The A To Z of Bones of The Skull PDF

The
A to Z
of
Bones of The Skull
Dr A. L. Neill
BSc MSc MBBS PhD FACBS
medicalamanda@gmail.com
For Stable Angina Pectoris
Pizotifen malate
Indications: Prophylactic treatment of vascular headaches including typical and
atypical migraine; vasomotor and cluster headaches.
The
A to Z
of
Bones of The Skull
The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Introduction
After the A to Z of Skeletal Muscles was released to my
students (and later my colleagues with the help of Aspen),
I received some very valuable feedback from both. From this
feedback it became apparent that this format was helpful to all
in the health professional field. It was also apparent that there
was a need for another pocket reference
book of this type on bones and
nerves. So as with the other book,
I have started with a prototype
examining the bones of one of the
most complex group in the body,
the SKULL.
It is hoped that this proves to be as
useful as my first A to Z book, and
goes on to become a more
comprehensive but quick and simple reference
for all bones.
Acknowledgement
I would like to thank Aspen Pharmacare Australia and
particularly Mr Greg Lam CEO and Mr Robert Koster Head of
Marketing and Sales for stepping in and giving me their
support in this project when it seemed I was not going to be
able to complete it, due to lack of resources and time.
Students, as always, but particularly today have to sacrifice
many things in their pursuit of knowledge. It is hoped that this
book will help to make that pathway easier and more
enjoyable. As with my other ventures in this A to Z series we
want to give knowledge to any who wish to use it.
Dedication
To MICKEY 390335, and to stopping pettiness, spite and
misinformation wherever it lies.
1 A. L. Neill
How to use this book
After examining the SKULL as a WHOLE from many view
points, identifying individual bones, cavities, impressions and
surfaces and including common radiological views, with
explanatory diagrams, this book lists all the bones of the skull
in ALPHABETICAL order as far as possible. Images of the Skull
in situ are also included.
Features are named using in the most familiar terms and those
agreed upon by anatomical nomenclature convention avoiding
eponymous terms wherever possible but as with all anatomical
studies sometimes several terms are used to name the same
feature. Wherever this is common and to save confusion
reference is made to each term. Similarly between disciplines
such as radiology and osteology as well as anatomy the same
view may be described several different ways,
so when this is also common and to
provide clarity these terms are mentioned.
The pages facing each image contain the
key/legends to the labels on that diagram.
This is to help in the learning of the features
and to prevent confusion in the examination of
the bones. Numbering commences anew with each diagram.
However, with some bones one view is not enough (e.g.
Temporal and Sphenoid) to conceptualize all the surfaces and
articulations, so these bones are then shown with the same
numbering sequentially in an alphabetical way, on each related
diagram. Occasionally they are also shown in situ, in other
words as they lay in the skull. This is particularly the case with
the Palatine bones. These bones are hard to see as they are
surrounded by other structures and deeply embedded in the
head, so several views and rotations of the bone are shown
and labelled to see their connections, as well as a view
showing how they are placed relative to other bones.
A. L. Neill 2
Capitalization is used to demonstrate the bones involved in
several structures including joints of all kinds (e.g. sutures).
In other words the parietomastoid suture is listed as Parieto-
Mastoid suture to further remind the reader of the involved
bones or bony features involved in the composition of the
structure. This helps to further orientate the reader to the
structural components of the feature.
It is hoped that this will prove a valuable resource for those
examining individual bones as in the study of ANATOMY and its
many uses such as: archeology, anthropology, chiropractic
dentistry, forensics, geology, medicine, orthopaedics, osteology,
paleontology, paleobiology, physiotherapy and surgery. It is to
be a forerunner of a more complete listing of all bones from A
to Z and a more extensive development of other aspects of the
skull such as measurement markers, development milestones,
individual and ethnic variations -
the A to Z of the Skull part
II. Hence any
suggestions on format
or inclusions will be
gratefully received.
Thank you
Amanda Neill
ISBN 1 74138 166 5
3 A. L. Neill
A. L. Neill
4
Red spots
indicate when
there is an
articulation or
joint between the
bones. Please
note the hyoid
does not
articulate with
any bones and
the mandible
articulates at the
only synovial
joint in the skull-
the TMJ -
temporomandibu
lar joint. All
other joints are
secondary
cartilagenous
bone-
fibrocartilage-
bone.
Table of contents
Introduction
Acknowledgement
Dedication
How to Use this book
Table of Articulations of the Skull
Common Terms used in Osteology
Classification and summary of skull bones
1
1
1
2
4
7
12
External Skull Anterior (norma frontalis)
radiology - occipitofrontal (complete)
radiology - occipitofrontal (upper aspect)
radiology - occipitomental (lower aspect)
External Skull Inferior (Base of Skull) (norma basilaris)
radiology - submentovertical view (view from below)
External Skull Lateral (norma lateralis)
radiology - lateral
External Skull Posterior (norma occipitalis)
External Skull Superior (norma verticularis)
Internal Skull Inferior - Skull Cap
Internal Skull Superior - Internal Base - cranial fossae
The Skull 13-36
Bones of the Skull 37-70
Auditory Ossicles: malleus, incus and stapes enclosed within the
Temporal bone
Ethmoid bones Anterior & Lateral, Superior, Medial
Frontal bone
Hyoid bone
Lacrimal bones
Mandible
radiology - Orthopantomogram = OPG (Anterior)
radiology - Lateral (with soft tissue)
radiology mandibular joint (jaw) open and closed see also TMJ
(temporomandibular joint)
Maxilla / Maxillae bones
Maxillae bones Inferior
5 A. L. Neill
Nasal bones
Occipital External, Internal
Palatine bones
Parietal External, Internal
Sphenoid Anterior, Posterior
Sutural / Extrasutural bones - Incus
Temporal External, Inferior, Interior
Vomer
Zygoma
Anterior Cranial Fossa
Base of the Skull internal
Cranial Fossae Anterior, Middle, Posterior
Maxillary Sinus
Middle Cranial Fossa
Nasal cavity Dissected, Lateral, Septum
Orbital cavity (Orbital fossa) Anterior
radiology obital cavity anterior
radiology orbital cavity lateral
Posterior Cranial Fossa
Cavities of the Skull 71-90
A. L. Neill 6
Common terms in Osteology
(the study of bones) (with particular reference to the skull)
Ala
Alveolus
Aperture
Areola
Articulation
Auditory
Axial
Basilar
Basiocranium
Boss
Bregma
of
A wing, hence a wing-like process as in the Ethmoid bone pl.- alae.
Air filled bone - tooth socket
An opening or space between bones or within a bone.
Small, open spaces as in the areolar part of the Maxilla.
Joint, which is a point of contact b/n 2 opposing bones.
Pertaining to hearing, hence, pertaining to the ear.
Refers to the head and trunk (vertebrae, ribs and sternum) of the body.
Relating to the base or bottom of structures
Bones of the base of the skull
A smooth round broad eminence - mainly in the Frontal bone
female > male
Refers to a junction of more than 2 bones in a joint as in the Bregma
the skull, junction between the coronal and sagittal sutures which in
the infant is not closed and can be felt pulsating - site of the anterior
fontanelle.
The calotte consists of the calvaria from which the base has been
removed.
The calvaria refers to the cranium without the facial bones attached.
Tunnel / extended foramen as in the carotid canal at the base of the
skull adj,- canular (canicular - small canal)
The head or of a head, adj.- capitate = having a head
(c.f.decapitate)
To put to sleep; compression of the common or internal carotid artery
causes coma. This refers to bony points related to the Carotid vessels
An open area or sinus within a bone or formed by two or more bones
(adj. cavernous), may be used interchangeably with fossa. Cavity
tends to be more enclosed fossa a shallower bowl like space (Orbital
fossa-Orbital cavity).
A cave.
Pertaining to the head
Like a bed-post, part of a four poster bed so that clinoid process looks
like a bed post (generally with other posts) as in the Sphenoid bone.
A slope hence in the anterior cranial fossa referring to a slope on
the base of the cavity.
A snail hence snail-like shape relating to the Organ of Corti in the ear.
A shell shaped bone as in the ear or nose (pl. conchae adj.
chonchoid) old term for this turbinate.
A rounded enlargement or process possessing an articulating surface.
A. L. Neill
Calotte
Calvaria
Canal
Caput / Kaput
Carotid
Cavity
Cavum
Cephalic
Clinoid
Clivus
Cochlea
Concha
Condyle
7
Cornu
Corona
A horn (as in the Hyoid)
A crown. adj.- coronary, coronoid or coronal; hence a coronal plane
is parallel to the main arch of a crown which passes from ear to ear
(c.f. coronal suture).
The cranium of the skull comprises all of the bones of the skull except
for the mandible.
Prominent sharp thin ridge of bone formed by the attachment of
muscles particularly powerful ones eg Temporalis/Sagittal crest
Cranium
Crest
Cribiform / EthmoidA sieve or bone with small sieve-like holes.
Cuneate / Cuneus A wedge / wedge-shaped
Dens
Depression
Diaphysis
Diplo
Eminence
Endocranium
A tooth hence dentine and dental relating to teeth, denticulate having
tooth-like projections adj dentate See odontoid
A concavity on a surface
The body of a long bone. In the young this is the region between the
growth plates.
The cancellous bone between the inner and outer tables of the skull,
adj.- diploic.
A smooth projection on a bone.
Refers to the interior of the braincase adj.- endocranial divided into
the 3 major fossae anterior (for the Frontal lobes) middle (containing
Temporal lobes) and posterior (for the containment of the Cerebellum).
The end of a long bone beyond the growth plate or epiphyseal plate.
There are 2 epiphyses to each long bone.
The ectocranial point of the greatest breadth
i.e. the widest point across the skull.
A face, a small bony surface (occlusal facet on the chewing surfaces
of the teeth) seen in planar joints.
A narrow slit or gap from cleft.
A fountain, associated with the palpable pulsation of the brain as in
the anterior fontanelle of an infant. These soft spots on the skull are
cartilagenous connective tissue coverings joints which allow for skull
cranial expansion and then become the mould for the bone
development and shape joining long the sutural lines, later becoming
the Bregma.
A natural hole in a bone usually for the transmission of blood vessels
and/or nerves.(pl. foramina).
An arch
A pit, depression, or concavity, on a bone, or formed from several
bones as in temporomandibular fossa. Shallower and more like a
bowl than a cavity
A small pit (usually smaller than a fossa)- as in the fovea of the
occlusal surface of the molar tooth.
A cock, hence, crista galli, the cock's comb (i e possessive
form of gallus).
8
Epiphysis
Euryon
Facet
Fissure
Fontanelle
Foramen
Fornix
Fossa
Fovea
Gallus / Galli
A. L. Neill
Glabella Most anterior midline point of the Frontal bone - that point between
the eyebrows which should be hairless. This is the Latin derivation of
this word.
Midline point which is the most inferior point of the Mandible.
long pit or furrow
A circle, hence a coil of brain cortex.
A hook hence the term used for bones which hook around other
bones or where other structures are able to attach by hooking -
hamulus = a small hook.
U-shaped
A notch.
between
within
An orifice or point of entry to a cavity or space.
A bridge between 2 halves of a bone pl.( juga) as in Sphenoid .
Something lacerated, mangled or torn eg foramen lacerum small
sharp hole at the base of the skull often ripping tissue in trauma.
Related to tears and tear drops. (noun lacrima)
From the Greek letter a capital 'L' and written as an inverted V.
(adj.- lambdoid) and used to name the point of connection
between the 3 skull bones Occipital and Temporals.
A plate as in the lamina of the vertebra a plate of bone connecting the
vertical and transverse spines (pl. laminae)
A line as in the Nuchal lines of the Occitipum
A place (c.f. location, locate, dislocate).
Large pl magna
Hammer (as in the ear ossicle)
From the verb to chew, hence, the movable lower jaw;
adj.- mandibular.
A breast or teat shape - mastoid process of the Temporal bone.
The jaw-bone; now used only for the upper jaw; adj.- maxillary.
A short passage; adj.- meatal as in external acoustic meatus
connecting the outer ear with the middle ear.
Relating to the chin (mentum = chin not mens = mind).
The slightly expanded end of the shaft of a bone.
Midline point where the Nasal and Frontal bones meet .
The neurocranium refers only to the braincase of the skull.
An indentation in the margin of a structure.
Gnathion
Groove
Gyrus
Hamus
Hyoid
Incisura
Inter
Intra
Introitus
Jugum
Lacerum
Lacrimal
Lambda
Lamina
Linea
Locus
Magnum
Malleus
Mandible
Mastoid
Maxilla
Meatus
Mental
Metaphysis
Nasion
Neurocranium
Notch
9 A. L. Neill
Nucha
Occiput
Occulus
Odontoid
Opisthion
Orbit
Orifice
Os
Ossicle
Ostium
Otic
Ovale
Palate
Parietal
Parotid
Pars
Pecten
Petrous
Process
Prominens
Prosthion
Pterion
The nape or back of the neck adj.- nuchal.
The prominent convexity of the back of the head Occipitum =
Occipital bone adj.- occipital
An eye
relating to teeth, toothlike see Dens
Midline point at the posterior margin of the Foramen Magnum
A circle; the name given to the bony socket in which the eyeball
rotates; adj - orbital.
An opening.
A bone adj osseus
A small bone as in the ear ossicles: stapes (stirrup), incus (anvil) and
malleus (hammer).
A door, an opening, an orifice.
Pertaining to the ear
Oval shaped
BONES OF THE
SKULL
A roof adj.- palatal or platatine.
Pertaining to the outer wall of a cavity from paries, a wall.
Pertaining to a region beside or near the ear
A part of
A comb.
Pertaining to a rock / rocky / stoney adj.- petrosal
A general term describing any marked projection or prominence as in
the mandibular process.
A projection
Midline point of the maxilla alveolar bone which is most anterior
A wing; the region where the tip of the greater wing of the sphenoid
meets or is close to the parietal, separating the frontal from the
squamous region of the temporal bone. (TERY- on) Alternatively the
region where these 4 bones meet.
Wing shaped
A secluded area or pocket; a small cavity set apart from a main cavity.
straight - erect
Midline point of the free end of the Nasal bones where they join with
the Nasal cartilages
elevated bony growth often roughened.
Round
An arrow, the sagittal suture is notched posteriorly, making it look like
an arrow by the lambdoid sutures.
10
Pterygoid
Recess
Rectus
Rhinion
Ridge
Rotundum
Sagittal
A. L. Neill
Sella
Sesamoid
Sigmoid
Sinus
A saddle; adj.- sellar, sella turcica = Turkish saddle.
grainlike
S-shaped, from the letter Sigma which is S in Greek.
A space usually within a bone lined with mucous membrane, such as
the frontal and maxillary sinuses in the head, (also, a modified BV
usually vein with an enlarged lumen for blood storage and containing
no or little muscle in its wall). Sinuses may contain air, venous or
arterial blood, lymph or serous fluid depending upon location and
health of the subject adj.- sinusoid.
The skull refers to all of the bones that comprise the head.
A wedge i.e. the Sphenoid is the bone which wedges in the base of
the skull between the unpaired frontal and occipital bones
adj.- sphenoid .
A thorn adj.- spinous descriptive of a sharp, slender
process/protrusion.
Skull
Spheno
Spine
Splanchocranium The splanchocranium refers to the facial bones of the skull.
Sulcus
Suture
Stylos
Symphysis
Tectum
Tegmen
Temporal
Tentorium
Trabecula
Tubercle
Tuberculum
Tuberosity
Turbinate
Tympanum
Uncus
Vagina
long wide groove often due to a BV indentation
The saw-like edge of a cranial bone that serves as joint between
bones of the skull.
An instrument for writing hence adj.- styloid a pencil-like structure.
A joint or a growth
A roof.
A covering.
Refers to time and the fact that grey hair (marking the passage of
time) often appears first at the site of the temporal bone.
A tent.
A little beam i.e. supporting structure or strut pl. trabeculae
A small process or bump, an eminence..
A very small prominence, process or bump.
A large rounded process or eminence, a swelling or large rough
prominence often associated with a tendon or ligament attachment.
A childs spinning top, hence shaped like a top. An old term for the
nasal conchae.
A drum pl. tympani
A hook adj.- uncinate.
A sheath; hence, invagination is the acquisition of a sheath by
pushing inwards into a structure, and evagination is similar but
produced by pushing outwards adj.- vaginal.
A yoke , hence, the bone joining the maxillary, frontal, temporal &
sphenoid bones adj.- zygomatic.
Zygoma
11 A. L. Neill
Classification and Summary of Skull bones
Flat bones Thin flattened and usually curved bones. Most Skull bones.
Irregular bones Various shapes not easily classified Sphenoid
Long bone Longer than wide 2 ends epiphysis and a central
diaphysis. Growth mainly lengthwise. Most limb bones.
Pneumatic bone/Alveolar bone
Bones filled with air to lighten their weight -
Maxilla, Frontal, Mandible and bones with sinuses
Sesamoid bone Bones completely surrounded by soft tissue w/o joints
Hyoid
Short bone Roughly cubic in shape. Most wrist and ankle bones; many
of the bones at the base of the skull.
Wormian bone small bones which occur within the skull
sutures sometimes called extra-sutural if the main part of
the bone is outside of the suture. Generally they are
unnamed although the Incus is the name given to the large
extra-sutural bone when present.
22 paired skull bones including the ear ossicles / not
including the teeth.
5 single bones mainly on the base of the skull
1 mandible
1 hyoid
variable sutural and extra-sutural bones (generally between 3-5)
Sutural bone
There are:
A. L. Neill 12
External Skull Anterior
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Frontal bone
Fronto-Nasal suture
Inter-Nasal suture
Nasal bone, Lacrimal bone
Supra-Orbital foramen
Spheno-Parietal suture
Spheno-Frontal suture
Spheno-Squamosal suture
Zygoma
Zygomatico-Maxillary suture
Infra-orbital foramen
Middle Nasal concha - turbinate (from Ethmoid bone)
Inferior nasal concha - turbinate (from Ethmoid bone)
Vomer
Mandible
Mental foramen
Inter-Maxillary suture
Maxilla
Ethmoid bone (Orbital plate)
Inferior Orbital fissure
Temporo-Zygomatic suture
Superior Orbital suture
Fronto-Zygomatic suture
Greater wing of the Sphenoid
Coronal suture - Fronto-Parietal suture
Lesser wing of the Sphenoid
Optic foramen
Metopic suture (rare) Fronto-Fronto suture
Glabella
THE SKULL
13 A. L. Neill
THE SKULL
14 A. L. Neill
radiology occipitofrontal
THE SKULL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Sagittal suture
Lamboid suture (view to the posterior) meeting at
the Bregma
Frontal sinus
Supraorbital fissure
Fronto-Zygomatic suture
Petrous ridge
Anterior clinoid process
Floor of the hypophyseal fossa + upper apex of
nasal cavity adjacent to nasal sinuses
Lateral pterygoid plate
Base of the skull - floor of posterior cranial cavity
Foramen rotundum
Mastoid process
Upper central incisor tooth
Mandible
15 A. L. Neill
THE SKULL
16 A. L. Neill
upper and lower views in detail
THE SKULL
radiology occipitofrontal (upper)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Frontal sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Maxillary sinus
Foramen rotundum
Posterior clinoid process
Petrous ridge
Crista galli
Frontal process of zygoma
Middle concha - turbinate
Inferior concha - turbinate
Lateral border of Greater wing of sphenoid
Greater wing of sphenoid
Lesser wing of sphenoid
Hard palate
Infraorbital foramen
Zygomaticofacial foramen
Coronoid process of the mandible
Soft tissue of lower lid
Pterygoid plates of the sphenoid
17 A. L. Neill
THE SKULL
18 A. L. Neill
upper and lower views in detail
THE SKULL
radiology occipitomental (lower)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Frontal sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Maxillary sinus
Foramen rotundum
Petrous ridge
Crista galli
Middle concha - turbinate
Inferior concha - turbinate
Lateral border of Greater wing of sphenoid
Greater wing of sphenoid
Lesser wing of sphenoid
Hard palate
Zygomaticofacial foramen
Coronoid process of the mandible
Soft tissue of lower lid
Pterygoid plates of the sphenoid
19 A. L. Neill
THE SKULL
20 A. L. Neill
External Skull Inferior
Base of Skull
THE SKULL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
21
Incisive fossa - Alveolare
Medial Pterygoid plate and Hamulus (ethmoid)
Posterior Nasal aperture
Pterygoid plate (ethmoid)
Lateral Pterygoid plate (ethmoid)
Zygomatic arch
Mandibular fossa
External Auditory meatus
Styloid process
Mastoid process
Parieto - Mastoid suture
Occipito - Mastoid suture
Foramen magnum
External Occipital proturberance
Sagittal suture - Parieto - Parieto suture
Lambda
Lambda suture
Superior nuchal line (Occipital)
Inferior nuchal line (Occipital)
Occipital condyle
Jugular foramen (fossa)
Stylo-Mastoid foramen
Carotid foramen - Carotid canal
Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum-Basilar suture
Greater Palatine foramen
Horizontal plate of Palatine
Palatine process of the Maxilla
Foramen ovale
Alveolon
A. L. Neill
THE SKULL
22 A. L. Neill
External Skull Inferior
radiology submentovertical view
THE SKULL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Nasal septum (vomer and perpendicular plate of
the ethmoid)
Posterior border of vomer
Maxillary sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Greater palatine foramen
Lesser palatine foramen
Sphenoid sinus
Posterior orbital margin - greater wing of the
sphenoid
Posterior boundary of the maxillary sinus
Zygomatic arch
Lesser wing of the sphenoid
Head of mandible condyloid process
Foramen ovalae
Foramen spinosum
Spine of the sphenoid
Foramen lacerum
Clivus - base of the occipital and sphenoid bones
Eustachian tube - (pharyngotympanic tube)
Carotid canal
Jugular foramen
Stylomastoid foramen
Anterior arch of the atlas (C1)
Odontoid process of axis (C2)
Occipital condyles
Foramen magnum
Canaliculus for tympanic nerve
Inner and outer tables of the skull - Diploe
23 A. L. Neill
THE SKULL
24 A. L. Neill
External Skull Lateral
THE SKULL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Frontal bone - Temporal ridges for attachment of
Temporalis
Bregma - Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Parieto-Temporal suture
Lambda - Occipito-Parietal suture
Occipital bone - Occipitum
Occipito-Mastoid suture
Porion - upper margin of external auditory meatus
Mastoid process
Temporal bone
Styloid process
Zygomatic arch
Ramus of the Mandible
Body of the Mandible
Gnathion
Maxilla
Zygoma
Prosthion
Rhinion
Nasal bone
Lacrimal bone
Nasion
Glabella
Frontal bone
25 A. L. Neill
THE SKULL
26 A. L. Neill
External Skull Lateral / oblique
radiology
THE SKULL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Coronal suture
Impression for Middle meningeal artery
Lambdoid suture
Wormian bone - Extrasutural bone
Styloid process
Posterior wall of Nasopharynx
Clivus - (base of Sphenoid and Occiptal bones)
Hypophyseal fossa
Sphenoid sinus
Posterior Air cells in the Ethmoid - Ethmoid sinus
Anterior Air cells in the Ethmoid - Ethmoid sinus
Frontal sinus
Zygoma - frontal process
Maxilla - malar process
Zygoma - Arch
Posterior border of the Maxillary sinus
Hard palate - Palatine bone
Alveolar bone in Maxilla
Pterygoid plates
Soft tissue of Soft Palate and Uvula
Mandibular canal
Head of Mandible
Coronoid process of Mandible
27 A. L. Neill
THE SKULL
28 A. L. Neill
External Skull Posterior
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Sagittal sinus
Parietal foramen
Lambda Pareito - Occipital suture
Occipital bone
Lambdoid suture
Superior nuchal line
Highest nuchal line
Mastoid process
External Occitipal protruberance
Inferior nuchal groove
Superior nuchal groove
Sutural bones - Inca
Euyron
Parietal bone
THE SKULL
29 A. L. Neill
THE SKULL
30 A. L. Neill
External Skull Superior
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Occipital bone
Lambdoid suture - Occipito-Parieto suture
Parietal eminence - Euryon
Frontal bone
Bregma
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Sagittal suture
Lambda
THE SKULL
31 A. L. Neill
THE SKULL
32 A. L. Neill
Internal Skull Inferior
Skull cap
THE SKULL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Lambda
Lambdoid suture
Parietal foramen
Diploe
Bregma
Coronal suture
Frontal crest and Diploe - inner and outer tables of
the skull bone
Frontal bone
Depressions for arachnoid granulations
Grooves for middle meningeal vessels
Parietal bone
Sagittal suture
Groove for superior sagittal sinus
Occipital bone
33 A. L. Neill
THE SKULL
34 A. L. Neill
Internal Skull Inferior
Internal base Cranial fossa
THE SKULL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
A
B
C
Cribiform plate
Frontal sinus
Crista Galli
Orbital plate of Frontal bone
Jugum of Sphenoid
Optic canal
Lesser wing of the Sphenoid bone
Anterior Clinoid process
Foramen rotundum
Foramen lacerum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Dorsum sellae
Internal acoustic meatus
Jugular foramen
Foramen magnum
POSTERIOR FOSSA
MIDDLE FOSSA
ANTERIOR FOSSA
35 A. L. Neill
THE SKULL
36 A. L. Neill
Ethmoid bones
Anterior / Lateral / Medial / Superior
Description - Light spongy bone the size and shape of an ice
cube, located between the 2 orbital cavities.
1
2
3
BONES OF THE
SKULL
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Ethmoidal labyrinth containing air cells
(part of the Ethmoid sinus) continuous with the
Sphenoid sinus
Crista Galli
Orbital plate of Ethmoid bone (part of the Orbital
cavity)
Middle Nasal concha
Jugum of Sphenoid - Jugum Sphenoidale
(Bridge connecting the 2 wings of the Sphenoid
bone)
Perpendicular plate of the Palatine bone
Uncinate process
Ala (of Crista Galli)
Anterior groove (on the Ethmoid)
Posterior groove (on the Ethmoid)
Cribiform plate (entrance for the Olfactory nerve)
Vomer
37 A. L. Neill
Anterior
Lateral
BONES OF THE
SKULL
Medial
Superior
A. L. Neill 38
Frontal bones Anterior / Lateral / Inferior
Description - Unpaired largest and very robust anterior bone
forming the forehead - horizontal section forming the roof of
the orbit.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Frontal tuberosity - Frontal bossing
Superciliary arch
Supraorbital margin and notch
Nasal spine - medial to articulation with Lacrimal
bones
Superior and inferior temporal lines
Superior Orbital plate - pars orbitalis
Frontal and Ethmoid air cells - Frontal sinus
Posterior Ethmoidal foramen
Anterior Ethmoidal foramen
Zygomatic process
Supra - Orbital notch or foramen
Lacrimal fossa
Metopic suture - frontal suture, Glabella
Frontal squama
Ethmoidal notch
BONES OF THE
SKULL
39 A. L. Neill
BONES OF THE
SKULL
40 A. L. Neill
Hyoid bone
Description - Small U-shaped bone. Attached to the styloid
processes via ligaments, this bone has no articulations and is
not normally broken in normal trauma. It may be broken in
hanging and strangulation.
1
2
3
Body of hyoid
Greater horn (cornu)
Lesser horn (cornu)
BONES OF THE
SKULL
41 A. L. Neill
BONES OF THE
SKULL
42 A. L. Neill
Mandible Lateral / Posterior
Description - The lower jaw bone joins the skull via a single
paired joint the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) via the
condyles and a cartilaginous plate in the Temporal fossa.
Primary function - mastication.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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21
22
23
24
25
Mandibular notch
Pterygoid fovea
Head of Mandible - Condyle - Condylar process
Neck of Mandible
Posterior border of ramus of mandible
Ramus - Vertical ramus
Angle of mandible
Oblique line
Inferior border
Body - Horizontal ramus
Base
Mental foramen
Mental tubercle - Gnathion
Mental protuberance
Alveolar bone surrounding teeth
Anterior border of ramus
Coronoid process - Endocoronial ridge
Mandibular foramen
Lingula
Superior and inferior mental spines
Digastric fossa
Mylohyoid line
Mylohyoid groove
Extramolar sulcus
Infradentale
BONES OF THE
SKULL
43 A. L. Neill
BONES OF THE
SKULL
44 A. L. Neill
Mandible Anterior
radiology
orthopantomogram = OPG
Used to show mandibular fractures and an overview of
sinuses and complete dentition
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Central incisor
Lateral incisor
Canine
First premolar
Second premolar
First molar
Second molar
Pulp chamber
Coronoid process
Head of mandible
Zygoma
Maxillary sinus
Anterior nasal spine of maxilla
Vomer (nasal septum)
Sites for the third molar
Hard palate
BONES OF THE
SKULL
45 A. L. Neill
BONES OF THE
SKULL
46 A. L. Neill
Mandible Lateral
radiology
Showing relationship to surrounding soft tissue
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Head of mandible Condylar process
Neck of the Mandible
Hard Palate
Soft Palate
Anterior notch of the Atlas (C1)
Odontoid process of the Axis (C2) Dens
Posterior aspect of the tongue
Retropharyngeal sac
Epiglottis
Vallecula - fold anterior to epiglottis
Hyoid bone
BONES OF THE
SKULL
47 A. L. Neill
BONES OF THE
SKULL
48 A. L. Neill
Mandibular joint
Temporo-Mandibular joint (TMJ) Lateral
radiology
Open - upper
Shut - lower
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Head of mandible Condylar process
Neck of the Mandible
Coronoid process
Zygomatic arch
External auditory meatus + Handle of the malleus
Articular cubicle
Tympanic plate
Mastoid process
Groove for posterior belly of Digastric muscle
Mandibular fossa
Greater wing of the sphenoid (basal surface)
Lesser wing of the sphenoid
BONES OF THE
SKULL
49 A. L. Neill
BONES OF THE
SKULL
50 A. L. Neill
Maxilla / Maxillae Bones
Anterior / Lateral / Medial
Description - Paired bones which form the dominant portion
of the face and hold the upper teeth. The overgrowth of the
maxilla is often the reason for orthodontic treatment.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
51
Frontal process
Medial Orbital surface
Infra-Orbital margin
Zygomatic process
Infra-Orbital foramen
Nasal notch
Nasal crest
Anterior nasal spine
Alveolar bone around teeth
Tuberosity
Infra-Temporal surface
Orbital surface
Palatine process
Ethmoid crest
Middle meatus
Conchal crest
Anterior Nasal spine
premaxillary suture is here - fuses with completed jaw
growth Incisive canal supported by the canine jugun
Greater Palatine canal - groove
Articulating surface - with Palatine bones
Maxillary hiatus continues with the sinus
Nasal Lacrimal process
Alveolus -bone containing tooth root
Canine jugun
Inferior meatus
A. L. Neill
BONES OF THE
SKULL
BONES OF THE
SKULL
52 A. L. Neill
Maxilla / Maxillae Bones Inferior
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
53
Incisive fossa
Median Palatine suture (Inter-Maxillary suture)
Groove for greater Palatine vessels
Palatine process of the Maxilla
Greater Palatine foramen
Palato-Maxillary suture
Inter-Palatine suture
Lesser Palatine foramen
Posterior Nasal spine
Foramen spinosum
Foramen ovale
Carotid canal
Foramen lacerum
Occipital condyle
Foramen magnum
Palato-vaginal canal
Pharyngeal tubercle
Ala of Vomer
Medial Pterygoid plate
Lateral Pterygoid plate
Infratemporal crest of Sphenoid
Zygomatic arch
Pyramidal process of the Palatine bone
Maxillary tuberosity
Left Third Molar tooth - LM3
Left Second molar tooth - LM2
Left First molar tooth - LM1
Left Second premolar tooth - LP2
Left First premolar tooth - LP1
Left Canine tooth - LC1
Left Second incisor tooth - LI2
Left First incisor tooth - LI1
A. L. Neill
BONES OF THE
SKULL
BONES OF THE
SKULL
54 A. L. Neill
Nasal Bones
External (rotated 180 degrees to show)
Internal (below)
also see the Nasal Cavity to see the Nasal bones in situ
Description - Small thin rectangular paired bones below the
Glabella, the inferior edges form the top margin of the nasal
aperture. Inferior nasal conchae - small snail shaped fragile
bones extending along the lateral walls of the nasal cavity on top
of the palatines.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Articulation surface with Frontal bone and Lacrimal bone
Articuation surface with the Maxilla
External surface
Notch for external nasal nerve
Foramen for Veins / Venous foramen
Articulation with other nasal bone (here - Right nasal bone)
Internal surface
Groove for anterior Ethmoidal nerve
BONES OF THE
SKULL
55 A. L. Neill
BONES OF THE
SKULL
56 A. L. Neill
Occipital bone External / internal
Description - Large bowl like bone with a hole at the infero-
posterior portion of the skull. Articulates with vertebral
column C1 and C2.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
57
Superior angle
Highest nuchal line
Inferior nuchal line
Mastoid margin
Jugular process
Condylar fossa
Occipital condyle
Foramen magnum
Hypoglossal canal
Condylar canal
Lateral surface
Lateral angle
External / Internal Occipital crest
Squamous surface
External / Internal Occipital protuberance
Lamboid margin
Cerebral fossa
Groove for transverse sinus
Attachment for Tentorium Cerebelli
Groove for superior sigmoid sinus
Jugluar notch
Jugular tubercle
Attachments for Falx Cerebri
Opisthion
Basion
Occipital sulcus - Sagittal sinus
A. L. Neill
BONES OF THE
SKULL
BONES OF THE
SKULL
58 A. L. Neill
Palatine bones (Left)
Anterior / Lateral / Medial / Posterior / Sagittal
Description - Delicate paired small bones L-shaped bones
forming the palate and the floor of the nasal cavity.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Perpendicular plate - vertical plate
Maxilla
Orbital process
Spheno-Papalatine notch
Spenoidal process - Pterygo-Palatine canal
Horizontal plane
Pyramidal process - Posterior nasal spine
Palatine bone
Sphenoidal process
Maxillary process
Ethmoidal crest
Greater Palatine groove
Conchal crest
BONES OF THE
SKULL
59 A. L. Neill
Sagittal
Medial
BONES OF THE
SKULL
Anterior Posterior
A. L. Neill 60
Parietal bone (Left) External / Internal
1
2
3
4
5
6
BONES OF THE
SKULL
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Superior Temporal line
Parietal eminence
Articulation with the Occipital bone
(Lambdoid suture)
Articulation with the Temporal bone (Mastoid)
Parieto-Mastoid suture
Articulation with the Temporal (Squamous)
Temporo-Parietal suture
Articulation with the Sphenoid (Greater wing)
Spheno-Parietal suture
Articulation with the Frontal bone Coronal suture
Inferior Temporal line
Frontal angle
Sphenoidal angle
Groove for frontal branch of Middle Meningeal
vessels
Groove for parietal branch of Middle Meningeal
vessels
Mastoid angle
Groove for sigmoid sinus
Occipital angle
Articulation between Parietal bones Sagittal suture
Arachnoid granulations - Granular fovea
61 A. L. Neill
BONES OF THE
SKULL
62 A. L. Neill
Sphenoid Anterior / Posterior
Description: A single wedge-shaped bone consisting of four
parts: the central body; the lateral greater wings, the
medial lesser wings and the lower Pterygoid plates. The
bone looks like a bat in flight and is the centre piece of the
skull.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Articulation with Left Temporal bone
Orbital surface
Infratemporal crest
Body of the Sphenoid
Openings for sphenoidal sinuses
Lesser Wing
Squamosal suture - Articulation
with Right Temporal bone
Superior orbital fissure
Foramen rotundum
Pterygoid canal
Rostrum
Vaginal process
Pterygoid hamulus
Pterygoid notch
Lateral Pterygoid plate
Pterygoid process
Sphenoid spine
Cerebral surface of the Greater Wing
Posterior Clinoid process
Dorsum Sellae
Scaphoid fossa
Occipital surface
BONES OF THE
SKULL
63 A. L. Neill
BONES OF THE
SKULL
64 A. L. Neill
Temporal bone (Left) External / Inferior / Internal
Description - Paired bones which are involved in both the
wall and the base of the skull. They contain the auditory
ossicles and form the only joint with the mandible.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
hole)
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
65
suture
Suprameatal triangle
Groove for middle Temporal artery
Parietal notch
Squamo-Mastoid suture
Mastoid area
Mastoid process
Sheath of Styloid process
Styloid process
Tympanic part l
External Acoustic meatus / anterior border (bony ear
Tympanosquamosal (squamotympanic) fissure
Mandibular fossa
Zygomatic process
Articular tubercle
Postglenoid tubercle
Squamous part - Squama
Stylomastoid foramen
Mastoid notch - Digastric groove
Occipital groove
Jugular surface
Jugular fossa
Canaliculus (opening) for Tympanic nerve
Petrous part
Carotid canal
Edge of Tegmen Tympani
Groove for the Middle Meningeal vessels
Groove for the superior Petrosal sinus
Articulation with the greater wing of the Sphenoid
Spheno-Temporal suture
Zygomatic process
Groove for the Middle Meningeal vessels
Internal Acoustic meatus
Articulates with the Occipital bone
Aqueduct of the Vestibule
Mastoid foramen
Groove for sigmoid sinus - Sigmoid sulcus
Arcuate eminence
Articulates with the parietal bone - Temporoparietal Neill
A. L.
BONES OF THE
SKULL
BONES OF THE
SKULL
66 A. L. Neill
Vomer Lateral / Posterior / in situ
Description - A single small narrow frail plough-shaped
midline bone. Deviation of this bone may obstruct the nasal
airways.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Ala (Alae)
Articulation with Maxillae and Palatine
Maxillovomer suture / palatinovomer suture
Groove for the nasopalantine nerves and vessels
Articulation with nasal cartilages
Articulation with Sphenoid bone
Articulation with the Ethmoid plate
Perpendicular plate of the Ethmoid
Body of Vomer
Maxillae areolar bone
Medial pterygoid plate
Frontal bone
Sphenoid sinus
Anterior of nasal bones
Frontal sinus
BONES OF THE
SKULL
67 A. L. Neill
lateral
Posterior
BONES OF THE
SKULL
in situ
A. L. Neill 68
Zygoma Antero-Lateral / Postero-Medial
Description - Paired cheek bones which form the
prominent corners of the face under the orbital rim.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Frontal process
Zygomatico-Facial formina
Articulation with the Frontal bone
Articulation with the Sphenoid
Zygomatico-Orbital foramina
Articulation with Maxilla
Zyomatico-Temporal foramina
Temporal process
Maxillary process
Orbital surface
BONES OF THE
SKULL
69 A. L. Neill
BONES OF THE
SKULL
70 A. L. Neill
Anterior Cranial Fossa
Superior view from the top
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Frontal sinus
Frontal crest
Foramen Caecum
Cranionasal exit of the anterior ethmoidal nerve
Slit for the process of the dura mater
Anterior Ethmoidal groove
Concealed entry for the anterior Ethmoidal nerve
Posterior Ethmoidal groove
Concealed entry for the posterior Ethmoidal nerve
Jugam Sphenoidale
Optic canals
Fronto-Sphenoid suture
Vascular foramen
Diploe
Orbital plate of the Frontal bone
Crista Galli
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
71 A. L. Neill
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
72 A. L. Neill
Maxillary Sinus (Left) Sagittal
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Frontal sinus
Anterior Ethmoidal foramen
Orbital plate of Ethmoid
Posterior Ethmoidal foramen
Pterygo-Maxillary fissure
Perpendicular plate of the Palatine
Alveolar processes of the Maxilla
Maxillary Sinus - opened
Inferior concha, Maxillary process
Anterior Nnasal spine
Uncinate process of the Ethmoid
Nasal bone
Lacrimo-Maxillary suture
Frontal bone
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
73
Description: Maxilla - sinuses within this bone -particularly
around the teeth may cause toothache, complicate
endodontic (root canal) treatment; or act as a conduit for
tooth/nasal/other infection to enter the blood stream.
A. L. Neill
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
74 A. L. Neill
Middle Cranial Fossa (Left)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Superior Orbital fissure
Middle Clinoid process
Optic canal
Hypophysial fossa
Dorsum Sellae
Foramen lacerum
Trigeminal impression Foramen rotundum
Groove for superior petrosal sinus
Groove for greater petrosal nerve
Diploe
Arcuate eminence
Tegmen typani
Temporal bone
Groove for the Parietal branch of the middle
Meningeal vessels
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
75 A. L. Neill
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
76 A. L. Neill
Nasal Cavity - dissected to show Right nasal cavity and
inferior nasal conchae
Para - Sagittal section of Right Nasal cavity
looking in through the Right side of the nose to show sinuses
around the area
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Semilunar hiatus
Ethmoid bulla
Air cells of Ethmoid sinus
Sphenoidal sinuses
Spheno-Palatine foramen
Perpendicular plate of the palatine
Inferior nasal concha and meatus
Opening of the maxillary sinus
Uncinate process of Ethmoid bone
Right Frontal sinus
Note middle and superior nasal conchae have been dissected
and removed.
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
77
Description: inferior nasal conchae - small paired frail bones
extending along the lateral walls of the nasal cavity. Involved
in olfaction, humidification. Highly vascularized and when the
soft tissue surrounding this is swollen, it may cause nasal
obstruction and sinuses. Please note when "picking one's
nose" the finger never reaches the nasal conchae, stopping
just short of this area.
A. L. Neill
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
78 A. L. Neill
Nasal Cavity
dissected to show lateral wall of right nasal cavity
Sagittal section of Lateral Right nasal cavity
looking in to the lateral side of the right side of the nose
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Middle concha
Middle concha meatus
Superior concha
Superior concha meatus
Sphenoid sinus
Spheno-Palatine foramen
Perpendicular plate of Palatine bone
Incisive fossa and canal
Inferior concha and meatus
Maxilla
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Right Frontal sinus
Left Frontal sinus
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
79 A. L. Neill
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
80 A. L. Neill
Nasal Cavity
dissected to show medial wall of the nasal cavity
Sagittal section of Nasal cavity
looking in to the medial wall of the nose in front of the right
nasal cavity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Right Frontal sinus
Crista Galli
Left Sphenoidal sinus
Right Sphenoidal sinus
Vomer
Pterygoid hamulus
Maxilla
Anterior Nasal spine
Inferior concha
Perpendicular plate of the Ethmoid
Nasal bone
Nasal spine of the Frontal bone
Left Frontal sinus
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
81 A. L. Neill
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
82 A. L. Neill
Orbital Cavity / Fossa (Left)
Anterior view from the front
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Optic foramen
Anterior and Posterior Ethmoidal foramina
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Orbital plate of the Ethmoid bone
Orbital plate of the Maxilla
Infraorbital groove
Zygoma
Foramina for Zygomatic branch of the Facial nerve
Orbital surface of the Zygoma
Superior Orbital fissure
Orbital plate of the Frontal bone
Supra-Orbital margin
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
83
Eyeball and muscles all sit in this cavity with the Optic
nerve entering from the posterior part of the cavity through
the Orbital foramen.
A. L. Neill
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
84 A. L. Neill
Orbital cavity Inferoanterior
radiology (also Orbital fossa Optic cavity Optic foramen)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Frontal sinus
Foramen ovale
Foramen rotundum
Hard palate floor of nasal cavity
Maxillary antrum
Lateral wall of maxillary antrum
Zygomatic arch
Sphenoid sinus
Soft tissue of nose and lower lid
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
85 A. L. Neill
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
86 A. L. Neill
Optic Cavity Lateral / oblique
radiology
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Optic foramen
Supraorbital ridge
Sphenoid ridge
Frontal bone
Sphenoid sinus (note clear no fluid lines as with sinusitis)
Zygomatic arch
Lateral border of greater wing of the sphenoid
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
87 A. L. Neill
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
88 A. L. Neill
Posterior Cranial Fossa
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
Dorsum sellae
Groove for inferior Petrosal sinus
Groove for superior Petrosal sinus
Internal Acoustic meatus
Concealed crevice for Endolymphatic sac
Mastoid emissary foramen
Occipito-Mastoid suture
Diploe
Lambdoid suture
Fossa for Right Occipital lobe of the Cerebrum
Fossa for Right Cerebellar hemisphere
Internal Occipital proturberance
Internal Occipital crest
Groove for sigmoid sinus
Foramen magnum
Hypoglossal canal
Jugular formamen
Clivus: Basi-Occipital
Clivus: Basi-Sphenoid
89 A. L. Neill
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
90 A. L. Neill
Biography and Aim of the A to Z and Dr Amanda Neill
Dr Amanda Neill has a medical degree with specializations and research in
the areas of Histology, Pathology, and Anatomy and Forensic medicine, with
a separate specialization (MSc in renal glomerular disease). After teaching
for many years at university of Sydney and completing her PhD on the
immunopathology of cerebral malaria Amanda developed the only
accredited RCAGP continuing education course on anatomy. Developing
courses on the anatomy of the Back (Back to the Back) and the Head and
Neck the PG program for Dental graduates and writing a number of
manuals, booklets and programs for medical, dental, nursing and other
health students. Qualifying as a GMP (Graduate medical program) facilitator
she has seen and been involved in the transition form the classic medical
course to the GMP and the integration and amalgamation of the classic
preclinical and clinical medical subjects to the total self directed computer
content based course. Moving to Macquarie University, she brought and
developed her anatomy and histology program from scratch, conceptualizing
and developing the virtual anatomy laboratory using her Flagship grant. This
massive project is still in development.
Despite modern computer developments and because of her diverse
teaching, research and medical background Amanda knows the value of
learning the fundamental building blocks the A to Z of health and medicine
in order to write and know the whole medical book. She is passionate about
developing accessible and wide reaching medical and educational programs
for all levels: the student, the postgraduate, the health and medical
professional. Particularly in anatomy and its branches after all we are all
ANATOMY!!
Looking for collaboration in her projects Amanda developed links with the
NSW Department of Forensic medicine, the University of Sydney, the
Coroners court, the Royal colleges of Anaethetists and Biomedical scientists
(of which she is currently the secretary) and commercial sponsors such as
Aspen. So anatomy@mac has spread and involved students from all the
university divisions and the all walks of life.
Always looking to improve accessibility and application of knowledge and
skills (such as Anatomy in Action and morphing@mac Art Anatomy
exhibitions) and schools science projects Amanda and Aspen are
collaborating on a series of A to Z pocket references to be used as handy
guides and aids for all those interested in health and medicine, particularly
the busy medical practitioner.
We want these to be a guide and a help for you and want your help and
feedback in order to make the manuals and the accompanying websites a
benefit for you. You can be a part of this project too. Write to us
And
Of course if you want to get a HEAD do Amandas A to Z.
91 A. L. Neill
A. L. Neill 92
WHAT is WRONG with this ??!!!
write to us for the answer.
E-mail: medicalamanda@gmail.com
93 A. L. Neill
Gra
phi
cD
es
ign
Le
ft
H
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ph
is
em
A. L. Neill 94
For Bronchitis,
Sinusitis and
Otitis Media.
For skin and soft tissue infections and
...urinary tract infections
TAZAC
for
REFLUX
(nizatidine)

Dr. A. L. NEILL
medicalamanda@gmail.com
www.amandasatoz.com
0414248747
Contact www.aspenpharma.com.au for
login and passwords for the complete
A to Z and the AspenAtlas online.
Aspen Pharmacare Australia Pty Ltd
34-36 Chandos Street, St Leonards NSW 2065
ABN 51 096 236 985

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