315 102 1

General Physics I

y
vy

v
vx

v
m
d

vx

vy

v

d
z

vx

1 1 2

1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.1

(Displacement) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.2

(Velocity) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.3

(Acceleration) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.2.4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.2.5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1.3 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.3.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

1.3.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

1.3.3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

1.3.4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
i

ii

31

2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.1.1

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

2.1.2

2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

2.1.3

3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

2.2 (Forces of Friction) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.3.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

2.3.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . 43

2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3

53

3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

3.3 -

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.6.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

3.6.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

3.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4

75

4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

iii

4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.6 2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

4.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5

89

5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.9.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

5.9.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

5.9.3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

5.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
6

121

6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
6.1.1

SHM . . . . . . . . . 123

6.1.2

SHM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

iv

6.3 SHM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

6.3.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

6.3.2

Physical Pendulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

6.3.3

Torsional Pendulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

6.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
6.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
7

137

7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
7.1.1

(Pressure) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

7.1.2

(Density) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
7.5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

7.5.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

7.5.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

7.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
7.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
8

155

8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
8.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
8.3.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

8.3.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

8.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
8.5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

8.6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

8.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
8.7.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

8.7.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

8.7.3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

8.8 . . . . . . . . . 170
8.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

vi



315 102 1

 1
1 2
(space)

(kinematics)
1 () 2

1.1

(vector quantity)
(scalar quantity)
(displacement) (velocity) (acceleration) (force)

A
 A A
A

1.1.1

 B

A
1.1

1 2


A


B

 B

1.1: A


(1) A
 1.2(a) A+
 B

B
 B
 A

A
 (R)

B
 B
 1.2(b) (2)
A


B

 =A
+B

R


B

A
(a)


A
(b)

 B

1.2: A

1.3
 =A
+B

R


B

B


A

A
(a)

R =

+
A


B

(b)

 B

1.3: A

1.1

 B
 C

A,
1.4


C

B

C

A


C

R


B


B

A


A
 B
 C

1.4: A,

1.5
+B
 =B
 +A

A


A
 =A
+B

R


B


B

 =B
 +A

R


A
 B

1.5: A

1.6
 + B)
 +C
 =A
 + (B
 + C)

(A

1 2

(B
+

)+


B


B

A +

+ B
+
A


 +C
B

(A


C

C )

C


C


A


B

A

 B
 C

1.6: A,
(Negative of a vector)

A


A

 = mA

(m) B
 m A

B

 B
 =A
 + (B)
 A
A
 1.7
B


B

A
R =

A +


B
( 
B)

 B

1.7: A
 B

A
1.8
(cosines law)
R2 = (A + B cos )2 + (B sin )2
= A2 + 2AB cos + B 2 cos2 + B 2 sin2
R2 = A2 + B 2 (cos2 + sin2 ) + 2AB cos

R = A2 + B 2 + 2AB cos

(1.1)

1.1

B sin
A + Bcos

B sin
1
= tan
A + B cos

tan =

(1.2)

A
B
R
=
=
(1.3)
sin
sin
sin


R


B

B sin


A

B cos

 B

1.8: A

(unit vector)

eA =


A
A

(1.4)

 A

A
A x, y z
i, j k
(cartesian coordinate) 1.9
x, y z
=A
x + A
y + A
 z = Axi + Ay j + Az k
A


A

1 2

Ax = A sin cos
Ay = A sin sin
Az = A cos

A = A2x + A2y + A2z
(2 )
z

z
A

A

k
i
x
A

y
A

x
 A

1.9: A
x y 1.10
 y = Axi + Ay j
=A
x + A
A
Ax = A cos ; Ay = A sin

A = A2x + A2y

x, y z

1.1

y
A


A

O i

x
A


1.10: A
x y

 1 = A1xi + A1y j + A1z k
A
 2 = A2xi + A2y j + A2z k
A
.. ..
.=.
 n = Anxi + Any j + Anz k
A
x, y z
Rx = (A1x + A2x + + Anx ) =
Ry = (A1y + A2y + + Any ) =

n

i=1
n


Aix
Aiy

i=1

Rz = (A1z + A2z + + Anz ) =

n


Aiz

i=1


R = Rx2 + Ry2 + Rz2
 
Rz
1
= tan
R

1.1.2

(scalar product)
(vector product)

1 2
 B

A
1.11(a)
B
 = AB cos
A

(1.5)

 B

A

1.11(b) R
(
 A

R
 R

B)

  
   
R = A B  = AB sin

(1.6)

 =A
B

R


B


B

A


A
(a)

(b)

 B
 (a) (b)
1.11: A

1.2
1.2.1

1
(Displacement)

(Displacement)
xi

1.2 1

xf
x = xf xi

(1.7)

(distance)
1.12
A B C, D, E F
A B x = xB xA = 20 m
A D x = xD xA = 30 m A
D s = sAB + sBC + sCD = 20 + 10 + 40 = 70 m

Starting Point

B
x (m)

-60

-50 -40 -30 -20

-10

10

20

30

60

50

60

40

50

x (m)
-60

-50 -40 -30 -20

-10

10

20

30

40

1.12:

1.2.2

(Velocity)

(average velocity, vx )
xf xi
x
=
(1.8)
vx =
t
tf ti
(s) (average speed)

10

1 2

(t )
(instantaneous velocity, vx )
dx
x
=
t0 t
dt

vx = lim

(1.9)

(instantaneous speed)

(m/s)
1 1.12 (O)
1.1 1.13
A F

1.1:
(s) x (m)
A
0
30
B
10
52
C
20
38
D
30
0
E
40
-37
F
50
-53

A F
O xA = 30 xB = 53
x = xF xA = 53 30 = 83

xF xA
x
=
t
tF tA
83
53 30
=
= 1.7
=
50 0
50

vx =

m/s

1.2 1

11

x (m)
60
40
A
20

B
C

-20

-40
-60

10

20

30

F
50 t (s)

40

1.13: 1

A F
=

22 + 52 + 53
= 2.5 m/s
=
50

2 x
x = 4t + t2 x (m) t
(s)
() t=0 t = 1 t = 1 t = 3

()

() ti = 0, xi = 4(0)+2(0)2 =
0 tf = 1, xf = 4(1) + 2(1)2 = 2 t=0 t=1
x = xf xi = 2 0 = 2

12

1 2

t=1 t=3
x = xf xi = [4(3) + 2(3)2 ] [4(1) + 2(1)2 ] = 8

() t=0 t = 1
v =

x
2
=
= 2 m/s
t
1

t=1 t = 3
v =

1.2.3

8
x
= = 4 m/s
t
2

(Acceleration)

(vx ) (t)

a
x

vxf vxi
vx
=
t
tf ti

(1.10)

1.14
vx
a
x =

v
t

B
vxf
vx

A
vxi
t

ti

tf

1.14:
A B

1.2 1

13

t 0
dvx
vx
=
t0 t
dt

ax lim

(1.11)

vx = dx/dt
 
dvx
d dx
d2 x
ax =
= 2
=
dt
dt dt
dt

(1.12)

1.12 x t
1.15 - -
(slope) -
ax

vx
B

A
A

B
tA

tA

tB

tC

tB

C
(b)

(a)
1.15:

tC

--

3 x
vx = 40 5t2 t=0 t=2 t =2

1.10
vxi = 40 5(0)2 = 40 m/s
vxf = 40 5(2)2 = 20 m/s
vxf vxi
20 40
=
a
x =
= 10 m/s2
tf ti
20

14

1 2

t =2
dvx
d
ax =
= (40 5t2 ) = 10t
dt
dt
ax (t = 2) = 10(2) = 20 m/s2

1.2.4

1.10 ax ax ti = 0 tf = t

vxf vxi
ax =
t
(1.13)
vxf = vxi + ax t
1.13

1.16

vx =

vxi + vxf
2

(1.14)

vx
Slope = ax
ax t
vxf
vxi
t

1.16: -
1.8 1.14

xf xi = vx t =

vxi + vxf
t
2

(1.15)

1.2 1

15

vxf 1.13 1.15

1
xf xi = vxi t + ax t2
2

(1.16)



2
2
vxf
vxi
1
vxf vxi
=
xf xi = (vxi + vxf )
2
ax
2ax
2
2
vxf
= vxi
+ 2ax (xf xi )

(1.17)

1.2

1.2:

vxf = vxi + ax t
xf xi =

1
(v
2 xi

+ vxf )t

xf xi = vxi t + 12 ax t2

2
2
vxf
= vxi
+ 2ax (xf xi )

4 2 m/s2
20 m/s 20
5

3
1

x1 = xf xi = vx t =

(vxi + vxf )
t
2

(1)

16

1 2

(1)

vxf vxi
vx
vxf 0
=
=
t
tf ti
t
20m/s
vxf
=
= 10s
t=
ax
2m/s2

ax =

t (1) 1
x1 =

(20m/s 0)(10s)
= 100m
2

(2)

2
x2 = vx t = vxf t = (20m/s)(20s) = 400m

(3)

3 ()

x3 = vx t =

20m/s + 0
(vxi + vxf )
t=
(5s) = 50m
2
2

(4)

x = x1 + x2 + x3 = 100 + 400 + 50 = 550m

1.2.5

(
)
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
(gravitational acceleration, g) 9.80 m/s2

1.2 1

17

1.2 x y
ay = g = 9.8
y
vyf = vyi gt
1
yf yi = vyi t gt2
2
2
2
vyf = vyi 2g(yf yi )

(1.18)
(1.19)
(1.20)

5 20 m/s
50 m 1.17
A tA = 0 yA = 0
() ( B)
() B
() ( C)
() C
() t = 5 s

() ( B)
vyf = vyi gt

0 20 m/s
vyf vyi
=
g
9.8 m/s2
20
= 2.04 s
t=
9.8
t=

() yf yi = vyi t 12 gt2
yi = yA = 0 yf = yB
1
1
yB = vyi t gt2 = (20 m/s)(2.04 s) (9.8 m/s2 )(2.04 s)2
2
2
yB = 20.4 m

18

1 2
B

50.0 m

E
1.17:

() yi = yf = 0

1
yC yA = vyA t gt2
2
1
0 = 20t 9.8t2
2
t(20.0 4.9t) = 0
t = 0, 4.08
t = 0 t = 4.08 s
C t = 4.08 A
C
() C
1
vyC = vyA gt = (20 m/s) (9.8 m/s2 )(4.08 s)
2
vyC = 20.0 m/s

1.3 2

19

() t = 5 s
vyD = vyA gt = (20 m/s) (9.8 m/s2 )(5 s)
vyD = 29.0

m/s

t= 5.0
1
yD yA = vyA t gt2
2

1
yD 0 = (20 m/s)(5.0 s) (9.8 m/s2 )(5.0 s)2
2
yD = 22.5 m

1.3
1.3.1

1.18 A B A
(position vector) ri B
rf
ri = xii + yij rj = xji + yj j
(r) A B
r = rf ri = (xf xi )i + (yf yi )j = xi + yj
t = tf ti
r
t

(1.21)

dr
r
=
t0 t
dt

(1.22)

v =

v = lim

v
vf vi
a =
=
t
tf ti
dv
v
=
a = lim
0 t
dt

(1.23)
(1.24)

20

1 2
y

A

r
B Path of particle
ri
rj
O

1.18: xy

1.3.2

x y
y
g x
1.19 vi
x i x y
vxi = vi cos i

vyi = vi sin i

(1.25)

x xi = 0, ax = 0
x
x = xf xi = vxi t = (vi cos i )t

(1.26)

vxf = vxi = vi cos i =

(1.27)

yi = 0, ay = g

y
1
1
y = yf yi = vyi t gt2 = (vi sin i )t gt2
2
2
vyf = vyi gt = (vi sin i ) gt

(1.28)
(1.29)

y vvf = 0

1.3 2

21

y
vy

vy = 0
v

g
vxi

C
vyi

D
vxi

vxi

vi

B
vy

E vxi

i
A

v

vxi

i
v

vy

1.19: xy

vvf = vyi gtA 0 = vi sin i gtA

vi sin i
tA =
g
y (maximum height: h)
vi sin i 1
g
h = (vi sin i )
g
2
2
2
v sin i
h= i
2g

vi sin i
g

2

(1.30)

x
2tA
(horizontal range: R)
R = vxi tB = (vi cos i )(2tA )
= (vi cos i )
R=

vi2 sin 2i
g

2v 2 sin i cos i
2vi sin i
= i
g
g
(1.31)

22

1 2

x 45
sin 2i = 1 2i = 90 i = 45
y
A vyA = 0

vi

h
B

i
O

R
1.20:

6 40 m/s
100 m
1.21

vxi = 40 m/s vyi 0 xi = 0, yi = 0

xf = vxi t = 40t

1
1
yf = vyi t gt2 100 = 0 (9.8)t2
2
2
2(100)
t = 4.52 s
t2 =
9.8
t (1)
xf = (40)(4.52) = 181 m

(1)

1.3 2

23

x y
vxf = vxi = 40

m/s

vyf = vyi gt = 0 (9.8)(4.52) = 44.3 m/s



2
2
+ vyf
= (40)2 + (44.3)2 = 59.9 m/s
v = vxf

vx = 40 m/s

100 m

1.21: 6

7 25 m/s
1.22
30
d
x y
x = xf xi = vxi t = 25t
1
1
1
y = yf yi = vyi t gt2 = 0 gt2 = (9.8)t
2
2
2

(1)
(2)

x = d cos 35 y = d sin 35 (1)

(2)

24

1 2

d cos 35 = 25t
1
d sin 35 = (9.8)t2
2

(3)
(4)

(4) (3)

9.8
(50)(tan 35 )
tt=
= 3.57 s
2(25)
9.8
(25)(3.57)
= 109 m
d=
cos 35

tan 35 =

d (3) (4)
x y
x = (109) cos 35 = 89.3 m
y = (109) sin 35 = 62.5

(0,0)

25.0 m/s
= 35

1.22: 7

1.3 2

1.3.3

25

(
)

1.23 r
(ar )
vi
A

B
r

vf

vi
v

vf

1.23:

ar =


vf vi
v
=
tf ti
t

(1.32)

1.23
r
vr
v
=
v =
v
r
r

ar =

v r
v2
v
= .
=
t
r t
r

(1.33)

1.24
(
at ) (ar )
a = at + ar

(1.34)

at = d|v|/dt
ar = v 2 /r

26

1 2

Path of particle

ar

at

ar

a

C
a

ar

at
a

at

1.24:

1.3.4

(relative velocity)


60

50 10

rAE
rAB = rAE rBE
E

x
rBE

1.25: A B
(reference frame)

1.3 2

27

1.25 E
A B
rAE = A E
rBE = B E
rAB = A B

A B
rAB = rAE rBE

(1.35)

A B
vAB = vAE vBE

(1.36)

8
10 km/h 1.26 5
km/h

vrE

E
vbE

vbr

1.26: 7
vBR = vBE

28

1 2

vRE
vBR = vBE vRE

vBE = vBR + vRE

vBE =

2
2
(vBR
) + (vRE
)=


1

= tan

vBR
vRE

(52 ) + (10)2 = 11.2 km/h


1

= tan

5
10


= 26.6

11.2 km/h 26.6

1.4

1. 110 20 40

 = 3i + 2j 5k B
 = 2i + j + 4k A
+B
 A
B

2. A
+B
 = 11i j + 5k A
B
 = 5i + 11j + 9k A
 B

3. A
 = 4i + 3j 7k
4. A
F2 = 17i +
5. F1 = 20i 36j + 73k,
21j 46k F3 = 12k
 = 2i 3j + 5k B
 = 3i + aj 2k
6. a A

 = 3i + 4j 5k B
 = 3i j 2k
7. A
 B

() A
B

() A
 B

() A

1.4

29

8. 5 m/s2
4
9.
2.7 m/s 3 6
10. 1.60 m/s2
14 70
3.50 m/s2
11. 0.44 m

12. ()
2.50
()
()

46.0 m
v = 1.2 m/s
1.80 m
1.27: 14

13.
2.10 m/s2
3.40 m/s2
40.0 m
()
()
()

30

1 2

14. 46.0 m 1.27

1.80 m 1.20 m/s


15. 20 m/s
37 1.28
()
()
()

vi
37
y
50 m
1.28: 15
16. 1.29 d

d=

2vi2 cos i sin(i )

g cos2

Path of the projectile

vi

d
i

1.29: 16

2.1
2.1.1

2.1

F = 0

(2.1)

(Inertia)

(SI unit) (kg)

1
(a = 0)
(Inertia frame) 1

32


F =0
v = 0

v

2.1: (v = 0) (v = )

F5

F4

m


F1

F = ma

F2
F3

2.2: F1 , F2 , F3 , F4 , F5

a

2.1.2

2

2.2
2.2

F = ma

(2.2)

a m 2.2
x, y z


Fx = max

Fy = may

Fz = maz

SI (N) 1 N = 1 kg.m/s2

(2.3)

2.1

33
y
F2

60
20

x
F1

2.3: m xy
1 0.3 kg 2.3 F1
5.0 N F2 8.0 N
x

Fx = F1x + F2x = F1 cos(20 ) + F2 cos 60
= (5.0)(0.940) + (8.0)(0.500) = 8.7 N

y

Fy = F1y + F2y = F1 sin(20 ) + F2 sin 60
= (5.0)(0.342) + (8.0)(0.866) = 5.2 N
2 x y


8.7
Fx
=
= 29 m/s2
ax =
m
0.30

5.2
Fy
=
= 17 m/s2
ay =
m
0.30


a = (29)2 + (17)2 = 34 m/s2
+x


1

= tan

ay
ax


1

= tan

17
29


= 30

34

2
F12
F21

2.4: 1 2

2.1.3

3 1
2 (F12 ) 2 1 (F21 )

F12 = F21

(2.4)

F12 (Action force) F21 (Reaction force)

2.4
2.5
(n ) (n)
(Fg ) (F  ) n
g

Fg Fg = Fg

n = n
n

n

Fg
Fg

2.5:

2.1

35
y

37

53

T1

T3

T2

T1

T2

37

T3

53
x
T3

W
W = 125 N

(a)

(b)

(c)

2.6: (a) 125 N (b) (c)

2 120 N 2.6


1
F = 0


Fx = 0

Fy = 0

(b)


Fy = T3 = W = 125 N

(c)



Fx = T1 cos 37 + T2 cos 50 = 0

(1)

Fy = T1 sin 37 + T2 sin 53 T3 = 0

(2)

36

a
F

m1

n2

n1
p

F

m2

p
x
m2

m1

m2g

m1g
(a)

(c)

(b)

2.7: (a) m1 m2 (b)

(c)
(1) T2 T1 (2) T1
T2


cos 37
T2 = T1
= 1.33 T1
cos 53
T1 sin 37 + 1.33 T1 sin 53 125 = 0
T1 = 75.1 N,

T2 = 99.9 N

3 m1 m2
F
 2.7

(a)
2


Fx (system) = F = (m1 + m2 )ax

ax =

F
m1 + m2

(b) (c) p p
(c)



Fx = p = m2 ax =

m2
m1 + m2


F

2.1

37




p = p = m2 ax =

m2
m1 + m2


F

4 m1 m2
2.8
(a) 2
m1 m2 ( (b) )



Fy = T m1 g = m1 ay

(1)

Fy = m2 g T = m2 ay

(2)

(1) (2)
m1 g + m2 g = m1 ay + m2 ay


m2 m1
ay =
g
m1 + m2

(3)

(3) (1) (2)



2m1 m2
g
T =
m1 + m2

5 m1 m2
m2 2.8

m1



Fx = 0

(1)

Fy = T m1 g = m1 ay = m1 a

(2)

38

a

T

T

m1

m2

m1g

m2g

m1
a
m2

(b)

(a)

2.8: (a) m1 m2
(b)
m2 ( x
)

(3)
Fx = m2 g sin T = m2 ax = m2 a

(4)
Fy = n m2 g cos = 0
(2) T (3)

a=

m2 g sin m1 g
m1 + m2

(2)
T =

2.2

m1 m2 g(sin + 1)
m1 + m2

(Forces of Friction)

2.2 (Forces of Friction)

39
y

a

y
n

T

T

m2

m2 g sin

m1

m2 g cos

m1g

(a)

(b)

x

m2g
(c)

2.9: (a) m1 m2
(b) (c)

(a)

(b)
n

n
Motion

fs

F
mg

fk

F
mg

(c)
|f|
fs,max

fs

fk = k n
F

Static region

Kinetic region

2.10: (a)
(b)

40

(frictional force)

2 (static
frictional force, fs ) (kinetic frictional force, fk ) 2.10

(Applied force, F ) (fs,max )

( 2.10(c) )

(Normal force, n)

fs,max = sn

(2.5)

fk = kn

(2.6)

s k

6 m 2.11

1



(2) mg =

Fx = mg sin fs = max = 0

(1)

Fy = n mg cos = may = 0

(2)

n
cos

(1)

fs = mg sin =

sin = n tan
cos

fs = fs,max = s n

(3)

2.2 (Forces of Friction)

41
y
n

fs
x
mg sin

mg cos
mg

2.11: m
(3) (c )
fs,max = s n = n tan c
s = tan c
c = tan1 (s )

7 m1
m2 m1
F 2.12
m1 k
m1 x y

Fx = F cos fk T = m1 ax = m1 a

Fy = n + F sin m1 g = 0
m2

Fx = m2 ax = 0

Fy = T m2 g = m2 ay = m2 a

(1)
(2)

(3)
(4)

(4) T = m2 (a + g) fk = k n
(1)
F cos k n m2 (a + g) = m1 a
F cos k (m1 g F sin ) m2 (a + g) = m1 a

(5)

42

a

m1

F

F sin

n

F
T

T
F cos
fk

a

m2
(a)

m1g

m2g

(b)

(c)

2.12: (a) m1 m1
m2 (b) (c)

(5)

a=

2.3
2.3.1

F (cos + k sin ) g (m2 + k m1 )

m1 + m2

(centripetal acceleration, ar ) 2.13 (a)
2



Fr = mar = m

v2
r

(2.7)

2.3

43

ar

F
Fr
v

Ft

(a)

(b)

2.13: (a) (b)

2.3.2

(tangential acceleration, at )
2.13(b)
F = Fr + Ft = m(ar + at )

(2.8)

8 m L
v 2.14


Fy = T cos mg = 0
T cos = mg


v2
Fx = T sin = mar = m
r
(2) (1)
v2
rg

v = rg tan

tan =

(1)

(2)

44

T cos

T

T sin

T
r
mg
mg

2.14:
m

r = L sin

v=

Lg sin tan

9 1500
35 2.15
0.5

(b)

v2
fs = mar = m
r
n = mg

2.3

45
n

fs

fs

mg
(a)

(b)

2.15: (a)
(b)

fs,max
vmax
vmax

2
vmax
= s n = m
r

s mgr
=
= s gr
m

= (0.5)(9.8 m/s2 )(35 m)

vmax = 13.1m/s
10

2.16
13.4 m/s 50 m
?

n

Fr = mar
v2
n sin = m
r

Fy = 0
n cos = mg

(1)

(2)

46

(a)

(b)
n cos

n

n sin

mg
mg

2.16: (a)
(b)
(1) (2)
v2
tan =
rg

= tan

(13.4)2
= 20.1
(50)(9.8)

11 m
225 m/s 2.70 km 2.17

()
()



Fr = nbot mg = m

nbot
nbot

v2
r


v2
v2
= mg + m = mg 1 +
r
rg


2
(225)
= mg 1 +
(2.7 103 )(9.8)

nbot = 2.91mg

2.4

47
Top

nbot

mg

ntop

mg

Bottom
(b)

(a)

(c)

2.17: (a)
(b)
(c)

Fr = ntop + mg = m

ntop
ntop

v2
r


v2
v2
= m mg = mg
1
r
rg


(225)2
1
= mg
(2.7 103 )(9.8)

ntop = 0.91mg

2.4

1. F1 = 20 N F2 = 15 N 5 kg
2.18 (a) (b)
2. 325 N 2.19
1 = 60 2 = 25

48

F2
F2

90.0
m

F1

60.0
F1
(b)

(a)

2.18: 1
T1 , T2 T3
2

T2

T1
T3

2.19: 2
3. 1 kg 10 m/s2 30 F1
2.20 F2 = 5.0 N F1
4. 2.21 (a), (b) (c)

5. m = 2.0 kg h = 0.50
m = 30
2.22 H
= 2.00 m
()
()

2.4

49

F2
a=

m/
0.0

30.0

1.0 kg
F1
2.20: 2

(a)

(c)

(b)

5.0 kg
5.0 kg

5.0 kg

30.0

5.0 kg

5.0 kg

2.21: 4

m
h

R
2.22: 5

50

()
() (R)
6. 2.0 kg 5 kg
5 kg 0.2 5 kg
2.23
()
3.0 m/s2
()
2 kg 3.0 m/s2
2.0 kg
F

5.0 kg

2.23: 6
7. 500 kg
2.24
() 20 m/s A
() B

B
15.0 m
10.0 m

2.24: 7

2.4

51

8. 50.0 m
0.2 m
(
)
9. 2.25
3000 kg
()

450 N
10

30

400 N

2.25: 9

10. 2.0 kg
80 cm 0.5

52

3.1

F
d 3.1 (Work, W )

W = F d = F d cos

(3.1)

3.1

. (N.m) (Joule, J)
(+) (-) (0)

( = 90 )

F

F cos

d
3.1:

54

1 m 50 30
3.2 3.0

W = F cos d = (50 N)(cos 30.0 )(3.0 m)
W = 130 J
mg
n

n
50 N
30

mg
3.2: 50 30

2 xy
d = 2.0i + 3.0j F = 5.0i + 2.0j
()
()
() F d

()


x2 + y 2 = (2.0)2 + (3.0)2 = 3.6 m


F = Fx2 + Fy2 = (5.0)2 + (2.0)2 = 5.4 N
d=

3.2

55

() W = F d
W = (5.0i + 2.0j) (2.0i + 3.0j)
= (5.0i)(2.0i) + (5.0i)(3.0j) + (2.0j)(2.0i) + (2.0j)(3.0j)
= 10 + 0 + 0 + 6 = 16 J
()

F d = F d cos
F d
16
cos =
=
= 0.82
Fd
(5.4)(3.6)
= cos1 (0.82) = 34.9

3.2

3.3(a)
x xi xf
x
W = Fx x
xi xf
W

xf


Fx x

(3.2)

xi

3.3(b)
xi xf

W = lim

x0

xf

xi

xf

Fx x =

Fx dx
xi

(3.3)

56

Area = A = Fx x

Fx

Fx

Work

xi

xf

xf

xi

x
(a)

(b)

3.3: (a)
(b)

3.2.1

(Hookes
law)
Fs = kx

(3.4)

k N/m
??
x = 0 3.4
xmax
(Ws )
xi = xmax xf = 0
 xf
 0
1
Fs dx =
(kx)dx = kx2max
(3.5)
Ws =
2
xi
xmax
xi = 0 xf = xmax
Ws = 12 kx2max
xi = xmax xf = xmax 3.4(d) Fs
x 3.5
x = xi x = xf
 xf
1
1
(kx)dx = kx2i kx2f
Ws =
2
2
xi

(3.6)

3.3 -

57

Fs
(a)

Fs

(d)

Area= 12 kx2max
x
kxmax

x

(b)
xmax

Fs = 0, x = 0

Fs = kx

(c)

Fs

x
x
x=0

3.4: (a) +x (b)

x = 0 (c) x (d) Fx x

3.3

3.5 m


F a
2


W =

F d = (ma)d

vf vi
1
d = (vi + vf )t a =
2 
t


vf vi 1
(vi + vf )t
W =m
t
2

1
1
W = mvf2 mvi2
2
2

58

d

F
m
vi

vf

3.5:
1
mv 2
2

"

(Kinetic energy, K)"

1
K = mv 2
2

(3.7)

- (Work-kinetic energy theorem)


(3.8)
W = Kf Ki = K

3.4

K = fk d

(3.9)

Ki +

Wother fk d = Kf

Wother

(3.10)

3.4

59

3 6
12 3
()
() 0.15

() 3.6() 3.8 F
W = F d = (12 N)(3 m) = 36 J
1
W = Kf Ki = vf2 0
2
2(36)
2W
=
= 12 m2 /s2
vf2 =
m
6
vf = 3.5 m/s
()
(Kf riction )
fk = k n = k mg = (0.15)(6.0 kg)(9.8 m/s2 )
fk = 8.82 N

Kf riction = fk d = (8.82 N)(3.0 m) = 26.5 J
3.10
1 2 
1
Wother fk d = mvf2
mvi +
2
2
1
0 + 36 J 26.5 J = mvf2
2
2
vf = 2(9.5 J)/(6.0 kg) = 3.18 m2 /s2
vf = 1.8 m/s

4 1.6
1.0 103 N/m 2.0

60

n
vf
F

d
mg
(a)
n
vf
fk

F

mg

d
(b)

3.6: (a) (b)

() (x = 0)

() (x = 0)
4.0 N

() vi = 0 xi = 2.0 cm
vf xf = 0 3.5
xmax = xi = 2.0

1
1
Ws = kx2max = (1.0 103 N/m)(2.0 102 m)2
2
2
Ws = 0.20 J

3.5

61

-
1
1
Ws = mvf2 mvi2
2
2
1
0.20 J = (1.6 kg)vf2 0
2
0.40 J
2
vf =
= 0.25 m2 /s2
1.6 kg
vf = 0.50 m/s
()
K = fk d = (4.0 N)(2.0 102 m) = 0.080 J
() 0.20 J

1
Kf = 0.20 J 0.080 J = 0.12 J = mvf2
2

1
(1.6 kg)vf2 = 0.12 J
2
0.24
= 0.15 m2 /s2
vf2 =
1.6
vf = 0.39 m/s

3.5

(Power)
W t (Average power)
W
P
t

(3.11)

(Instantaneous power)
dW
W
=
t0 t
dt

P lim

(3.12)

dW dt F
ds dW = F ds
P=

dW
ds
= F
= F v
dt
dt

(3.13)

62

v = ds/dt (J/s) (W)

5 1000 800
4000 3.7
()
3 /
() 1 /2
v /

Motor
T

f
Mg
3.7:

()
1


Fy = T f Mg = 0
T = Mg + f = (1000 + 800)(9.8) + 4000
T = 2.16 104

P = T .v = T v = (2.16 104 )(3.0)
P = 6.48 104

3.6

63

() 2


Fy = T f Mg = Ma
T = M(a + g) + f = (1.80 103 )(1.0 + 9.8) + 4.0 103
T = 2.34 104

P = T .v = T v = (2.34 104 )v

d
g
yi
mg
yf

3.8:

3.6

(potential energy, U) (system)

64

3.6.1

(gravitational potential energy, Ug )

y
Ug = mgy

(3.14)

m
3.8 yi yf
x y i j
d
Wg = (mg ) d = (mgj) (yf yi)j = mgyi mgyf
Wg = Ui Uf = (Uf Ui ) = Ug

(3.15)

3.6.2

Fs = kx

1
1
Ws = kx2i kx2f
2
2

(3.16)

3.16

(elastic potential energy, Us )
1
Us kx2
2

3.7

(3.17)

h mgh

3.8

65

E =K +U

3.8

Ei = Ef

(3.18)

Ki + Ui = Kf + Uf

(3.19)

(conservative forces) (nonconservative forces)

(
)

Fapp
Wapp
Wg K -

Wapp + Wg = K
Wg = U

Wapp = K + U

(3.20)

Kf riction = fk d

(3.21)

66

E = K + U = fk d

(3.22)

Ei + E = Ef

6 m1 m2
m1 3.9
m2 h

m1

k
m1

m2
h

3.9: m1 m2

K = Kf Ki = 0

U = Ug + Us
Ug = Ug,f Ug,i = 0 m2 gh
1
Us = us,f Us,i = kh2 0
2

3.8

67

m1

E = fk h = k m1 gh
1
E = K + U = m2 gh + kh2 = k m1 gh
2
m2 g 12 kh

k =
m1 g
7 m h
y
3.10

h
y

yf
y=0
Ug = 0

3.10:

Ei
Ef
Ei = Ef
Ki + Ui = Kf + Uf
1
0 + mgh = mvf2 + mgy
2
2
vf = 2g(h y)

vf = 2g(h y)

68

8 m L A
A 3.11 P
( B)
P
A

T

mg
B
3.11:

P yA = L cos A yB = L
A B
UA = mgyA = mgL cos A
UB = mgyB = mgL

KA + UA = KB + UB
1
0 mgL cos A = mvB2 mgL
2

vB = 2gL(1 cos A )

B 2

Fr = TB mg = mar = m

vB2
TB mg = m
L
TB = mg(3 2 cos A )

v2
r

3.8

69

9 3
3.12 1
30 5

vi = 0
d = 1.00 m
0.5 m

vf

30.0

3.12:

Ei = Ki + Ui = 0 + mgyi
Ei = (3)(9.8)(0.5) = 14.7 J

1
Ef = Kf + Uf = mvf2 + 0
2
1 2
Ef = mvf
2

70

E = Ef Ei = fk d
1 2
mv mgyi = fk d
2 f
1 2
mv 14.7 = (5)(1)
2 f
1 2
mv = 14.7 5 = 9.7
2 f
(2)(9.7)
vf2 =
= 6.47 m2 /s2
3
vf = 2.54 m/s

10 m = 20 kg 2
3.13
vf = 3.0 m/s

n

2.0 m
mg

3.13:

3.9

71

Ei + E = Ef
E = Ef Ei = (Kf + Uf ) (Ki + Ui )
1
E = ( mvf2 + 0) (0 + mgh)
2
1
E = (20)(3)2 (20)(9.8)(2) = 302 J
2
302

3.9

F
m
R

3.14: 1

1. m
R 3.14
() m F = mg cos (Hint:

)

() W = F ds m

2. 1200 30
10 /
100 F ()

3. m = 3.0 kg
d 3.15 m

72

30
3.15: 3
x k =
400 N/m d
4. 70 kg 230 N
11 m 10 m
0.25
21 m
5. 5 kg v0 = 6 m/s
k = 500 N/m

0.20 m v0

A
h
R

3.16: 4
6. m = 5 3.16
h = 3.5R R
A

3.9

73

7. 2 1
m 1 2
k1 k2


m

h
ymax

3.17: 5

8.
3.17 k
ymax =

h
1+k cot

9. m1 = 5.0 kg , m2 = 10 kg m3 = 15 kg
3.18

m3 4
m2

m3

m1

3.18: 9

74

10. 200 A
R = 30 cm 3.19 (1)
A B (2) B (3) B (4)
C B (5) C

2R/3

3.19: 10

4.1

(linear momentum, p) m

v
p = mv

(4.1)

x, y z
px = mvx

py = mvy

pz = mvz

(4.2)

( 2
)

d(mv )
v
d
p
=
= m = ma
F =
dt
dt
dt

(4.3)

4.3

4.2

2 4.1
m1 m2
m2 m1 F21 m1
m2 F12

76

p1 = m1 v1

m1

m2

p2 = m2 v2

4.1:
dp1
dp2
F21 =
F12 =
dt
dt
3
F12 = F21
F21 + F12 = 0
d
dp1 dp2
+
= (p1 + p2 ) = 0
dt
dt
dt
d
p
=0
dt

(4.4)

p = p1 + p2 4.4

(conservation of linear momentum)

p1i + p2i = p1f + p2f

(4.5)
p1i p2i p1f p2f


system

pix =


system

pf x


system

piy =


system

pf y


system

piz =


system

pf z

(4.6)

4.3

4.3

77

p = F dt
2 F = dp d
dt

(Impulse)
 tf
F dt
p = pf pi =

(4.7)

ti

4.7
 tf
1


F
F dt
(4.8)
t ti

I = F t

(4.9)

1 1500 kg
15 m/s 2.6 m/s
4.2 0.15
Before
-15.0 m/s

After
2.60 m/s

4.2:

I = p = pf pi = mvf mvi
= m(vf vi ) = 1500(2.6 (15)) = 2.64 104

kg.m/s

78

p
2.64 104
F =
=
= 1.76 105
t
0.15

2.64 104 kg.m/s 1.76 105 N

4.4

(Elastic collision)
4.3

Before collision

m1

v1i

v2i

m2

After collision
v1f

m1

m2

v2f

4.3: 1

m1 v1i + m2 v2i = m1 v1f + m2 v2f

1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
m1 v1i
+ m2 v2i
= m1 v1f
+ m2 v2f
2
2
2
2

(4.10)
(4.11)

(+x)
(-x)





m1 m2
2m2
v1f =
(4.12)
v1i +
v2i
m1 + m2
m1 + m2




2m1
m2 m1
v1i +
v2i
(4.13)
v2f =
m1 + m2
m1 + m2

4.5

4.5

79

(Inelastic collision)
4.4
(Perfectly inelastic collision)

Before collision

m1

v2i

v1i

After collision
vf

m2
m1 + m2

4.4: 1

p1i + p2i = pf
m1 v1i + m2 v2i = (m1 + m2 )vf
m1 v1i + m2 v2i
vf =
m1 + m2

(4.14)

2 m1 m2

h 4.5

m1 + m2

v
m1

m2
4.5: 2

80

v2i = 0 v1i = v
vf
m1 v1i + m2 v2i = (m1 + m2 )vf
m1 v + 0 = (m1 + m2 )vf
m1 v
vf =
m1 + m2
h

Ki + Ui = Kf + Uf
1
(m1 + m2 )vf2 + 0 = 0 + (m1 + m2 )gh
2
m21 v 2
1 2 1
vf =
= gh
2
2 (m1 + m2 )2
(m1 + m2 )2
gh
v2 = 2
m21
m1 + m2 
v=
2gh
m1

m1 +m2
m1

2gh

3 m1 = 1.6 kg 4 m/s
m2 = 2.1 kg
2.5 m/s 4.6 k = 600 N/m
() m2 m1 3.0 m/s
()
v2f

v1f
v1i

v2i
k

m1
Before collision

k
m2

m1
After collision

4.6: 3

m2

4.6 2

81

()
p1i + p2i = p1f + p2f
m1 v1i + m2 v2i = m1 v1f + m2 v2f
(1.6)(4.0) + (2.1)(2.5) = (1.6)(3.0) + (2.1)v2f
v2f = 1.74 m/s
()
Ki + Ui = Kf + Uf
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
m1 v1i
+ m2 v2i
+ 0 = m1 v1f
+ m2 v2f
+ kx2
2
2
2
2
2
x = 0.173 m
m2 1.74 m/s x
0.173

4.6

xy m2
m1 4.7
x y

v1f sin v1f

v1f cos

v1i

v2f cos

v2f sin
Before collision

After collision

4.7: 2 2

v2f

82

m1 v1ix + m2 v2ix = m1 v1f x + m2 v2f x

(4.15)

m1 v1iy + m2 v2iy = m1 v1f y + m2 v2f y

(4.16)

m1 v1i = m1 v1f cos + m2 v2f cos

(4.17)

0 = m1 v1f sin m2 v2f sin

(4.18)

1
1
1
2
2
2
m1 v1i
= m1 v1f
+ m2 v2f
2
2
2

(4.19)

4 v1i +x

+x 4.8

v1i

35

y
v2f
x

v1f
4.8: 4

m1v1i = m1v1f + m2v2f
v1i = v1f + v2f

1
1
1
2
2
2
m1 v1i
= m1 v1f
+ m1 v2f
2
2
2
2
2
2
v1i = v1f + v2f

4.7

83

2
2
2
v1i
= v1i v1i = (v1f + v2f ) (v1f + v2f ) = v1f
+ v2f
+ 2v1f v2f

v1f v2f + 35
v1f v2f = v1f v2f cos( + 35)
2
2
2
v1i
= v1f
+ v2f
+ 2v1f v2f cos( + 35)

0 = 2v1f v2f cos( + 35)
0 = cos( + 35)
+ 35 = 90
= 90 35 = 55
55

4.7

xC M =

m1 x1 + m2 x2 + + mn xn
=
m1 + m2 + + mn

yC M =

m1 y1 + m2 y2 + + mn yn
=
m1 + m2 + + mn

zC M =

m1 z1 + m2 z2 + + mn zn
=
m1 + m2 + + mn

n

mi xi
i=1

M
n

mi yi
i=1

M
n

mi zi
i=1

(4.20)

(4.21)

(4.22)

4.9

xdm
M
ydm
=
M
zdm
=
M

xCM =

(4.23)

yCM

(4.24)

zCM

(4.25)

84

y
mi
CM

ri
rCM

z
4.9:
ri = xii + yij + zi k i mi
rCM = xCM x + yCM j + zCM k
5 4.10 L
M
y
dm = dx
L
x

O
x
dx

4.10: 5
x yCM = 0 zCM = 0
dx
= M
L
dm = dx
xCM

xCM

1
=
M

1
xdm =
M

L
L2
x2 
=
=
M 2 0
2M
 
2
M
L
L
=
=
2M L
2

xdx
0

4.7

85

L
2

6 M
4.11
y

dm
c

y
dx
O

x
a

4.11: 6
dx dm


2M
M
dm = 1 (ydx) =
ydx
ab
ab
2
x


 a 
2M
1
1
xCM =
x
xdm =
ydx
M
M 0
ab

2 a
xydx
=
ab 0
y x

b
b
y
= = y = x
x
a
a
y
 


2 a 2
2 a
b
xCM =
xdx = 2
x
x dx
ab 0
a
a 0
 a
2 x3 
= 2
a
3 0
2
xCM = a
3

86

y
1
yCM = b
3
xCM = 23 a yCM = 13 b

4.8

1. 0.145 kg +x 3.4 m/s

0.057 kg x 6.2 m/s

vf

M
vbi

4.12: 3
2. 0.045 kg 40 m/s
2 ms

v = 32 m/s

4.13: 5
3. m = 50 g vbi = 25 m/s
M = 250 g
4.12

4.8

87

L

v
2

v
m
M

4.14: 6
4. 30 g 1.5 kg

0.25 10 m

v1f
v1 = v

v2i = 0

v2f

Before collision

After collision

4.15: 7

5. 25 g 1.6 kg 32 m/s
4.13
2.4 cm k

6. m v M
L v/2 4.14
v

7.

88

60

L = 40

mA
mB
4.16: 8
4.15
90
8. A B mA = 50 g mB = 70 g
4.16 A 60

A B


0.7R

2R

4.17: 10
9. 1 2
106 0.100

10. 2R R
0.70R
4.17 2R

5.1

(rigid body)


xy
z O 5.1(a) O

P
O r
x P s
=

s
r

(5.1)

5.1
(radian) 2r
2 rad. 360 (rad.)
(deg.)
(rad.) =

(deg.)
180

(5.2)

P ti

90

Q, tf


r
r

f
i

s
x


P,
ti

(a)

(b)

5.1: (a) O (b)

i P tf f 5.1(b)
(Angular displacement) P Q
= f i

(5.3)

rad/s

f i
=
(5.4)

=
tf ti
t
(t 0)

=
t0 t
dt

= lim

(5.5)

i f
()

f i
=
tf ti
t

(5.6)

=
t0 t
dr

= lim

(5.7)

5.2

91

rad/s2

5.2


(b)

(a)

5.2: (a)
(b)

5.2

f = i + t
1
f = i + i t + t2
2
2
2
f = i + 2 (f i )

(5.8)
(5.9)
(5.10)

i f i f

3.1 3.5 rad/s2

ti = 0 2.0 rad/s
() 2

92

() 2
() 5.9
2
1
= f i = i t + t2
2
1
= (2.0 rad/s)(2 s) + (3.5 rad/s2 )(2 s)2
2
= 11.0 rad
1 2 rad
11
11.0 rad 2
= 1.75
() 2
f = i + t
= 2 rad + (3.5 rad/s2)(2.0 s)
= 9.0 rad/s

5.3

5.3
v
v=

d
dr
= r = r
dt
dt

(5.11)

(tangential acceleration, at ) (radial acceleration, ar )

d
dv
=r
= r
dt
dt
v2
= r 2
ar =
r
at =

(5.12)
(5.13)

a = a2t + a2r = r 2 2 + r 2 2 = r 2 + 2

(5.14)

5.4

93

vi

ri

mi

5.3: z O

5.4

mi z
5.3
1
Ki = mi vi2
2

(5.15)

vi = ri 5.15
1
Ki = mi ri2 2
2

(5.16)

KR =


i

I =

Ki =

 1
1 
( mi ri2 ) 2 = (
mi ri2 ) 2
2
2 i
i

(5.17)

mi ri2 (moment of inertia) kg.m2

5.17
1
KR = I 2
2

(5.18)

5.18

94

y
w
b
a

5.4: z

5.2 x y
5.4
O
z
z Iz

Iz =

mi ri2 = Ma2 + Ma2 + mb2 + mb2

= 2Ma2 + 2mb2

1
1
KR = I 2 = (2Ma2 + 2mb2 ) 2
2
2
2
= (Ma + mb2 ) 2

5.5

95
z

ri
O

mi
y

x
5.5: z

5.5

m r 5.5
m



2
I = lim
ri mi = r 2 dm
mi 0

M
V

(5.19)

kg.m3 M

V dm = dV 5.19


I = r 2 dV
(5.20)

(suface density: =

M
)
A

) A L
(linear density: = M
L
dm = dA dm = dL

(parallel-axis
theorem) D
( 5.6) 5.7

96

ICM

Iz
z

CM
y

x
5.6: z

I = ICM + MD 2

(5.21)

5.3 M R
5.8
dm r = R
5.19 z O

Iz =

r dm = R


dm

Iz = MR2

5.4 M
L 5.9
dx dm

dm = dx =

M
dx
L

5.5

97

5.7:

dm
R
O

5.8: dm O

98

dx
x

L
5.9: L
dm 5.19 r = x

Iy =
=

r dm =
M
L

M
Iz =
L

L/2

L/2

L/2

x2

M
dx
L

x2 dm

L/2

x3
3

L/2
=
L/2

1
ML2
12

5.4 M
R L 5.10

r dr L
dV = LdA = (2rdr)L dm = dV = 2rLdr
5.19

 R
1
2
r 3 dr = LR4
Iz = r dm = 2L
2
0
V = R2 L =

1
Iz = MR2
2

M
V

M
R2 L

5.6

99
z
dr
r

R
L

5.10:

5.6

(Torque)

 = r F

(5.22)

r F
= rF sin

(5.23)

5.23
5.11
d moment arm F


net =

n


i = 1 + 2 + ... + n

(5.24)

i=1

F1 F2 O
5.12 F1 (+)

100

F sin

F

F cos

Line of action

5.11: O
F1

d1
O

d2

F2

5.12: O
F2 (-)


= 1 2 = F1 d1 F2 d2
(5.25)
5.24

net =

 = I


(5.26)

5.6 M R I
5.13
m

5.6

101
M
R
O
T

T
m

mg

5.13: O

O
= I T


= I = T R
=

TR
I

(1)

2 m

Fy = mg T = ma
a=

mg T
m

(2)

a a = R (1)
(2)
T R2
mg T
a = R =
=
I
m
mg
T =
2
1 + mR
I
(4) (2) a
g
a=
1 + I/mR2
g
a
=
=
R
R + I/mR

(3)
(4)

102

T2
a

T2

T1

T1

T3

a

m2

m1

m2

m1

m1g
(a)
n1

T1

T2

mpg
(c)

(b)

n2

T2

mpg

m2g

T3

5.14: (a) m1 m2
(b) (c)

5.7 m1 m2
R
I 5.14a T1 , T2
T3
5.14b 2

m1 g T1 = m1 a

(1)

T3 m2 g = m2 a

(2)

(
5.14c)
(T1 T2 )R = I

(3)

(T2 T3 )R = I

(4)

5.7

103

(3) (4)
(T1 T3 )R = 2I

(5)

(1) (2)
T3 T1 + m1 g m2 g = (m1 + m2 )a
T1 T3 = (m1 m2 )g (m1 + m2 )a

(6)

(6) (5) = a/R

[(m1 m2 )g (m1 + m2 )a] R = 2I

a
(m1 m2 )g (m1 + m2 )a = 2I 2
R
(m1 m2 )g
a=
m1 + m2 + 2 RI2

(7)

(7) (1) (2) T1 T3

T2 (3) (4)

5.7

O ds F
O r
5.15
dW = F .ds = (F sin )rd
rF sin O
dW = d
= I = I d
= I d
. d = I d

dt
d dt
d
dW = d = Id

(5.27)

i f i
f

W =

dW =


Id

=
i

104

F

ds
d

5.15: O
1
1
W = If2 Ii2
2
2

(5.28)

I O 5.28
-
(Power, P)
P=

d
dW
=
=
dt
dt

(5.29)

5.8 m1 m2 m1 = m2
5.16 R
I
m2 h


Ki = 0



1
1
1 2
2
2
K = Kf Ki =
m1 vf + m2 vf + If 0
2
2
2
vf vf = Rf

1
K =
2



I
m1 + m2 + 2 vf2
R

5.8

105

m2

h
m1

5.16: m1 m2

5.16 m2
m1 U2 = m2 gh U1 = m1 gh

1
2


m1 + m2 +

I
R2

K + U1 + U2 = 0
vf2 + m1 gh m2 gh = 0


2(m2 m1 )gh

vf = 
m1 + m2 + RI2

1/2

vf = Rf

1/2
1
2(m2 m1 )gh
vf


=
f =
R
R m1 + m2 + RI2

5.8

(Rolling Motion)
(Translation) (Rotation)
R 5.17
(vCM ) ()

106

s = R
5.17:
()
d
ds
= R = R
dt
dt
dvCM
d
=
=R
= R
dt
dt

vCM =
aCM

(5.30)
(5.31)

5.18
P  P
P  P (CM) P
2vCM = 2R
(P)
P
Q
CM

2vCM
vCM

5.18:

1
K = IP 2
2

(5.32)

5.8

107

IP P
IP = ICM + MR2 5.32
1
K = ICM 2 +
2
1
K = ICM 2 +
2

1
MR2 2
2
1
2
MvCM
2

(5.33)

5.9 M R
5.19
()

M
R

vCM

5.19:

Ki = 0 Ui = Mgh
Uf = 0 ()

v
2 1
1
CM
2
+ MvCM
Kf = ICM
2
R
2


1 ICM
2
timesKf =
+ M vCM
2 R2

108

K + U = 0
(Kf Ki ) + (Uf Ui ) = 0
1
2

ICM
+M
R

Kf = Ui

2
= Mgh
vCM


1/2
2gh
vCM =
1 + ICM /MR2

5.9

5.9.1

(Angular Momentum) m O
v
 = r p
L

(5.34)

p (linear momentun) mv

r p 5.20
L = mvr sin

(5.35)

(F ) d
p/dt
O
d
p
 = r F = r
dt


dL
dt


d
d
p dr
dL
=
(r p) = r
+
p
dt
dt
dt
dt

d
r
dt

p = v p = 0 v p

O
 =


dL
dt

(5.36)

5.9

109

z
L = r P

y
m

r

p

x
5.20: m

5.9.2

z 5.21
z


L

ri

vi

x
5.21:
mi mi vi ri vi = ri

Li = mi ri2

(5.37)

110

Lz =


mi ri2 =


mi ri2

Lz = I

(5.38)

dLz
= I
(5.39)
=
dt

5.9.3


dL
i =
=0
(5.40)
dt
5.40 L
 f =
i = L
L

(5.41)

z 5.21 Lz = I

Ii i = If f

(5.42)

5.10 l M O
m1 m2 5.22
xy O
()
() x

5.9

111

y
m2
l
O

x
m2g

m1

m1g
5.22: O m2 > m1
()
 2
 2
l
l
1
2
+ m2
I = Ml + m1
12
2
2


2
l
M
=
+ m1 + m2
4 3

l2
L = I =
4


M
+ m1 + m2
3

() m2 > m1 O
O m1
l
1 = m1 g cos
2

(1 )

O m2
l
2 = m2 g cos
2

(2 )

O


1
net = 1 + 2 = (m1 m2 )gl cos
2

112

net = I

=

2(m1 m2 )g cos
net
=
I
l(M/3 + m1 + m2 )

5.11 M = 100 R = 2.0

m = 60
5.23 ()
2 /
0.5

M
R

5.23:

Ip R Is

1
Ii = Ip,i + Is,i = MR2 + mR2
2

r
1
If = Ip,f + Is,f = MR2 + mr 2
2

5.10

113

Li = Lf


5.10

Ii i = If f



1
1
2
2
2
2
MR + mR i =
MR + mr f
2
2
1

MR2 + mR2
2
f = 1
i
MR2 + mr 2
2


200 + 240
f =
(2.0 rad/s) = 4.1 rad/s
200 + 15


( F = 0)

(  = 0) (Static Equalibrium)


F = 0

 = 0

(5.43)


5.24 F = F1 + F2 +
F3 + F4 = 0 F1 O
r1 F2 , F3 F4
r1 , r2 r4 () O

O = r1 F1 + r2 F2 + r3 F3 + r4 F4
O  r O
F1 O  r1 r
O 

O = (r1 r ) F1 + (r2 r ) F2 + (r3 r ) F3 + (r4 r ) F4
= r1 F1 + r2 F2 + r3 F3 + r4 F4 r (F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 )

114

F1
F2

r1
O
r

r1 r
O
F4

F3

5.24: )
5.12 5.25 n
800 N 350
N

n
x

1.00 m

800 N

350 N

400 N

5.25:


Fy = 0
n 800 350 40 = 0
n = 1190 N

5.10

115

=0

(800 N)(1.00 N) (350 N)x = 0

x = 2.29 m
5.13 50 N
5.26a 3.00 cm
35 cm

()
mg = 50.0 N
d = 3.00 cm
l = 35.0 cm

Biceps

F

mg
O
l


R
(a)

mg
(b)

5.26: (a)
(b)

5.26b




Fy = F R 50.0 N = 0

= F d mgl = 0

(1)
(2)

116

(2) F
F (3.00 cm) (50.0 N)(35.0 cm) = 0
F = 583 N
(1) F (2)
R = 533 N
5.14 600 N 2 8
m 53
5.27a 200 N


R
53.0

53

8.00m
(a)

T

200 N
600 N

(b)

5.27: (a) (b)




Fx = R cos T cos 53.0 = 0

(1)

Fy = R sin + T sin 53.0 600 N 200 N = 0

(2)

= (T sin 53.0 )(8.00 m) (600 N)(2.00 m) (200 N)(4.00 m) = 0

T = 313 N

5.11

117

T (1) (2)
R cos = 188 N

(3)

R sin = 550 N

(4)

(4) (3)
550
= 2.93
188
= tan1 (2.93) = 71.1

tan =

(3)
R=

5.11

188
188
=
= 580 N
cos
cos 71.1

1. 25
2.6 10 5

() 60

()
2.


3. 1 20
30
()
()
4. M R
5.28

118

T
R
z
Mg
5.28: 4
5. 0.26 .2
20 10 A
2 B 6
5.29

RA
RB

A
B
5.29: 5

6. AB 4 15
AC, CD, BC
B CD
37 5.30 90
A 1
() CD
() B

5.11

119
C

A
W
5.30: 6

7. 5.31 3 10
0.5 .2
20

F
M
R

5.31: 7

8. m1 m2 M R
5.32 m1
0.2 m1 = 10 m2 = 5
M = 5 R = 0.1
() m1 m2
()
()

120

R
m1

m2

5.32: 8
9. 500 0.015 .2
30 163

10. 4 104 .2
5.33 F = 5.57
AA
30
A

F

A
5.33: 10

(vibration)
(
)

(simple harmonic motion)
(damped
oscillation)

6.1

6.1
m (x = 0)
m (restoring force, Fs )
Fs = kx

(6.1)

k

Fs = kx = ma
k
a= x
m

(6.2)

122

Fs
(a)
x
x
Fs = 0

(b)

x
Fs
(c)
x
x
x=0
6.1:

(simple harmonic motion, SHM)
6.2

x(t) = A cos(t + )

(6.3)

(angular frequency) A (amplitude)

6.3
t 2 (period, T )

t + 2 T

t + + 2 = (t + T ) +
T = 2
2
T =

(6.4)

6.1

123

x
/
A

A
T
6.2:
(frequency, f )

1
=
T
2
2
= 2f =
T
f=

6.1.1

(6.5)
(6.6)

SHM

x = A cos(t + )
dx
= A sin(t + )
v=
dt
dv
a=
= 2 A cos(t + ) = 2 x
dt

(6.7)
(6.8)

90 x
x = 0
180 x

124

6.3
vmax = A

(6.9)

amax = A

(a)

x
A

xi

(b)

v
vi

vmax = A

(c)

(6.10)

t
a

amax = 2 A

6.3: (a) (b) (c)

6.1.2

SHM

SHM
6.4

d2 x
k
a= 2 = x
dt
m
2 =

k
m

d2 x
= 2 x
dt2

6.3 6.7 6.11

d2 x
= 2 A cos(t + ) = 2 x
dt2

(6.11)

6.1

125

x = A cos(t + )
SHM
SHM

k
=
(6.12)
m


k
2
= 2
T =

m
1
1
k
f= =
T
2 m

(6.13)
(6.14)

a
(a)

x
(b)

m a = 0

a
(c)

m
x
x
x=0

6.4: m

x = 4 cos(t +

)
4

126

x t
()
() t
() () t = 1
()

x = A cos(t + )
() : A = 4 : f =
1

: T = f1 = 0.5

1
2

= 0.5

()
d

dx
=
4 cos(t + )
v=
dt
dt
4

= 4 sin t +
4
dv
d

a=
=
4 sin(t + )
dt
dt
4

2
= 4 cos t +
4
() t = 1
 

5

= 4 cos
= 2.83
x = 4 cos (1) +
4
4
 

5

= 4 sin
= 8.89
v = 4 sin (1) +
4
4
 

5
2
2
= 4 cos
= 27.90
a = 4 cos (1) +
4
4
()
vmax = A = 4 = 12.6
amax = 2 A = 4 2 = 39.5

6.2

(E) SHM
(K) (U)
1
1
E = K + U = mv 2 + kx2
(6.15)
2
2

6.2

127

x = A cos(t + ) v = A sin(t + ) 6.15

1
K = m 2 A2 sin2 (t + )
2
1
U = kA2 cos2 (t + )
2


1
E = kA2 sin2 (t + ) + cos2 (t + )
2
1
E = kA2
2

(6.16)
(6.17)

(6.18)

SHM

SHM 6.5

K, U
A=0

1
kA2
2

t
(a)
K, U

x
O

(b)

6.5: SHM

128

2 m = 0.5 kg k = 20
N/m
() A = 30 cm
() 2.0 cm
()
1
1
E = K + U = kA2 = (20)(3.0 102 )2
2
2
3
E = 9.0 10 J
2
x = 0 U = 0 E = 12 mvmax

1 2
kvmax = 9.0 103
2

18.0 103
= 0.19 m/s
vmax =
0.5
() x = 2.0
1
1
1
E = K + U = mv 2 + kx2 = kA2
2
2
2


k 2
(A x2 ) = (A2 x2 )
v=
m
20
[(0.03)2 (0.02)2 ]
v=
0.5
v = 0.141 m/s

6.3
6.3.1

SHM

SHM
( 10 ) (Simple Pendulum)
6.6 m T
mg mg sin

6.3 SHM

129

T
m

mg cos

mg sin

mg
6.6:
= 0

Ft = mg sin = m

d2 s
dt2

(6.19)

s s = L L
6.19
g
d2
(6.20)
= sin
2
dt
L
sin 6.20
g
d2
=
2
dt
L

(6.21)

= max cos(t + ) max
(maximum angular displacement)

g
=
L

(6.22)


T =

2
= 2

L
g

(6.23)

6.23

130

6.3.2

Physical Pendulum

M
(Center of Mass, CM)
Physical Pendulum 6.7 O

mgd sin
= I I
O
Pivot
O

d
CM

d sin

mg
6.7: Physical Pendulum
d2
dt2
sin


mgd
d2
= 2
=
dt2
I
mgd sin = I

(6.24)

6.24 = max cos(t + )


mgd
=
(6.25)
I 
T =

6.3.3

2
= 2

I
mgd

(6.26)

Torsional Pendulum

6.8

6.4

131

torsional pendulum =
(torsional constant)

max

P
6.8: torsional pendulum


= I = I

d2
dt2

d2
dt2
2
d

= = 2
2
dt
I

= I

(6.27)


=
T = 2

6.4

(6.28)
I

(6.29)

(Damped Oscillation) 6.9
m k

132

6.9:


(retard force, R)
 = bv
R

(6.30)

b (damping coefficient)
Fr = kx

Fx = Fr + R = kx bv = ma
d2 x
dx
=m 2
dt
dt
k
d2 x
b dx
+ x=0
+
dt2
m dt
m
kx b

(b )

x = Ae

b
t cos(t + )
2m

(6.31)

6.4

133

=

=

02




b
2m
b
2m

2
(6.32)
2
(6.33)

0
(Natural frequency) 6.10

x
A
b

Ae 2m t

6.10:

Rmax = bvmax < kA

underdamped
b
2m
= 0 critically damped
Rmax = bvmax > kA
overdamped

b
2m

> 0

6.11

134

(x = 0)
underdamped
x
A

overdamped
critical damped

underdamped

6.11: underdamed, critically damped overdamped

6.5

1.

x = (5.0 cm) cos(2t +

pi
)
6

x t t = 0
()
()
2. 3.9 cm 10 kg 25 kg
SHM
3. 1 kg k = 25 N/m
t = 0
x = 3.0 cm
()

6.5

135

()
()
4. m = 0.25 kg L = 1.0 m
15
()
()
()
5. 1.0 15
b
1.0 5.5 2m
6. (Deuterium, D2 )
(H2 ) 1.3 1014 Hz
D2 (
)
7. 3.5 cm 250 N/m
0.5 kg () () ()

8. P
1.5 Hz B P 6.12
0.6
B
s
A
P

6.12: 8

9. 2.0 m
5 g = 9.8 m/s2

136

10. 20.0 cm 2
() ()
(Hz) ()

(state) (phase) 3
(solid) (liquid) (gas)
(deformation)

(Fluid) (Fluid
mechanics) (Static fluid) (Dynamic fluid)

7.1
7.1.1

(Pressure)

(Pressure, P ) (F )
(A) 7.1
F

7.1:
P =

F
A

(7.1)

138

(N/m2 ) (Pascal, Pa)

1 Pa = 1 N/m2
(Atmosphere, atm) (P0 )

7.2 () 1 (1
atm) = 1.013 105 Pa
Atmosphere

0 kPa

Mount Everest 8, 850 m

31 kPa

Sea level

101 kPa

7.2:

7.1.2

(Density)

(mass density, )
(mass, m) (volume, V )
=

m
V

(7.2)

(kg/m3 ) 7.1

7.2

P0
h A 7.3

7.2

139

(kg/m3 )

19.3 103

11.3 103

7.8 103

2.7 103

2.4 2.8 103

0.917 103

1.00 103
1.21

7.1:


Fy = P A P0 A Mg = 0
P A P0 A V g = 0
P A P0 A Ahg = 0
P = P0 + gh

(7.3)

7.3 P h
P0 A

Mg
PA

7.3:
gh (Pascal)

140

(Pascals law)

7.4 F1 A1

F1

A1

A2

d1

d2

F2
7.4:

P =

F1
A1

A2 F2

F2
A2
=
F1
A1

(7.4)

A1 d1 = A2 d2
A2
d1
F2
=
=
F1
A1
d2

(7.5)

7.3

7.3

141

(manometer) 7.5(a)
( A B)
PA = P B
P = P0 + gh
P P0 = gh
Pg = gh
Pg (gauge pressure) gh P
(absolute pressure)
7.5(b) (P0 )
P1 = P2
P0 = P + gh = 0 + gh
P0 = gh

7.5: (a) (b) [1]

1 w H 7.6

142

dA h
dA
P = gh = g(H y)
dA
dF = P dA = P wdy
dF = g(H y)wdy



F = P dA = g(H y)wdy
 H
F = wg
(H y)dy
0

1
F = gwH 2
2

h
H
dA

dy
w

O
7.6:
2
15
cm 7.7 h

7.4

143

Pg = P1 P0 = w gd
Pg = (1.0 103 )(9.8)(0.15) = 1.47 103 N/m2

P1 = P2
P0 + w g(15) = P0 + Hg g(15 h)
15w g = (15 h)Hg g
h = 15

(13.6 103 1.0 103 )

(Hg w )
= 15
Hg
13.6 103

h = 13.89 cm

P0
P0
h
15 cm
P1

P2

7.7:

7.4

(Archimedess principle)

(Buoyant force, B)

144

(Fg ) 7.8 O

(P ) gh h
(B) (A)

h
Fg


B

7.8:

B
= gh
A
B = (gh)A = gV

P =

B = gV = Mg = Fg

(7.6)

V M

gVO

B Fg = ( O )VO g = ma

(7.7)

m a 7.7
a > O
< O 7.9

7.4

145

B = Fg
B = f Vf g
Fg = O VO g
f Vf g = O VO g

O
Vf
=
f
VO

(7.8)


B


B
a

a
Fg
(a)

Fg
(b)

7.9: (a) (b)

3 7.10(a)
7.84 ( 7.10(b)) 6.86
w = 1 103 kg/m3
Fg T1
T2 B

B = Fg T2 = 7.84 6.86 = 0.98 N

146

T2

T1


B
Fg

Fg
(a)

(b)

7.10: (a) (b)

()

B = Mw g = w Vw g = 0.98
0.98
0.98
=
VO = Vw =
w g
(1 103 )(9.8)
VO = 1.0 104 m3

O =

mO
MO g
7.84
=
=
VO
VO g
(1.0 104 )(9.8)

O = 8.0 103 kg/m3

8.0103

7.5

(Fluid dynamics)

(1)

7.5

147

(2)
(3) (flow)

7.5.1

(Streamline) 7.11

P

v

7.11:

7.5.2

A1
7.12
A1 A2 m1
A1 v1 m2 A2
v2 t x1 x2

m1 = V1 = A1 x1 = A1 v1 t
m2 = V2 = A2 x2 = A2 v2 t

148

v2
A2
x2
v1
A1
x1
7.12:

m1 = m2
A1 v1 t = A2 v2 t
A1 v1 = A2 v2

(7.9)

7.9 (Continuity equation)

(Volome flow rate)
V
= Av
t

7.6

m3 /s

(7.10)

y1 y2 ( 7.13)
P1 A1 F1 = P1 A1
P2 A2 F2 =

7.6

149

y
v2
P2 A2

x2
y2

v1
P1 A1
y1

x1

7.13:
P2 A2 t
W1 = F1 x1 = P1 A1 x1 = P1 V
W2 = F2 x2 = P2 A2 x2 = P2 V
W = W1 W2 = (P1 P2 )V
V t
K U
1
1
K = mv22 mv12
2
2
U = mgy2 mgy1

W = K + U
1
1
(P1 P2 )V = mv22 mv12 + mgy2 mgy1
2
2
m

1 m
2 1 m
2 m

P1 P2 =
v2
v1
gy2
gy1
2 V
2 V
V
V
1
1
P1 P2 = v22 v12 + gy2 gy1
2
2

(Bernoullis

150

equation)
1
1
P1 + v12 + gy1 = P2 + v22 + gy2
2
2

(7.11)

4 (Venturi) 7.14
1 2 P1 P2 A1
A2

7.14: [1]

y1 = y2 = 0

1
P1 + v12 + gy1 = P2 +
2
1
P1 + v12 = P2 +
2

1 2
v + gy2
2 2
1 2
v
2 2

(1)

A1 v1 = A2 v2
A2
v1 =
v2
A1
(1) (2)
 2
A2
1
v22 = P2 + v22
P1 +
2
A1

2(P2 P1 )

v2 = A1
(A21 A22 )

(2)

7.7

151

A2

h
y2

A1
1

y1

v1
P0

7.15:

5 y1
y2 7.15 A1
A2 P P0

A2 A1
(v2 = 0)

1
P0 + v12 + gy1 = P + gy2
2

2(P P0 )
+ 2g(y2 y1 )
v1 =


2(P P0 )
+ 2gh

v1 =

7.7

1. 80
( 8.84 105 N/m2 )
2. 30 cm 784 N
0.917 103 kg/m3

152

1.00 103 kg/m3 ( 3.2

)

3. 100 1
1
7.16
99
( 98 N)
( 2 N)

1 cm2

99 cm

100 cm2
7.16: 3

4. 30.0 cm
54.0 N ( 800 kg/m3 )
5.
0.18 m 0.30 m
0.916 g/cm3 ( 1.62
103 , 4.56 103 N/m2 )
6. 7.17
30 m/s
0.5 m ( 455 kPa)

7.7

153
v

0.50 m

7.17: 6
7.
7.18 h2 = 1.00 cm h1 H2 O = 1 g/cm3
Hg = 13.6 g/cm3 ( 12.6 cm)

h1

Water

Mercury
h2

7.18: 7
8. 2.00 m3 /min
10.0 cm 5.0 cm ( 4.244 m/s
16.98 m/s)
9.
2 5
( 17.4 m/s)

154

10. 1.65 g/cm3

10 cm2 275 cm/s 1.20 105
Pa 2.50 cm2

11. 920 kg/m3 1030

kg/m3
12. 0.40 m
20 m 0.50 kg h 7.19
h air = 1.29 kg/m3 He = 1.79 101 kg/m3
( 11.91 m)
He
h

7.19: 12

8.1

2 (thermal
contract) (thermal equilibrium) (heat)

" A B
C A B "
(temperature, T) SI (K)
( C) (F)

TC = T 273.15 ( C)
9
TF = Tc 32 ( F)
5

8.2

(8.1)
(8.2)

(linear thermal expansion)

156

(linear expansion coefficient, )

=

L/Li
T

(8.3)

Li Ti , L
T 8.3
L = Li T
Lf Li = Li (Tf Ti )

(8.4)
(8.5)

1/ C

V = Vi T
(8.6)

w l h
Ti
Vi = lwh
Tf = Ti + T Vi + V
Vi + V = (l + l)(w + w)(h + h)
= (l + lT )(w + wT )(h + hT )
= lwh(1 + T )3
= Vi [1 + 3T + 3(T )2 + (T )3 ]
V
= 3T + 3(T )2 + (T )3
Vi
T 1
V

3T
Vi
1 V
= 3 =
Vi t

8.3

(8.7)
(8.8)

(heat)
(system) (surrounding)

8.3

157

(caloric)
1 cal 1
1 1 cal = 4.186 J
(internal energy, U)

8.3.1

(heat capacity, C)
1 C
Q = CT

(8.9)

Q T
(specific heat, c)
Q
C
=
m
mT
Q = mcT
c=

8.3.2

(8.10)
(8.11)

(solid)
(liquid) (melting)
(gas) (boiling)

(Latent heat, L)
L=

Q
m

(8.12)

Q = mL
Q m

(8.13)

158

1 1 kg
-30 120
8.1

8.1: [1]
5 A,
B, C, D E

Part A 30 C 0 C
2090 J/kg.C
Q = mi ci T = (1.00 103 kg)(2090J/kg.C)(30.0 C) = 62.7

Part B
(Latent heat of fusion, Lf )
3.33 105 J/kg
Q = mLf = (1.00 103 kg)(3.33 105 J/kg) = 333 J

Part C 0.0 C 100.0 C

4.19 103 J/kg.C
Q = mw cw T = (1.00 103 kg)(4.19 103 J/kg.C)(100.0 C) = 419 J

8.4

159

Part D (Latent heat

of vaporization, Lv ) 2.26 106 J/kg
Q = mLv = (1.00 103 kg)(2.26 106 J/kg) = 2.26 103

Part E 120 C 2.01 103

J/kg.C 100.0 C
120.0 C
Q = mi ci T = (1.00 103 kg)(2.01 106 J/kg.C)(20.0C) = 40.2 J
-30.0 C
120.0 C 62.7 J+333 J+419 J+2.26106 J+40.2 J = 3.11103 J

8.4

(state)
(Volume, V ) (Pressure, P ) (Temperature, T ) (Internal Energy, U)
(homogeneous
system)

8.2(a) A
P V
dy V +
dV 8.2(b)
dW = F dy = P Ady = P dV

(8.14)

Vi Vf
 Vf
P dV
(8.15)
W =
Vi

160

dy
V

V + dV

(b)

(a)

8.2:

8.3(a)-(c)

P
Pi

P
i

Pi

Pf
Vi

Vf
(a)

P
i

Pi

Pf
V

Vi

Vf
(b)

Pf
V

Vi

Vf

(c)

8.3:

8.5

8.5

161

(Q) (W )
(Eint )
(Eint )

Eint = Q W

(8.16)

Q Q
W
W (isolated system)
Q = W = 0 Eint = 0


(cyclic process)

Eint = 0

Q = W

P V 8.3

Adiabatic
Q = 0

Eint = W

Q = 0

Isobaric

W = P (Vf Vi )

162

Isothermal

Pi
P V =constant
Pf
Vf

Vi

8.4: Isothermal
Isovolumetric

Eint = Q

W = 0

Isothermal

Eint = 0

Q=W

Isothermal 8.4

P V = nRT
(8.17)
m
m M
R = 8.315 J/mol.K n = M
(O2 ) 32 g/mol

P V = NkB T

(8.18)

N NA Avogadros number 6.021023

kB =

R
NA

Boltzmann 1.38 1023 J/K

P V 8.4 i f

Vf

Vf

P dV =

W =
Vi

Vi
Vf

= nRT
Vi

W = nRT ln(

nRT
dV
V

dV
V

Vf
)
Vi

(8.19)

8.5

163

? 8.5
A, B, C D

P
D
A
T1

C
B

T2
T3
T4
V

8.5:

2 1 0.0 C
3.0 10.0
()
()
() 8.19
10
Vf
) = (1.0 mol)(8.31 J/mol.K)(273.0 K) ln( )
Vi
3
3
W = 2.7 10 J
W = nRT ln(

()

Eint = Q W
0 =QW
W = Q = 2.7 103

3 1 g isobaric
1.013 105 Pa 1.00 cm3

164

1671 cm3

isobaric
W = P (Vf Vi ) = (1.013 105 Pa)(1671 1.0) 106 m3
= 169 J

Q = mL = (1 103 kg)(2.26 106 J/kg)

= 2260 J

Eint = Q W = 2260 169 = 2.09 J

8.6

(thermal conduction)

x A
T2 T1 8.6
Q t
Q/t A
T = T2 T1 x
T
Q
A
t
x

8.6

165

T2

Energy flow for T2 > T1

T1
x
8.6: x A
P
dx dT (law
of thermal conduction)

 
 dT 
Q
P =
= kA  
t
dx

(8.20)

k (thermal conductivity) 8.20

(J/s) (W)

L
8.7

 
 dT  T2 T1
 =
 dx 
L

P = kA

(T2 T1 )
L

(8.21)

L1 , L2 ,
k1 , k2 ,

(T2 T1 )
P = A
i (Li /ki )

(8.22)

166

L
T2

Energy flow

T1

T2 > T1
Insulation
8.7:
T1 T2
4 L1 L2 k1
k2 8.8 T1 T2
T2 > T1

T2

L2

L1

k2

k1

T1

T
8.8: 4
T 1
P1 =

k1 A(T T1 )
L1

2
P2 =

k2 A(T2 T )
L2

k2 A(T2 T )
k1 A(T T1 )
=
L1
L2
k1 L2 T1 + k2 L2 T2
T =
k1 L1 + k2 L2

8.7

167

P =

8.7

A(T2 T1 )
(L1 /k1 ) + (L2 /k2)

(macroscopic variables)



(microscopic level) (kinetic theory of gases)

8.7.1

(random)

168

8.7.2

d N 8.9(a)
v
x, y z vx , vy vz
x
y z 8.9(b)
y
vy

v
vx

v
m
d

vx

vy

v

d
z

vx

d
(b)

(a)

8.9: (a) (b)

x mvx
mvx
px = mvx (mvx ) = 2mvx
-
F1 t = px = 2mvx
F1 t
2d x
t = 2d/vx

F1 =

2mvx
mvx2
2mvx
=
=
t
2d/vx
d

(8.23)

8.7

169


F1,on wall = F1 =

mvx2
d


=

mvx2
d

F1

F =

m 2
2
(v + vx2
+ )
d x1

N
2
2
+ + vxN
v 2 + vx2
vx2 = x1
N

F =

Nm 2
v
d x

x, y z
v2 = vx2 + vy2 + vz2

v2 = 3v2
x

N
F =
3

mv2
d





F
1 N 2
1 N 2
F
= 2 =
mv
mv =
P =
A
d
3 d3
3 V

 
1 2
2 N
mv
P =
3 V
2

(8.24)

170

8.7.3

P V = nRT = NkB T

 
2 N
1 2
mv = NkB T
3 V
2


1 2
2
T =
m
v
3kB 2

1 2 3
mv = kB T
2
2

(8.25)

x, y z

1 2 1
mv = kB T
2 x 2
1 2 1
mv = kB T
2 y 2
1 2 1
mv = kB T
2 y 2

x, y z (theorem of
equipartition of energy) N



1 2
3
3
mv = NkB T = nRT
Etrans = N
2
2
2

8.8

(8.26)

(heat engine)

8.8

171

(working substance)
(1)
(2) (3)

8.10
Qh Th
Hot reservoir at Th
Qh
W
Engine
Qc
Cold reservoir at Tc
8.10:
W Qc Tc
(cyclic process)
Eint = 0
Eint = Q W
Qnet
W = Qnet = Qh Qc

(8.27)

(thermal efficiency, e)

e=

Qh Qc
Qc
W
=
=1
Qh
Qh
Qh

(8.28)

100 % (e = 1)

172

8.9

1. 1.00 m3 20 C
100 cm3
2. 2.168 cm 15 C
100 C
( gold = 1.42 105 C1 )
3. 8.0 20 C 9.0 atm.
() ()
4. 27.0 1.50 m3
0.200 105 Pa 0.70 m3
0.80 105 Pa
5. ??
2.0 103 N/m 5.0 1.0 atm.
20.0 C
() 0.010 m2
250 C
() 250 C
6. 20 cm 20 C 350 g
10000 J
7. 200 g 800 g
80 C
1.5 C
8. 40 g -78 C
560 g 80 g 25 C

8.9

173

k
250 C
h

20 C

8.11: 5
(
)
0 C
0.500 cal/g C = 2090 J/kgC
9. 1.20 m2 4.0 cm
10.0 W
15 C k

10. I F 3
8.12 () IAF, () IF () IBF
P (atm)
5
I

3
2
1

B
1

V (liters)
5

8.12: 10

174

11. 0.8 atm 9.0 2.0

400 J () ()

12. 2.0 atm 0.30

91.0 J 1.50 atm
0.80 180.0 J IAF, IBF,
IF 8.13
()
()
Ui = 91.0 J

P (atm)

2.00

1.50

Uf = 182 J
I

A
0.300

F
0.800

V (liters)

8.13: 12


[1] R. A. Serway and J. W. Jewett, Physics for Scientists and Engineers 6th Edition,
Thomson Brooks/Cole, Pomona, 2004
[2] H. D. Young and R. A. Freedman, University Physics with Modern Physics 12th
Edition, Pearson Education, Inc., 2008


, 161
, 140
, 56
1 , 31
2 , 32
3 , 34
, 171
, 161
, 161
, 161
, 162
, 162
, 155
, 75
2 , 81
, 164
, 8
, 90
, 105
, 78
, 79
, 79
, 77
, 121
, 105
, 65
, 110
, 131
, 121

, 121
, 121
, 105
, 61
, 61
, 137
, 157
, 12
, 157
, 133
, 122
, 155
, 138
, 31
, 26
, 9
, 90
, 25
, 90
, 137
, 169
, 139
, 138
, 141
, 141
, 122
, 122
, 53, 104


-, 57
, 167
, 170
, 95
, 99

177
, 121
, 143
, 65
, 40
, 40
, 65

, 171
, 146
, 64
, 58
, 157
, 63
, 64
, 128
, 89
, 1
, 165
, 147
, 148
, 162
, 113
, 155
, 155
, 147
, 143
, 148
, 121
, 155
, 170
, 1
, 167
, 38

, 20
, 75
, 108
, 93