ArcMap Tutorial 1.

0
1.1 - Loading the Landsat and SAMB Images
1.2 - Adjusting Image Contrast and Changing Band Cominations
2.1 - !igiti"ing the M#C Land Co$er Classes
2.2 - Attriuting the M#C Land Co$er Classes
Tutorial %jecti$es: Become &amiliar 'ith se$eral important ArcMap
&eatures( and create a digital )L%B* Land Co$er Map.
ArcMap is the ArcGIS tool used to create and visualize various types of geographic data,
including maps and map features (Fig. !. ArcMap is also used to resolve "asic
geographic #uestions of location, size, $u%taposition, and can even ans&er '&hat if()
#uestions * geographic modeling scenarios. +ne of ArcMap,s most po&erful features is
its a"ility to "e customized for specific, uni#ue types of analyses, via its customiza"le
interface.
+igure 1. ArcMap, sho&ing the Tale o& Contents in the left pane and the -andsat image
etm./001233*
4*/.img in the !ispla, -indo'.
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Lesson 1. .ie'ing !igital )eographic !ata in ArcMap
.! -oading the -andsat and SAM8 Images
8ro&se to and "oot ArcMap using the Start "utton (Start:;rograms:ArcGIS:ArcMap!.
A small dialog "o% &ill appear, as<ing you to ma<e a selection (Fig. 2!. 6e &ill clic< the radio
"utton to select 'A ne& empty map).
+igure 2. 5he ArcMap Start dialog "o%.
+nce &e,ve created a ne& map file "y clic<ing =+>,, &e can "ro&se to our images. 5o do this,
&e clic< on the 'Add ?ata) icon , opening the Add ?ata dialog "o% that permits
"ro&sing to our data files. @otice that ArcMap uses ArcAatalog Connections. 8ro&se to
the -andsat image etm./001233*4*/.img and add it. 5he ?isplay 6indo& should
resem"le Figure .
8efore &e learn a"out image enhancement, let,s add the G-+89 B<m % B<m su"scene and
the B<m % B<m su"scene that &e,ll ultimately "e using for our MCA land use map. 5hese &ill
help us understand ho& image contrast enhancement &or<s.
Alic< the Add ?ata icon and add south1middle1glo"e.img, follo&ed "y the image named
south1middle1B%B1<m.img. All three images should no& sho& up in the Tale o&
Contents.
-et,s arrange them "y size, &ith the entire scene underlying the B<m "y B<m scene, &ith
the B<m "y B<m scene as the 'top) layer. 5his is done simply "y selecting and dragging
the files in the Tale o& Contents.
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@otice that if you clic< the small "o% immediately to the right of the =., sign for each
image, you can turn the image display on or off. If you clic< the =., sign, it &ill display
(=*=! or hide (=,.,! the image,s "and num"ers and displa, assignments (Fig. 0!. @ote that
these are only the three "ands that are displayed on the screen, not the total num"er of
"ands that could "e used in a display. 6e,ll learn more a"out the latter idea in the ne%t
section.
+igure /. 5he ArcMap 5a"le of Aontents sho&ing the color display assignments for the near*infrared "and
(D!, the red "and (0!, and the green "and (2!.
.2! Ad$usting Image Aontrast and Ahanging 8and Aom"inations
@o& that all three -andsat images are added, let,s force the computer to display them so
&e can vie& them as individual, su"setted files. 5o do this, &e,ll need to represent the
pi%el data values, the ?@,s or 'digital num"ers), differently. 6e do this "y altering the
?@,s as they are displayed "y the computer ("ut &e don,t actually alter the pi%el values
in the data, $ust their displa, value on the compute screen * this is an important point!.
6e do this "y 'mapping) the underlying (original! ?@ values to 'ne&) display values.
First, select the underlying scene (etm./0012334*/.img!, right*clic< and dra& do&n to
';ropertiesE), clic< the 'Sym"ology) ta" (Fig. D!.
+igure 0. 5he Sym"ology dialog "o% in the -ayer ;roperties menu.
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@ote that the -ayer ;roperties Sym"ology sho&s our image as a D,0,2 color*IF image
(the small image in the lo&er left al&ays sho&s a color*IF e%ample, regardless of the
"and com"inations!. 6hat &e,ll do is vie& ho& ArcMap displays the image, "y noting
the type of stretch (Standard ?eviations! and =n, value. Alic< on the =5ype, menu and
you,ll a variety of choices (@one, Austom, Standard ?ev., etc.!, representing the various
types of functions one can apply the selected image ?@ values for each "and. 5he
fre#uency distri"ution of the ?@ values of the data in the @ear IF "and, displayed using the
red color gun on the computer monitor, loo<s li<e this:
All that has "een done here is a simple
remapping of the original pi%el values to
=ne&, values for display purposes (the ne&
values are "eing &ritten to &hat,s called a
'-oo< Cp 5a"le), or -C5!. 6e,ll
manually set them "ac< to their original,
'unstretched) values. 8ut first, let,s
e%amine the stretch on the green and "lue
"ands.
Since &e <no& that the %*value is the
original pi%els value and the y*values are
the =ne&, or stretched values, let,s map the
y*values "ac< to the original values using a
: mapping.
+igure 1. 5he fre#uency distri"ution of ?@ values in the near*IF "and, "and D, displayed using red.
Alic< on the small "o% on the %*a%is and drag it t the origin. @o&, select the small "o% at the
top, and drag it to the upper right corner. 6hat you,ve $us done is created the function %Gy. 5he
t&o fre#uency distri"utions should overlap. -et,s do that for all three "ands and vie& the
image as it loo<s &ithout a contrast stretch. @o&, let,s change the contrast on all three images
so &e can see each clearly (Fig. H!.
+igure 2. All three -andsat images, each displayed using a different contrast stretch.
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Aontrast stretching is useful for a variety of visual analysis techni#ues. Another techni#ue
&e can use e%tract information from a -andsat scene is changing the "and com"inations.
6hereas the e%isting color*IF image sho&s the vegetation #uite &ell, there are other
"ands and "and com"inations that help to distinguish other features. A common
com"ination is B,D,0. -andsat "and B, the mid*infrared "and (.3 to .4 Ium,
micrometers! is set to red, and near*IF is set to green. 5his is an effective com"ination
for distinguishing grasslands (agricultural hay fields, in our area! from forest. 5he
visi"le, or 0,2, is also useful for this distinction. 6e can try these com"inations on
ur"an land uses and assess ho& effective they are at distinguishing, for instance, "are soil
from asphalt.
2. ?igitizing the MCA -and Aover Alasses
After &e,ve e%amined the G-+89 -andsat image and &e,ve "egun to see some of the
&ays &e can e%tract information a"out surface features, it,s time to "egin our -and Aover
Mapping e%ercise. 5he idea is to create a digital version of the manual land cover map
descri"ed in the -and Aover * 8iology investigation (see Manual -and Aover Mapping
;rotocol in the 2330 -and Aover : 8iology Investigation manual!. 6e,ll use the -andsat
su"scene and the SAM8 aerial photographs to map MCA land cover classes.
First, add the inde% (Mon1Ao1inde%1pro$ected.img! so that &e can see the aerial images
&e,ll need for accurate mapping. 5hen add the G-+89 B<m % B<m scene, then add the
si% SAM8 images over it, finally add the B<m % B<m scene. 5he display &indo& should
loo< li<e this (Fig. /!:
+igure 3. 5he ArcMap ?isplay &indo& sho&ing all four data sets, ready for MCA class digitizing.
6e "egin our digitizing e%ercise "y adding the shape file that &e created in ArcAatalog. Alic<
the =Add, "utton and "ro&se to the shape file directory. -ocate -andAover.shp and dou"le*
clic<I it should then sho& up in the 5a"le of Aontents &indo&.
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Cnder the main ArcMap menu there should "e a secondary menu sho&ing =9ditor, in the
upper left (if not, add it "y "ro&sing to 7ie& J 5ool"ars and selecting 9ditor so that the
9ditor tem is chec<ed!. @otice that, although you,ve added the shape file, nothing sho&s
up in the ?isplay &indo& * that,s "ecause &e,ve essentially opened an empty fileI it has
the re#uired associated files (the .pr$, .d"f, and .sh% files!, yet has no polygon features and
associated geographic reference data. 5hat,s &hat &e,ll "e creating in this e%ercise.
@o& let,s "egin digitizing our land use cover classes (to revie& the cover classes, see the
MCA Guide!. 8egin "y selecting =Areate @e& Feature, in the 5as< drop*do&n menu
(Fig. K!. Ann altenative is t use Auto*Aomplete*;olygons (&e,ll try this in a moment!.
+igure 4. 8egin digitizing the MCA classes using the 9ditor,s =Areate @e& Features, tas<.
Gra" the pencil icon and note that your pointer "ecomes a small crosshair sym"ol.
;ic< a homogeneous area (for instance, a patch of forest!, and create the vertices of your
polygon "y =tracing, the "oundary and clic<ing at each verte%. Finish the polygon feature
at it,s natural ending point : "eginning point "y either dou"le*clic<ing or right*clic<ing
and selecting =Finish S<etch,, or hitting t F2 <ey (you can 'undo) the most recent verte%
"y clic<ing the Cndo "utton on the tool"ar !. @o&, pic< a more comple% shape and
digitize itE don,t create more than a single polygon "y crossing your lines (even though
ArcMap allo&s this!. @ote that these features are =isolated,, and don,t share a common
"oundary.
Another neat editing tric< is creating polygons that "ound each other. First, create a
polygon as descri"ed a"ove. 5hen, under the =5as<, menu, dra& do&n to Auto*Aomplete
;olygon. 5his &ill allo& you to create a set of vertices using the ad$acent feature. 8efore
you can start s<etching, select the =9ditor, tool J =SnappingE,, and notice that a &indo&
appears "et&een the 5a"le of Aontents and ?isplay &indo&s (Fig 4! (@ote * If you have
more than one Shapefile loaded in the ta"le of Aontents &indo&, you,ll need to tell the
editor &hat file,s polygons you &ant =auto*completed, "y selecting that file and it,s
verte%, edge, and end!. Also clic< the =9dit S<etch, "o%, "elo& the =-ayer, "o%, and
select all three choices (vertices, edges, and perpendicular!.
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+igure 5 . 5he 9ditor J Snapping settings necessary for Auto*Aomplete ;olygon and "oth edge and verte%
snapping.
5ry it. @otice that the crosshair pointer &ants to =snap, to the ad$acent feature. 6e can set this
=snapping tolerance, "y selecting =9ditor, J +ptions J general ta", and filling in the "o% la"eled
=Snapping 5olerance,I set it to 3 pi%els for the SAM8 photos, and fe&er for lo&er resolution
data.
Modi&,ing and !eleting 6ol,gon +eatures
5o delete an entire polygon feature, gra" the =9dit, tool, clic< on the feature (the
"oundary &ill "ecome highlighted!, right*clic< and dra& do&n to deleteI you can also use the
9dit menu and perform the same tas< on the highlighted feature.
5o modify a polygon, simply dou"le clic< on it and the "oundary &ill change color, and
the vertices &ill "ecome evident. 8ring the pointer over a verte% and notice that the
pointer changes to a four*pointed star. @o& you can move the verte% to a ne& location.
5o add a verte%, select =Modify Feature, in the =5as<, menu, select the polygon that
you,d li<e to modify, place the mouse pointer over the location &here the ne& verte% is
needed, and right*clic< the mouse and select =insert verte%,. 5his is very useful for adding
comple%ity (detail! to simple polygons.
2.2 Attri"uting the MCA land Aover Alasses
A. Aalculating the area of each MCA polygon
+nce &e,re done creating our digital land cover map, let,s add =area,, the area (in s#uare
meters! of each MCA polygon, and the MCA class code. Are there any other attri"utes
that you thin< are important( If so, &e can add those too. 5o add area, &e either need to
run an Arctool"o% &izard, or &e can d it =manually, (&e,ll do "oth $ust for practice!.
+pen Arctool "o%. Select the =Spatial Statistics 5ools, at the "ottom. +pen utilities, select
=Aalculate Areas,. 9nter the e%isting shape file name, and a ne& name for the output. 5his &ill
run a script that automatically calculates the area of each polygon.
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Another &ay is to create our o&n script to calculate polygon area (actually, copy a script that
someone already &rote in Microsoft 7isual 8asic (78A! ** Search ?es<top Lelp for Add
Field J ?ata Management!.
First, clic< 9ditor on the 9ditor tool"ar and clic< Start 9diting. Fight*clic< the shape file layer
you &ant to edit and clic< =+pen Attri"ute 5a"le,. Fight*clic< the field heading for area and
clic< =Aalculate 7alues..., (if there is no field for area values, you can add a ne& field for area
"y clic<ing the +ptions "utton and selecting Add Field * ho&ever, to add a ne& field, you need
to e%it the editing session!. Ahec< =Advanced,. 5ype the follo&ing 78A script in the first
te%t "o%:
?im d"lArea as dou"le
?im pArea as IArea
Set pArea G MshapeN
d"lArea G pArea.area
5ype the varia"le d"lArea in the te%t "o% directl, under the area 7eld name. Alic<
+>. 5hat should add all the polygon areas automatically. Ma<e sure you chec< the area
num"ers to see if they ma<e sense.
8. Adding MCA Alass Aodes
Adding MCA Alass codes (attri"utes! to your polygons is simple and can (li<e many of
these e%ercise elements! "e accomplished in a num"er of &ays. Initially, let,s try coding
our land cover classes 'on the fly), as &e digitize. First, clear the polygon fill so the
underlying imagery is visi"le under the polygon, and sho& the polygon "oundary in a
high contrast color. @o&, using the =9ditor, tool"ar, dra& do&n to =Start 9diting,. Fight*
clic< file, open attri"ute ta"le, select the polygon of interest, and fill in the appropriate
MCA class code. Save edits &hen you,re finished. In this &ay you can select and code
#uic<ly.
Another &ay to add attri"ute codes is &hile you,re digitizing the polygon features.
Simply open the attri"ute ta"le as you digitize, thus highlighting the active polygon (Fig. 3!,
and fill in the MCA code &hen the polygon is completed.
+igure 10. 5he attri"ute ta"le sho&ing the active polygon, selected and visi"le to the
right, in the display &indo&.
Apparently this does not &or< if you,re using the Auto*Aomplete polygon tas<.
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)L%SSA89
Aerial 6hotograph (also air photo! * typically a nadir*loo<ing photograph ta<en from
either a fi%ed*&ing or rotor aircraft. Aerial photographs are typically orthorectified and
georeferenced and thus can "e used li<e a map.
ArcMap * one of several ArcGIS programs, used primarily to organize digital
geographic data.
Arc)IS * the current 9SFI flagship Geographic Information System (GIS! soft&are that
includes a series of integrated programs to manage, create, process, analyze, and report
geographic data.
ArcMap * the ArcGIS mapping program, also includes some data creation and analysis
features.
Arc.ie' * the suite of GIS programs that includes ArcMap, ArcMap and Arc5ool"o%.
Bands (also channels! * "ands or channels are &avelength locations &ithin the
electromagnetic spectrum. 7isi"le light is typically divided into three "ands ("ecause the
human eye is only sensitive to these three colors!. 5he '"lue "and) e%ists "et&een
appro%imately DB3 to BB3 nanometers (or .DB to .BB microns!I the 'green "and) e%ists
"et&een BB3 and HB3 nm, and the 'red "and) e%ists from HB3 to /B3 or so.
Coordinate S,stem * a geographic reference system, such as Cniversal 5rans Mercator
or Geographic -at:-ongs.
!atum (also geodetic datum! * a geodetic datum is a model of the earth. ?atums define "oth
the size and the shape of the earth, as &ell as orient coordinate systems that are used to map
the earth. Feferencing geodetic coordinates to the &rong datum can result in
significant spatial error. See also Map 6rojections and Coordinate S,stems.
*llipsoid * a 0*dimentional surface, such as the earth, defined mathematically (can "e a
sphere, cigar*shaped, or pill*shaped!. 5hin< of it this &ayE ta<e an ellipse and 'spin it)
a"out its ma$or a%is, and the resulting 0*? 'o"$ect) is the ellipsoid (see
http:::en.&i<ipedia.org:&i<i:9llipsoid!.
)eore&erencing * the process of providing a coordinate system to an (orthorectified!
image or map.
)L%B* * )lo"al Learning and %"servations to Benefit the *arth. A educational
program sponsored "y @SF, @ASA, @+AA and other organizations designed to teach
science and environmental understanding to >*2 students.
)IS * Geographic Information System. Lard&are (computers, G;S receivers, etc.!,
soft&are (e.g. Arc7ie&!, and people (you and I! that &or< together as an integrated
system to create, management, and disseminate digital geographic data for decision*
ma<ing.
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)6S * Glo"al ;ositionaing System. A system of satellites, receives, and soft&are that uses
trigonometry to determine locations on the earth,s surface.
)round 8e&erence !ata * information on a surface feature or features gathered either
on*site, from near"y, or from another trusted source such as a recent, high*#uality aerial
photo.
Land Co$er : Biometr, 6rotocol * 5he G-+89 protocol designed to teach remote
sensing, land use ecology, and elements of "iometry (#uantitative "iology, measuring
vegetation!.
Landsat * -and remote sensing satellite program dating "ac< to 4/2 and currently
managed "y the CSGS. -andsat B (launched in 4KD! and / (in 444! are still operational. +or
a Landsat-speci7c glossar,( see http:::landsat.usgs.gov:glossary.php
%rthorecti7ed * ortho means =straight, correct, right,, +rthorectification is the process
of removing distortions in the image due to interactions "et&een the camera, lens, aircraft
orientation, and the ground surface. +rthorectification is the process of removing these
distortions and ma<ing an image or photograph geographically 'correct), li<e a map.
6rojection (also map pro$ection! * the process of transforming (projecting! features such
as points, lines, and areas or polygons, from a spherical (0*?! surface to a flat (map, 2*?!
surface, &ith minimal distortion.
8aster (see also 7ector! * a t&o dimensional array of pi%els, typically e%pressed either as
columns and ro&s or as %,y coordinatesI any data structure e%pressed as a grid. A
'"lac< and &hite) digital photograph is an e%ample of a panchromatic or grey*scale raster
image. A natural color digital photographic is an e%ample of a 0*"and raster image
(F,G,8 or red, green, and "lue!.
8emote Sensing * the process of ac#uiring information on the earth,s surface from a
distance (usuall aircraft or satellite!, processing that information, and analyzing the
information for decision*ma<ing.
Satellite Image * a remotely sensed (usually digital! image of the earth,s surface
ac#uired "y a sensor on"oard a satellite.
.ector (see also Faster! * a geographic data structure using the point, or node and
respective connecting segment, as the "asic "uilding "loc< for representing geographic
features. ;oints, lines, and polygons are the three "asic types.
-)S 40 (also -)S40; * an earth*centered datum used "y the Glo"al ;ositioning
System called the 6orld Geodetic System 4KD or 6GS KD. 6GSKD &as adopted as a
&orld standard from a datum called the @orth American ?atum of 4K0 or @A? K0. For all
practical purposes there is no difference "et&een 6GS KD and @A? K0.
+or a more general remote sensing glossar,( see the Canada Centre
&or 8emote Sensing 'e page at:
http:::&&&.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca:ccrs:learn:terms:glossary:glossary1e.html
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