
low, large temperature
differences occur between the
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differences occur between the
inner and outer regions of a
large solid.
Transient
temperature
distribution
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Fourier Number
t
VC
A . h
T T
T ) t ( T
ln
p
s
i

=

(Fourier number,
a dimensionless time)

t
VC
A . h
exp
T T
T ) t ( T
p
s
i
2
c
L
t
=


p i
=

Bi
L
t
k
hL
L
t
C
k
k
hL
L C
ht
VC
t A . h
2
c
c
2
c
p
c
c p p
s
= Bi
t A . h
s

Bi
VC
p
( ) =

. Bi exp
T T
T T
i i
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Fourier Number ()
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The specified surface temperature corresponds
t th f ti t i t t T to the case of convection to an environment at T
with a convection coefficient h that is infinite
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Transient heat conduction in large plane
walls, long cylinders, and spheres with
i l ff spatial effects
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T 1 T
2

T 1 T 1


?
t
T 1
x
T
2
2

t
T 1
r
T
r
r r
1

Schematic of the simple geometries in which heat transfer is 1-D Schematic of the simple geometries in which heat transfer is 1-D
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Plane Wall
Governing equation
t
T 1
x
T
2
2

Transient temperature profiles in a plane wall

exposed to convection from its surfaces for T
i
> T

t x
Governing equation along with boundary conditions
shows that T is a function of x, t, k, , h, T
i
and T

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Non-dimensional Eq Non dimensional Eq.

=
T T
T T
i
Governing equation (Non-dimensional form)
i


=

2
2
X
Initial condition
Boundary conditions
At X=0 and >0 At X=L and >0
1 ) 0 X (
At X=0 and >0 At X=L and >0
1 ) 0 , X ( =
0
X
=

. Bi
X
The non-dimensionalization enables us to present the
temperature in terms of three parameters only: X, Bi, and
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X X
Solution


=

2
2
X
Solution takes the form of an
The solution of 1D transient heat conduction
involves infinite series, which are difficult to deal
with. However, the terms in the solutions
converge rapidly with increasing time and for
X
infinite series
converge rapidly with increasing time, and for
> 0.2, keeping the first term and neglecting all
the remaining terms in the series results in an
error under 2 percent. We are usually interested
) X ( cos ) exp( A
n
2
n n
=

in the solution for times with > 0.2, and thus it

is very convenient to express the solution using
an one term approximation.
1 n=
n n
n
n
2 sin 2
sin 4
A
+

=
See next slide for this expressions
Bi tan
n n
=
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Plane wall

L
x
cos e A
T T
T ) t , x ( T
) t , x (
1
1 wall
2
1
2 . 0 >
Cylinder

L T T
i

0
1
0 1
i
cyl
r
r
J e A
T T
T ) t , r ( T
) t , r (
2
1
2 . 0 >
Sphere
0 i
r T T
0
1
r
r
sin
e A
T ) t , r ( T
) t r (
2
1

2 . 0 >
Sphere
0
1
1
i
sph
r
r
e A
T T
) t , r (

Center of Plane wall (x=0)

=
2
1
e A
T T
T T
1
i
0
wall , 0

2
T T
Center of cylinder (r=0)
Center of sphere (r=0)

=
2
1
e A
T T
T T
1
i
0
cyl , 0

=
2
1
e A
T T
1
0
h 0
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Center of sphere (r 0)

e A
T T
1
i
sph , 0
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Plane wall
C li d
1
1
wall , 0
wall
max
sin
1
Q
Q

=
) ( J Q Cylinder
1
1 1
cyl , 0
cyl
max
) ( J
2 1
Q
Q

=
Sphere
3
1
1 1 1
sph , 0
sph
max
cos sin
3 1
Q
Q

=
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There are three charts associated with each geometry:
The first chart is to determine the temperature T at the center of The first chart is to determine the temperature T
o
at the center of
the geometry at a given time t.
The second chart is to determine the temperature at other locations
at the same time in terms of T
o
.
The third chart is to determine the total amount of heat transfer up
to the time t.
These plots are valid for > 0.2.
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Transient mid-plane temperature chart for a
plane wall of thickness 2L initially at a uniform
t t T bj t d t ti f b th
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temperature T
i
subjected to convection from both
sides to an environment at temperature T

with a
convection coefficient of h.
Transient temperature p
chart for a plane wall of thickness
2L initially at a uniform
temperature T
i
subjected to
convection from both sides to an convection from both sides to an
environment at temperature T

with a convection coefficient of h.

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Transient heat transfer
chart for a plane wall of thickness
2L initially at a uniform
temperature T
i
subjected to
convection from both sides to an
[ ] [ ]
i p i p max
T T VC T T C . m Q = =

kJ
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convection from both sides to an
environment at temperature T

with a convection coefficient of h.

[ ] [ ]
i p i p max
Q

Transient Conduction in Semi-Infinite Solid
Consider a semi-infinite solid (extends to infinity in all
but one direction with a single identifiable surface)
( )
i
T x T =
Case 1
T(x,0) = T
i
T(0,t) = T
s
Case 2
T(x,0) = T
i
Case 3
T(x,0) = T
i
Q
T
k

&
( ) [ ]
T
0 x
0 x
Q
x
k
=
=

=

( ) [ ] t , 0 T T h
x
T
k
0 x
=

=
T
s
Q
o

T h
s o
T

, h
x
x
x
T( t)
T
s
T(x,t)
T
t
t
t
T
i
T
i
T
i
( )

=
x
erf
T t , x T
s
( )
( )
t
T T k
t Q
i s
s

=
&
Case 1 Constant Surface Temperature: T(0,t) = T
s
and

t 2 T T
s i
t
( )
( )

x
f
x Q x
t
q 2
T T
o
2
o
2
1
&
Case 2 Constant Surface Heat Flux: Q
s
= Q
o

( )
( )

=
t 2
x
erfc
k
Q
t 4
x
exp
k
T t , x T
o
i
( ) [ ] t 0 T T h
T
k

C 3 S f C i
( ) [ ] t , 0 T T h
x
k
0 x
=

=
( )

t h x
f
t h hx x
f
T t , x T
2
i
Case 3 Surface Convection:
( )

k
t h
t 2
x
erfc
k
t h
k
hx
exp
t 2
x
erfc
T T
T t , x T
2
i
i
The Gaussian error function, erf (w), is a standard
( )

w
v
2
2
, ( ),
mathematical function (see Table B.2 for values)
Complementary Error Function, erfc(w) = 1 erf(w)
( )

=
w
0
v
dv e
2
w erf
2
T T
B A
i , B B i , A A
s
m m
T m T m
T
+
+
= T
s
between 2 solids
Cp k m = Cp k m =
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