మహిళా మాణిక్యాలు

= =}H
"O \
Qa@ ^~^
K~}:
~~u
L~, H$l
Mahilaa Maanikyalu
by Gabbita Durga Prasad

First Edition:
March 2014
Copies:
1000
Author
Price.
Rs.100/-
Cover Design:
Kalasagar
Dtp:
Ramya bharathi, Vijayawada
For Copies:Gabbita Durga Prasad

President, "Sarasabharathi"
H.No.2-405, Sivalayam Street,
Near Raja gari kota, Vuyyuru- 521 165
Krishna Dist. Phone:08676- 232797
Cell: 9989066375
e-mail: gabbita.prasad@gmail.com
sarasabharati.vuyyuru@gmail.com
http/sarasabharati.wordpress.com
http/suvarchalanjaneyaswamy.wordpress.com
Printed :
Sree Ram Offset Printers, vijayawada-2
JOHÒ
= =}H "# J~Oy

II
N=u "< x ` =u QiH...
''= =}H J< D Z_# JO`~O ~,

D H x ~ ~u `~ # =kOK`<=x L`=O`#
#~ LO> OkOK=x JO`~O f |O^=
q#qOK#. JO` Hx QO@< J^~A OÒ J"iH
#O_ < Pf , ~ ~ u ` N " < x
QH$+Q ~ < K 'Z=iH P J=HO W==^. ZO` Y~ J~<

<< @Hx P Hx =kOK\xH `__`#. ''< =#
Z\ #OK = N=u ` =uH XH H O JOH`q "x LOk. P
HiH WO`=~ f~^ . W_ g ^~ P J=HO =zOk. H#H
`=uH JOH`qz HO =kOK\xH JO`~O LO^? Jx
J_Q~. ''< =^#OÔQ LOk. ` H g =#x HiH
f~Ô J<#. P# O`+Oz ''D q+ O K H \Q LOKÔ.
` =uH ~ * WÔ J<~. ~ #<#. JO` P O`xH
< ''"< =x\<~ ^~ H =^} J=~" # _|#
O~. =~_ L^ " <# P #Oz fH<#. Jn
"< x "i _. 2012 E< "i P#O J"iH <~ H~e<
~\ = J=~ z..q[H; J=^x Ô` WO\ #Oz
QH$+Q~# J=x O\ q "#. ~O_ ~A
"i JukQ L<#. "~ "i f=} N=u ` =uQ~ K#
P^~} , Pu^ O =~=xq. "i J~ H$+ @O|O K# Pf`
_ J< LOk. JH_ qÒîH ## iK O K~. J=
`Q J +<` < JO> ~ ~uH <#O K~. D H
=^} i PiH O JOkOz# N QH$+Q iH ~ ~u
=#iQ H$`[` # JO^* Ok. WO\ q`~}
j~ `_@
=< W\H < O_ H # =kOKQe Q=x q#OQ =#q
K<=.
IV
N=u "< x ` =u iK O
` =uQ~ QH$+Q iH J# rq` ^~ Ki}. O
^. J~Oy J< =@ J# x~K#O P". "< x + ''J~Qx
J~Oy. QO@~ l ~ `H #~ Q=O ` =uQ~
~ Ki =<~} Kî, ~` =}H O Ô` 1940 E<
XH@= `n# U_= O`#OQ [xOK~. P" î N=u q=^q
J"iH LO@<~. ^~ N s ^~ #~= (Ps WO[h~),
H..N~= H+
(ZO.U, .K._), H..N | ~*O^ ^
(sl# W<H~ Zx~<"O@ >H< U*h) J"iH
L#`^Q ~ _ ~ ~. ^~ _ N =^ ^#~=
~ Q J"iH LO@<~. =~H ^~ _ N N<^ =~^
~= J"iH zHQx ''x=i\ O\OQ JO_ xH O\OQ
O "<[~Q xK i>~ J~L<~. ^~ _ s N t"r
V
~=Q~ Q=O #~ ==O`< rq ~~.

JO> P" ^~ XH t"r~= Q~ =`" J"iH
~ _ ^ # =@. WO_ < LO_~.
N=u ` =uQ~ `<e ^H}
~` On K~ "i
g}, K~H sH Q}h"# =~` Lf~ ~.
L~ N ~ u @\i Hl "\H HO_ H
J~. ~ ^Q~ #Q~O x N "Q _ ~=H$ ""i
Hl .. , a.HO "^\ O=`~O Kk"~. 1965
L~x .a.UO. HkHO On O_\Q xK~.
H$l L~ "= N "< x QH$+Q ix q"=_~.
~ ` J"iH "o JH_ _ Q$H$` ^qkQ x~ L^QO
K~. J"iHx H O@H ~+O D q ''K"< JHO\OQ
O@~ _\ ZO\ P~ @~Q 197378 HO xK~. JH_
''=< @ JO_ W#~< H~~+< HO@~ P~ @~Q
1978 #Oz 21 U 1999 =~ =OkOK~. # *sx < <
''a "~ ~ #\H WO_ HO@~ P~ @~Q
2001 #O_ 2004 =~ =_ xK~. D L^QO K<
<<< ''Y.W.C.A K H ~ O@~ ~> O L^Q= XH U_k
K J~Qx =rq JxOKH#k.
Q$}Q `# =~` # x~OKO@ ~ QH$+ QiH
Jx q+ H~ JOk q^ q+ #
~"H K~Qx z~ ^~O` `=uQ~ U =O<<
Hx~ . Jn P" ` H`. @O|O, |O^ =~O x "~OîH
P" JO^@ LO_ =OkOK@O P" <[ O. ~f

OwÒ JO> == Z=. ~f #$` H ` H Ja=#O.
g\x K, qO@ P" Hx kxQO K~ . JKOK"#
VI
Q = ` H P" #~ #~# riOK~Ok. =YOQ NH$+ ~= `

P" W+^ = O. @ x, JeH =Oz g}O LOk. P=~}
~\ `@# Oz + =$H#, HQ~# O_OK@O
= <~ i ` =uQ~. W~Q ~Q"iH, |O^ = `= `@
`= O_Oz# ~Q# P" OOz, O`$ KO^`~. JO>
W`~ ` OKH=@O P" Jq`" # W+O . = _ i O Q
\ O~. ''OK ` ` =uQ~. Ok
Z~=< L y~ . P" Ti. LuH# |@# ~~t
H@@ P~|@ P~"
@" P" W+O . h\x K ^Q
L yOz P^ K~ . =Oz îQ ~O^~. nx< =$^
K @O P" J W+O LO_^ . `@x u JOQO x
kxQ~ z Hi" K@, qi, @, ^, Ô_, ~, HH~,
z_ "^# ~f ~Q# O =$ÔQ O_Oz
P^~ =OÒQ L<~.
@O|Ox JOî` ` O|O^# <~ @
O P" ` H`.
Ò_Q~O> qs`" # Ja=#O. P# P^~ P" t~^~.
P" Ò_Q~ ~ H P~ \" OH L^QO K , ==O
KO@, xÒ Q=` ~} K OO ^Q LO@
=[= ^# ~. P# =~}O `~ "` "~# gkH P#
~ \ Q~qOK~. P_O|~O Z~Qx = N=u ` =u. ^
^ rq`". QH$+Qi H+ M ="HO J~, "#`\
=O^ #_# P^~ rq. ~ [# OH = O P" P^~ O. H [#
` =uQ~ a + . ` # }O, T i , ~ O
` =uQ~#O\~. P" `y# ~ J~# N QH$+Q ~. P^~
Ô` O "ik. # U Q J"iH LO@< =# O $f,
O^#, PK~ ==~# KHQ \ ix# D
VII
Ô` Ja#O^h. "i^~ rqH r=. XHi =~HiH

JÒ` qO, Pf`, J"["# =, P~^< .
QH$+, ` =u Ô` W^~ =~. ^ =~_
NH$+, H_ N=u ~=. =#=~ z. , s#. z# =~_
N ~q, H_ N=u Hq`. =#=_ z. H~}
, =#=~ z. i,
Hs<. =~e^~ H_ _ J"iH< "~ H~# L^Q
"H ~ _ ~ .
~ ~u K i# < O_= H O ''= =}H#
N "< x QH$+ Qi P^~ Q$}, J~Oy J# ^xH x~K#O,
~ [# a+, O ^, J~Qx H~= ~}~, =
=}H O J~# N=u "< x ` =uQiH JOHÒ W=@O JÒ`
=zÒQ LO^x, N QH$+Q i z~H HiH# f~ ^= HO
aOzO^x, "iH P"^=, P#O^= HQÒ^x q,
$^~HOQ JOH`q<=. gi Ô`x, @Ox
HHO P~~Q, S~, Q, Q` =i*=OkQ
~" ~x i < #. JO`~f = k<`=O (=i 8)
O^~ O Q ''= =}H H x =i 30# ~ ~u 60=
="O N[ <= O=`~ LQk "_ H Pq+i# O^
= O`+OQ LOk. Wk N QH$+Q i =#x PHOH _.
Jk <~"~`#O^ "i` @ JOîH O`+OQ, O`$Q
LO@O^x q< #. D O^~ O Q =~H " ~. ~ ~ux
il~ K~OK Ò L<=. J\ #O_ Jk iHQ *_ OQ
LO@O^x è* \xH O`+ < O.
Qa@ ^~^
J^ ~ ~u
` O $uH O L~
VIII
'~ ~u H~î x"kH
L~ ~ ~u ` O $uH O 24112009#
~O" O k. ''JH~ O ~HH O J< P O` ~OaOz# D O
<Q <x i KHx J~^= U_kH ky[OQ
"t OzOk. Z< qa#"# H~H=# x~OzOk. u LQkH
Hq" <# x~Oz, H ~O P Hq`# K iOzOk.
Ow` HKs x~OzOk. W\H `qk ="
x~OzOk. D N [<= O=`~ LQk "_ H# LQkH =O^
~A# 60= ="O Q x~Ok. ~OO #O_ 7413 =~
[iy# ~ ~u Qu x '^ Q OQ= H O q=~OQ
q=iOz JO^* O. J\ #O_ [iy# H~H= q# W_
JO^[<=.
N#=[ Ou O^~ OQ 1613# N=u H . H#H ^~
=H;` îH OQx U~@ K=. 2613# =^~
Q N P=Oz KO^Y ~ K` ''H Ow` q=ix x~OK=.
IX
N KO^ Y~ s O@ QiH "#_ . J^Ò Q Q#O K

`# "= ~O K~. 3613# N Qa@ ^~^ ~# ''N
PO[< q =Ò Hx N q"~ Ou H}O
O^~ O Q Pq+iO* =. Hx = =O_e "iK OÒ
''N #=< Kb ~} U~@ K=. 22713# "
[Ou O^~ O Q N =k~A Nx"~ Qi K` " =i rqÒ,
~K# O QO K~OK=. 27813 N H$+q ~A# ''N H$+
`` " = O N U.u<^ ~ J^Ò Q O yOK~. 29813#
N y_Q ~==i O`Qi 150= [Oux L~ O@~
" H "kH g^ x~Oz ''" H OM~=O i@ O@~< Hq
" <x [iO. ZO^~ qîh, q^~ KH x zHx HqÒ
~ qxOz `= $[<`H`# =HO K~. =O^k [#O =^
[iy# D H~H=O \Q xez JOîx JiOz O#
iOzOk.
U f O x~OKx J~"# H~H=x 51=
="OQ 17913# ~~u x~OzOk. ''J~ J#~,
x~`# ^` J~# ~ N=u _H `= Qi rqÒ =_
~ q^~ "~K#, =H $`, Hq` \ x~Oz
QOk# q^~ |=u ^#O K=. nx QiOz#
`= Qi =x =#=_ Qi J~ J"iH LO@# N_H ~= ^
`= Qi ~ uQ ^= `~Q u K^ =`# ^ q^~ 10,000
~# ~ ~uH O~. ^xx =_ x =Q~
q^~ , =Q~ qî# J~` ukH g^ XHHiH 1668
~# ~+ Q `= Qi =x =#=_ N ~<~},
"i f=} N=u u~ Oî Ô` K` g^Q 52= ="O
221013# JO^* =. D ="O < `Q H ~~ N QO@H
X
"}Q ~_ ''#QO\"i H " qt+` = PHQ

O yOz JO^s PH@ <~. W =~Q ~ O_ H~H=#
`= Qi x~Oz + JxOKH<=. 53= ="O
HsH = "t x "M# KH=i N JyÒ N~= KH=i
q=iOK~. 54= ="O Q N w` [Oux x~Oz N =^ ^#
Ô` K` w` =Ò O QO U~@ K, q^~ K
w` ~} K~Oz ~ ~u K iOz# H JO^* O. 55=
="O 241213# [i N=u =k~A t=H; K` ''^# ~O
u~" ^#` L<x JOkOKO. 56= ="O qt+` #
OìOKH#k. PK~ OQo H;HOÒQi 120= [Ou 42=
=~O u ([#=i 10)x OQo"i Q=O z@~ H$l ~K~ `
O O` He OHO Q x~Oz JOî =### JO^H<O.
OQo"i rqÒ ~K# i^# K# _H~ N OQo "OH@
H$~=Q~ =Y JukQ qK HH L<x K OQo "ix
JOîH iK O K~. H$l ~K~ ` O O J^ H H~^~
NQuHO_ ~=, N _.l.q.~KO^, N =k~A ~=
eOQ~~=, N ~q ~OQ~=, zO`\ ^~ , N =î qO,
N Hi Pk<~}, N Q\ \ ~=H$+, Q= ^ N Q_
N~==i, N <^ "OH@ Q~=, N "e" g~ ~ =, N
î |= @O| ~=, N l.l.Z.Z.Z.q.^, N ~ Ki
~=H$+, NN ~ Ki [Q<#~= =O\ Q= ^ # D
=O^=OkH Q `` ky["O k. Q= JOkOz#
J~ H~O =~=xk. Qg} OÒ WO\
x~OK@O W^ ^= O. nx ky[xH JO^~ Ja#O^h.
=YOQ P Q=~ N=u =k~A t=H;, "i @O|O
x~Oz# ` z~ ~}
O. WO\ è *#~ ~~
X1
Q ` , H q =\ N q <^ ` <~ }Qi '' Q=O

#O^=~#, h Ow` ^~ N O_ <Q~~=Qi
Q=O H@~# x~OKx ~~u qOk. 57=
="O Q Ow` ^ ~ N `Q~[q P~^< `"x + |
OKq <_ 2112014# x~Oz `Q~[ qH J`~ [
K OK~` H~# # qxOKO. N `~=O[< H =[O
K` [ # U~@ KO. 58= ="O Q =Y K#z` #\=}
N=u JO[b^q, #@_ N JH<x <Q~~= =~}xH M
QOÔ [i x"iOKO.
D O=`~O q^~ HO WO`=~ U ~#
H~H=x x~OKH O. P @# 59= ="O fiOk.
xH J=~"} 22214 x"~O L^ O 11 QO@
*#~ ~~ Q ` s ''~=i ~ ^ [ Qi rqÒ, ~K#
q^~ J=Q# HeOK\xH =Y Hq, ~K~ u, q=~~
N=u =O^~ ==u, M` Hq N H .PO[< =~Q~ K`
KH\ OQx U~~z q^~ Q J=Q# HeyOKO.
LÒQ "~ x ^Q qx OkOK~. J=~"} q^~
~^[ rqÒ "~K#, ~K# =#= O|O^ =H $`
\ x~Oz |=u ^#O K=. N KH H+ D
H~H=xH ~H # K J=~"} QO^xH H #
|HiOz HiOK~. N Qa@ ^~^ J^H` =OKQ
J=~"} x N .q.<Q~A x~} K Ju^
qO^xK~.
N [ <= O=`~ LQk "_ H# LQkH =O^~A
30314 Pk"~O =Ô ~@s H P_\iO x~< O.
D l #= #O_ =z# H= `= Hq`# qxOz
Ji~ . O K M` D qÔ N H=~" t=^
X11
=Y JukQ qK ~ ~u LQk ~~x Q ~ . P `~`

"i ''D HKi ` `## K~ . PO^ ^ = uH O^
N l.=b~, q["_ PH"} OK N=u =O[i
H$+ =i, =Y P~ ^ "^ ~ N=u _H~ H . Nq^ (ZO._)
Pf Ju^ Q qK = ~~# JO^HO\~. H$l
~K~ ` O O =Y H~î N _.l.q.~K O ^ "^# ^
x ky[O K~ . D LQk H~H=xH Jx q^ HiOz,
P_\iO [~\xH J#=uxz# H....X.X.N ZO."OH>
~~= QiH, "i |OkH ~\s H J^ H H~^~ H~=~xH
H$`[` è* HO@<O.
qq^ ~OQ O K ^ # = QiOz ~ ~u
J^ N Qa@ ^~^ JO`~O iQ ~# "#
''= =}H H O Q ~ ~u 12= K ~}Q =kOz D
~A# Pq+iOK*O^x è*\xH O`+<O. Wk
^~^Q~ ~# U_= H O . D H O =^} Y~h L~
" Ò J"iH J= ~+O O\q LO@#
~ ~uH JÒ` P N "< x QH$+ Q~ i Oz H O
"=_\xH `__~ . "iH ~ ~u H$`[` è*Ok. "i
HiH ''= =}H H x ''= =}H O ^~ Ki}
J~# "< x "i ^~ u N=u "< x ` =u QiH JOH`q < O.
JO`~f = k<`=O [iQ D =i < D HO
Pq+iO|_@O JÒ` =O[=x q< =. ~ ~uH W\
=~ H~OkOz# "~OîH q#O` H$`[`#
`HO@<=. WH=O^ _ P^~} , Ja=#O, Pf`,
H~# JOkOKx H~`, JOk~x Pt< =.
=k~A t=H;
X111
H~î ~ ~u
< =@
"= <Q=i 2012 J"iH <~ H~e<x ~\

= J=~ z..q[H;, J_ J=^x" WO\H "o#_
|s fHx Kkq# J<H H = g^ ~# H
## Q PHiOK~. JO^ K=Ok =#" è<
è^xOzOk. P H P^~OQ qq^ ~OQ O K ^ #
=~Q JO`~O " ~@O ~OaOK#. Jq
JOîh PHiOK~. J^ =O ''qOQ = " = uH
O^ ~ N=u @ =`Q~ `= uH _ "#
~=x Hi` J"iH #O_ ==` g^< P uH HO
` HOQ " ~@O ~OaOK#. u < =~ k#=
`n# =~\ < "O ~=x "~ ~"~. J< ~
O < #. JO^ JK J~# `~` ~ ~u f |O^ =
O"_x. ^^ k# PiH P uH ~#. Wq HH
JO`~O <# u=O`# ~< L<#. W=h He
X1V
''= =}H i@ XH H ~O `"< PK# D =^ <

HeyOk. U~@ K qOQ <# ~Q K iO|_# "#
D H O K~ \xH N=u =`Qix J#=uOK=OkQ H~Q
"O@< O`+O` OkOz, HO `#O^ ## Ja#Ok
Òz, J#=ux JO^x < "# =~ H=O <
O~. "iH H$`[` # `HO@<#
Qa@ ^~^
'~ ~u ` O $uH O
L~
''= =}H H ~K# `__# H

N "<x QH$+Q~ < O, <` KkqOz#
women of power and grace, Lincoln's battles with God J<
~ O_ H .
b=`$N aH
+< K ~} ''=`$N J# ^q
b`Q q*# ~ O
bWOw+ gH_

bN "= ~zOz# ''p# ~f "
`
bJ"iH <~ H~e< ~+O
~\ x ab QO
|s <# Kkq# J<H POQ H
bN = i# ZO.Z.|H; "
bqq^ "~, = uH"=_# ".
bN =~
}
O ~=H$+Q ~ _H `= Qi ~# "O.
(nxx N ~q<x ~ O^~ = Q~ < O~)
b
XV
Wn '=}H =~
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
x~`# ^` J~ J#~ N=u _H `= Q~ ..........19

è`~O =^= <~O _~ JK=O| .......25
"# "^\ = =~^=u |O^^..27
J= x~K#O-l =_ J=
............30
x~ =
............34
"^\ ` ~ O P =-_H~ HÔah QOQe............36
J"iH Ki# "^\ O^ =
_H~ P#On *+
............38
s ZO.Z. |H;H '' $uwÒ
............41
J"iH PO^` [ O z_ ''#$` ~` - ............44
=[ " ''"h nH (HHx " x)
............48
=#~} = " ` - #~ <
............51
Q}` "^q... =#= HO@~ O`^q ............52
O^ ` q=~~, JOîH JHQ~
N=u .^ (^~ )~_
............54
h J=^x ''|=u#=u
............56
Q~= Q~= ^g ~} P#O^=~ = ............61
= " ` N=u zO` `^q, H . WOk~,
H ~[H;, q<kx ~ _, =O^=e Qs^q
............64
P_^ @@" P" <~O J~Ok\
............67
#=[OxH y"x
............70
* H=~ue "H yh
............74
_ e\
............77
=~î=~~\ J\=_
............80
H H~@O_~u ~~
............84
~K~` ~K~`Hî< =<
............87
Jyxe `
............90
XV1
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
=^= <~< PO^x

"~}Zge Z~~
Ki`H #= ~K~ uD~ ~
Zqb O\
[Qqe Zs
e_ "i K
=OK#, q=H` Q~# =x` " ` g@~
Si+ J` ~K~ u"i Z_= ~
= q^"` Z<x J_O ?
b< H~\
Pk" "}E_` ~ \
WOQO_ H#Q _iOQ
q=H wÒi_O< OQ
=O^=Ok eH è `=<
<~ =$u x=$uH JOH`" # _ H~O@~
JQ` H
=#= = =~ ~=^~ Hax
\< J"iH ~K~ uW JO_
f #=[O= UO*
Z_` "~<
J< OH
"HH = =}nO~i H <
k` ^ # HiOz J#q Oz# yx
`~ #=<
=e J"iH _O \ eOH< è <h
~ Z. |H
rq
J"iH è = _H~ Ze[` H "
XV1I
............92
............97
...........103
...........107
...........109
...........113
...........116
...........120
...........123
...........126
...........129
...........134
...........137
...........140
...........144
...........146
...........150
...........152
...........155
...........158
...........161
...........164
...........167
...........171
...........175
...........178
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
= =}H
1. x~`#^` J~ J#~ N=u _H `= Q~
`~ Q^=i l ~=KO^~O `H =O_@ 1841 JH|~
~O_= "~O _H `=Q~ [xOK~. Ò_ J#O_ "h OH~O, è
#~= Q~. P HO P_ K^ = Ò ^ . `= Qi è^ O _
P" Q~=Q LO_ ~} H^, @, ^ Z< <~~. =#
O^, PK~# "i #O_ D" <~Hx J=K~. ''Juk ^"
= J# =# O^x èÔ_ #O_ QOz rqÒÒ J= K~.
P ~A JOîH Q< `=QiH ~* `H OH Q#=~O Q=_
_H *Q# Qi` q"O [iOK~. J\H P" ^tH K^=
_ iH^.
D q"xH XH O^~O LOk. *Q# Q~ O#_, "^ O_`_
_. XHi XH O_` "o =KiH =Ô J~#O^# "x
OH~O Q~ *Q#Qix `# WO\H PxOK~. JH_ P# `=Qi
=~^, J}=, <~i`#O, K~=, O^ û =Q_ `=Qi
Ò_H è*~. `=Q~ JOwHiOK~. "O@< "h OH~OQ~
`= *Q#Q~ q"x XH =~O "=OQ [iOK~. J<#
Ô`Q "i^~ ~ `KH<~. J`Qi< èQ qOz `=Q~
19
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
P" H ~ K , Ja=#O Ok<~. P`, P^~} , z `

=~~Q Q=O ~ `KH<~. Juk JQ`# PîOK@O
`=QiH \ Z=~ ~xOKH<~. P" ~ P `H, l, ~+O,
Ô JO` =~"yOk.
PHeH O, QÒ, =Ò Ug LO_^x, PîOz J#O @\xH Wq
P@OH H_^x `=Q~ Ja_~. P ^g O_ P" P
x~`#^# H~H=O x~OK~. Z^\"i PHex =`" P" QiOK~
` WOHn H^. Jn P J#~= Q^#O. J#O HO =z#"iH WO`
J#O H_xO_ \ "iH O`$ HeyOK@" P" ÔQ qOK~.
WO`qOz P"H ^~`, è=. `# x~`#^#O QiOz
Z=i =^ P" QQ K H^ . K~xH, P~\xH P=_^ ~O `= Q~.
WO` Q H~H=O K< P" @O|O Ug =s JO` O#"#^g H^.
Hk\ O =`" LO_k. J_ P =O_O JO` OH=, ~"}
H~ JO`Q Ja=$k H^. Jh Q=. U H~= LO_qH=.
Jg KK^~Q ^~O ^~OQ LO_q. ZH_H "e=z< O` ^~"<
#_K ""~. [#O WO\ =^ K@" H =@ H@Hx "O@ fHx
"@". ZH_< ^~ Ò> \< LO_q P J^$+O ^.
Z=~< L^~ LO> WO\H ez [#O >"~. ^~ } [
Ô`, PHe` ^ iOKH =e "~ =^î<. WO\
"~Oî H" \# J#~ _H `=Q~. "i e\ P~^ ^=`.
`=Qi HO P OÒ PHe HH qxOKq H=x JO^~
K =@. Ju^ =O_ =_OK@O P" J, LO_kH^.
Jukx K P" ~=O. "i P" H` ^=" HxOK"_. H
^ ` "iH WO\H PxOz H=x ~zH~ [<x ^~x\` POQ
=O_ =_Oz Hi Hi uxOK"~. `=Qi D ^xH ~ *Q#Qi
H~O, `_@ =~=xk. Ô` e^~ ZO` x~_O|~OQ, P^~ OQ
rqOK~. O H+_ xK@O, ~ K J#^<xH =#iQ
HiOz, ÒK@O *Q#Q~ H~=OQ qOz K~.
`= Qi q`~}
QiOz Z< q<~
XH~A J~~u Q_x^ L<~ `= Ô`. Z=i^ ^~OQ
20
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
qxOzOk. J~ L< P" Z=~ XH~ JukQ J~~u "

=~ "#x Z^~ K"~. O`~ fHx ~ = ^Q~ "o Z=~< L<~"#x
K =z J_ x^=@O P" k#K~ QO. J_ P" Q=O
Q, ~, `\ , |@ @Hx ^^ k# =Ok "H\ ~x
LO_@O K~. "~ `=Qix K_Q< Hh @Hx `= LÔ
#O_ ZH_ # ^~H^x PHe` * J=\Oz`<=x ^Q
è H#H WO` J#O =^\ P^H=x "_H<~. J~~u x^ #O^
HqOK=x H~~ K` *_. `= QO_ Hiy Hh~Ok. "O@< "~Oîh
#u ^Q~ "o H K` H_Hx ~=x K =O\O\H "o ~g^
Z~ QO_Q# ZHOK~. J#O, , H}g^ =O_ T~Q`
=_O z JOîH POQ [#O \# J~ J#~ `= Q~. "~O^~
P" ZO` H$`[` K P" K#@ gk J~Qg^ ~Q x^~.
Wk q< Kkq< =#=Ò L# Z=iH< H# K=~Ok. U =O
Z=~ J<xH =z< P" =YO qQ Hx J@ Hx HxOKH=@O
q+O. Ju^# ^=x` H=@O =# =K P#OÔ Jk.
WOHi XH i[#_ Q^=i OH Hk\ ==O K
rqO_"_. OH< Q_ XO@iQ LO_"_. JH`Q Q^=iH
qs`"# =~^ =zOk. OH JO` h\` xO_~Ok. J`x Q_ "~H
g^ LO_@O` }O H~Ok. `=Q~ Juk = s KHx
~\ ` =Ò_Q ''J=! `= `b! <xH_ =~^ z#.
|=H PHe` } `<= J# HH qxOK~. "O@< P"
~ *Q#Qix x^ ''U=O_! Jq "O\=_ HH L<O_. PHe`
Kz`_" ? Jx K WO\ L# J<x =@H\ , T~Q _
\ Q K@` *Q#QiHz "o Wz~=<~. P# U=Ò
OHKO O_ "\x . JO^H `=Qi Ki`, Ki`
@ KiOk.
`= Ô` Z< o K~OK~. q^, L#<
21
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
q~ez HiOK~. = H, <\H =K Q "kH *Q#Q~

=O^ WK"~. #O HQ< "\x `= zH c_ " U~@ K
P~QO Q ^@_# `~` OOK"~. =#+ g^H^ =#
"iH ^=" HxOK_. q#=, ~ O_OK"~. _= _OH
` =e Q K "^\ iQ H|i, =q_ "^# =$H#
Oz# #` P Ô` k. JOî`# J K~Oz H#= JO^ =~^ i
J~. =Ozh\ = J<HO `qOz, `Qh\ =u HeOK~. `= Q~
`qOz# q ~~ JQ~O W\H HQ LOk. OH Q#=~O ''_H
`= Q#=~O J~Ok. ~ P~~ H@< ^~ ^=~O P#H@ H\ # `~`
Q#=~O P#H@ PH_H xiOK_. Zx ~ î H~~ _< 1909 `= Q~
=~}OK^H P" J#^#O x~O`~OQ H#yOk.
Z_~ ~A Ja#O^#
`=Qi x~`#^# q+O HH~ ^~ a\+ ~A U_= J_~
Kq# _Ok. 1902 `=QiH Q` `x HH~ ^~ JO^*_.
1903 `# \a +H =`"xH ~=OkQ P#O O_. Hx `= Q~
`<g u H HO D # K @O ^x Juk =~^ ~f OÔ
Jx ^xH WO`Q K~O JH~^x xÒQ u~iOK~. qY HH~#
O `=Qi \ f~Oz O_< ÒKH<_ ~A. P" XH |OQ~
`Hx Ti JOî =HO HH~ K` WOK_. `=Qi \#
~[^~~ Q~=OQ LOK_. u U_k `# \a+HO ~A# ^xx JO^~
îOK\xH gQ îOK"_ ~A. Hj J#~ ^"O `=Qi
z` @O LOk. ^=~O P#H@ x~} =O XH HH~ [~O =
`=Q~ P# Pu^qz J#O \ [~xH =O^ _ WK~.
O Ò
By command His Excellency The viceroy and Governor General in council this certificate is presented in the name of the gracious
Majesty king Edward 7 - Emperor of India to Dokka Seetamma of
Gannavaram in recognition of her well known charity
Sd. Stocks
Chief Secretary to the Government of India
22
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
~ ~O [gO^~ q`~}
Q^=i l HH~ ~~O ~A"iH `=Qi Q`<x QiOz

q=iOK_. P# `# Z< ^#^~ = K< `# ~x Hi
`=QiH ~=@O` x[O O` Jx x~iOKH"#H<_. XH~A
Q#=~O =z k"<` `=Qi J~Qg^ =~"+O` ~<_.
J_ `=QiO\ [#O K |@ =# Ju^ OQ, P"#
"~ Hi# q^#O JO` q<_. J_ `=Qi =HÒ, Q`#O,
J#^#O èOk. eH "o `# k"# _ P" Pu^x O^~.
J_ ~A P" Pu^ gQ XH Q=x ~#x `# =~"+O
=z `K#x K_. ''W`~ O` J#O\, J#O J=H<"~
^~uH <# # Jx YzÒQ K~ `=Q~.
`= Q~ Kx~# `~` H_ ~_x XOz 40 ZH~
q ~K_ [gO^~. u U_k P# ^~ H#HQ OK K,
365 ~ "iHOQ O `# q`~} ~A= KH<_ ~~O ~A.
`= "~k
^=~O =^ P#H@ H>@_ H@< ^~ H#= HO .Q#=~O
=^ XH PH^H xiOKx qOK_. 1859 PH_H H\ O z H#= H~`#
f~_. ^x` @ "#` #k g^ ~_ a_ _ 2000 U~_ ~î
H~O U~_, 45,000 ZH~ Qh\ H~O HeyOk. Wk P<\ H
H~ s y PK#. P< O_< =lO _H `=Qi
z`\x K P" ~ QH `= PH_HQ <=H~}O K_. nx
P<\ =Ou =O_= "OH> ~~= ~OaOK_. P<\ =Y=Ou KO^|
`, H` PH_H# @i \Q Ja=$k K#x g WK_. WO`=~
Jk [~Q^. "#` Q^=i ~O_= "< `=Qi OH Q#=~O LOk.
D ~O_ Q#=~ J<H x= +\OQ [~Q`~.
`= Qi ~ ~u H~H=
_H `=Qi QiOz# ~ `Q "KHO =~ =
U HÒ =~ LO_q. W_q H=@O Ôk. =K#O H~ N
KQO\ H>~~=Q~ \q K# `=Qi =#` =# =#O
=~z`<=x, D`~O q^~, = ~}Q P" rq` Ki`#
23
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
JOkOKx K~. nx ~ ~u OkOz 17092013# 51= ="O Q

''N=u _H `=Qi rqÒ J#^#O q^~ "~K#, =H$Ò,
Hq` \ x~Oz, "i` =\_Oz Hq` KkqOz |=Ò^ *Ok.
D q+ O è# `= Qi =x=#=_ Qi J~ JO> Wx =#=_ _H
~O^ J"iH #O_ < K Ja#OkOK~. `=Qi ~ ~+#
JO^*#x K~. k" ~# "O@< O~. ^xx ^= `~Qu
K^=`# ^ uQ =Q~ qî#, =Q~ q^~ =#OQ
~~u 52 ="O =OQ"~O OÒ N =~#< q
^"O `= Qi =#=_ N _H ~<~}Q~, f=} u~
Oî Ô` K` g^Q JO^* O. ^~^ #O_ ~O ^Qi HiH" ~
"~ WH_H =z ="O x, JO^*@O q+`# OìOKH#k.
| PO^Ô U f O `=Qi WO\ H~H=x K|@^x
JO^~ J#H<~. Wk ~~uH Q~H~}O. D ~HOQ x~`# ^`
J~ J#~ J~# N=u _H `=Qix OiOK =^=HO JOîH
HeyOk. b
24
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
2. è `~O =^= <~

O _~ JK=O|
~`^ O < "^\ = Ki` ~K~ `Q, =# ~+O
è `~O =^= ~kQ N=u O_~ JK=O| QiO
OkOk. H$l #OkQ= ^Q~ #QOz P" 1874
[xOzOk. Ò_ H=~A "OH@, H=~A "OH@H }~=
QiH î. Ò_ ` k"<Q xK"~. JK=O| P~
= =KiH Ò_ =~}O K~. "#== O _~ =^= ~=Qi`
^ = q"O J~Ok. k_= U@ H~xH "o Ô`
rqÒ ~OaOzOk.
JK=O| q^ g^ Jq`H LO_k. Hx ~ =^= ~=
JO^ HiOK^ . `=_ H }~= O` J`x ^Q~ Kkq
`Q, On, WOw+ , =~s + <iOk. `=_ a ~
L^QO K~\ xH "_` `< OQ OQb, Q[~f, O $Ò#
J Oz <~ Hx O ^ JxOKH#k. JK=O| Ô`
\# XH H_ `~ JH`Q =~}O K~. P" HO =~< fÒQ
LOk. D ^:YO #O_ |@_\ xH J~^Q~ J<^ # K~n
"iH =u, P~O =i q^|^ <iOz èQ JO_Q xezOk.
f~OÔ< "^\ =*x F~QO\ O^s ~Ò| Qi`
He ''|$O^=# =[O i@ 1902 =zb@O <HeOk.
''J| Ki` ~`= J< QO^x JK=O| ~Ok.
JO^ 1000 U HO<\ 34 =Ok O^ O^s=} Ki`#
=^ ~OQ =iOzOk. P" @x , JeH =Oz g}O LO_k.
''H JeH P" "# ~ ''O^ Oî uH K iOzOk.
25
Qa@ ^~^
= =}H
PO^^ O JO`\ ~ \Oz J<H L`H O Q K =^=xH
<Ok eH [<^xH "ix =` ~zOk.
[< ^ O J<H uH " ~ K` # ~z Ok. =
=*# O z =OkOzOk. ~+= O` uiy J<H K@ =
=*# <HeOk.
JK=O| PHOx J<H q+ < = g^
Q H^ ~ è`~O = ~K~ `Q QiO OkOk. `Q
a\+ = J<H rq` Ki`# ~ =~^ ~ #O KO k.
JK=O| ~# ''^# ^t H^ =#O JO^~O "^\
`Q H^xHQ q# 1901 =z# Q~*_ J~=Qi
''k^ @ H ^ H O > =O^ ~ # ^ # x JO^ ~ JOwH i Oz
JK=O|Qi ^# `^t H^ =`" ''è P^xH H^ Jx
ZO^~ O^~ xHzQ K~. P" ~K# ''c^ @O|O, M<,
`H O L<~. P" ~# ''Ô` ^= HO, q^=O`Q
=` XH q#O, q^ =O "^# " O^
Oî, ~ u uH K iO|_<~. JK=O| ''^# ` ^t
H^ O^ Oî 1902 K i`" O k. c^, = Ô` H^
Wk. n=o n _ "eyOKx Q~ îÔ "ik. ~ <~O ,
\O K _| OkOz n=o [~HO^=x Ò
K "iOz J`xx <~O \# ^ }
~t J~# =u H^.
^~_ H }~= O` 1901 JK=O| ~#
''J| K i`=x Hx Q HOî g~eOQO Qi =Y
uH ''zO`=} K iO|_~. P" ~# ''Y< =Y ~f
YQ Q}` "` ''=~ q~_ ~ Y# H^. JK=O|
^= O` ~ \Oz J<H =Ok ^ # q^"` ` iK O kOz
"i " OkOk. =^=xH =^` _ Q\ O k. 1905
[#=i 18# JK=O| `# ^~ _ H }~= ^Q~ =^ ^ x
a ~ =~}O zOk.b
26
= =}H
3.
Qa@ ^~^
"# "^\ = =~
^=u |O^^
u~u [xOz "_< _= _< , < L#` q^

Ok# ^ QOQ^ UO._ kOzOk. P~_ ~, "_H
< L^QO P~OaOzOk. P~\H YO_O i^< |$OÔ
i^# KOk. OQ~ x=i\ Uq+<, "_<
J \ ~ Q Ki J<H L#` < OkOk.
U~~ "_< \ P WO_ , WO@~+# "_H <
JH_q "^# O Q~= Ò OkOk. #~ JH_q
P < Q~= ~~ Q ` ^ . qt+ " "_, A.F.W.W.A
J"~# OkOk. _< s Hl L#` q^ ^=
} J~ Ps "_H Hl x H L^QO Ki# "^\
= =# ^ |O^^. 1981 " " Ô qt+
=OkOz# L^yxQ J~ `~O JO^HOk ^ . ^ q^j
^ "_H [~ uH Q i^< "# ~ K iOz#
qt+ = A
~ ^ .
Hi tY~
1971 WO_ H< Ô ^~ `
=OkOz#O^ ^ qt+ " ^H O Wz Ò Q~qOzOk.
27
Qa@ ^~^
= =}H
~f U~~ \ "^\ L=< Q Q~=O OkOk.
L`~ ^ = OÒ i^# x~Oz# è =Q ^ QiO
OkOk. _< s Hl Kkq 1978 H~ i K#
è = ^ . O@ "_H Za+ " O@# H=O_ KO k.
~f "# xK = "^\ iQ Z~~ " =~Q
^#u Ok# "^\ = P ~ ^ . O K "# "
=~Q ^#u Ok# "^\ = P~ ^. OK
"# " =~ J~# è = ^ . P~_ ~
J_+# _~ H~ J~, `~` "_H OK Z~~ p =~Q
2004 JH|~ XH\ # " +< Ok O KO< "^\ = U~
=~Q = HxH Q~ H~}OQ xez, = ~H}
O #
J~"# * @"# î OKQ ~ Jx ~A= KO k. `#`
@ x K # " <k H i Z . < |O^^ #
q"=_Ok.
[##O q^ _H~
1944 #=O|~ <Q# ^ q<^< J" Ô`
=~Q ^ u~u [xOzOk. è `~K Q [|_ @
JH_ rq`H=O` Q_@O K _H~ H"x, `# J=
O\ "iH = K < HiH |OQ HeyOk. _b H~}
=e
Hl "_H KkqOk. < "_H Hl U~_#_ ^xH
" sH ~# "^\ K J=~Q QiO OkOk. JO`
^~O O Ki J~^ KkqOK@O èÔ_ W+O
H =@O` K~ ^ . Hx a K K~\ xH "ix XOz A.F.M.C
KiOk. "_< Kk"@_ J<H "_, A, #Q^
|=` Ok "^\ #O Jx\ x|_Ok.
"# = Jx\ ^= #O
28
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
"# K~x x~~ P" OQ~ Z~~ ~
@ WO@sQ =^QO =zOk. P~_ ~ "_H Hl
Ki 1968 S.U.Z Hg+< J~Ok. HO\K =O^yOK@O
=# \Q = ^~^x "^ =H ^#`xzOk. 1975
H`Q =z# Uq+< "_< ^#`Q ZOKHOk. 23 i~
~ 27 K ~}` JQQq =Q x|_Ok. "^\ =
Uq+< "_< +eQ ^ xezOk. _< b_~ ^ _<
lr JO_ J_ < qOQ H=O_~ J~ Pe@_
Uq+< `~ t= = J^` i^# KO k.
JO` Z`# x K x =K [| x"~} PzOzOk.
~` ~+ u H "^\ = P#~i _H~ Q xqO|_ Jx\
=O^ xeOk ^=f |O^^.
WO@~+# "_H \ H #~ ZH_q P <
WO_< \ P U~~ "_< ~Ok. 1989
#=O|~ #O_ <Q < L`~ ^ = OÒ L+= O_ "
LO_\xH J#eOK i` ~+ < l l QO xKO k.
D x # "^\ ~f = ^. nxHQ# ^
J`#`" # WOk~ îx J"~# Ò JOkOz ` iOzOk.
Z~~ ~ "" " ~ \ ~~= OkOk. Q H < Q
" +< Ok t= H=O_ _ \ x "_H P ~ J~Ok.
Hi Ô " x "^ J=~# ~ "HO zOk. 2006
E< 26# ~` "# "^\ = H=O_~ J~ iH~
$+O zOk. Z~~ ~ "_H x\ H=O_~Q Q = KO k.
nxH 2002 [#=i 26# Ò K` qt+ " `Hx OkOk.
xH, JOH` "xH, = =~^ i Q xez# = =}H O
^=f |O^^.b
29
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
4. J= x~K#O l =_ J=
''h Uq K<" JOî ^x< K_@O |u O^@".
u^ qkx =~=. \Ok H^, [iQ^ =~O. =#=_ #_H #=Q
g^ P^~_^, ~Q ^ J< ~O_ ~O_ Qg^. rqÒ =
`~}O, =` ~}O. "HO x^ H=O ~^, `$ =H. kQ l*,
`< `. =~O x^ ~O, qO, H~=" Q=O`_. qk =~O O\k.
HOîH J#O, HOîH uO. ~} ^=O. ~` J#~Q" q~QO.
<# J=#, g~ < a_ Wg JOîH J=, J=H x~K#O J~# l =_
J= Ja +}O. z# z# =@ ZO` rq` ~= ~x, H~" x kOzO^?
H "^x+` ~O JO` g\< LOk. P` , Pf` , P^~}

J= =~~ xezOk. l=_ J=Q< JOîH `. J= rq`
q# `HOÔ.
O q"O
J= QO@~ l #~ ^Q~ x =#= Q=O

28031923 P Ti H~}O =#= ù ~, ~OQ= [xOzOk.
J#=Q <=H~}O K~. `#O Q <Q= OHO Q_zOk.
z#\ #OK J= J<H == K JOîH P~O HeyOzOk. è
~OQ= Kx` JO^~ U_O > U_= =^x J= ^=_ ^Qi H "oO ^x FîOk.
30
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
XHi @ =<~} q Q_H "_` *i Q=xOK O_ Q_ `

= "oQ JH_ qzH` K Jx\H P^~O q H#H q [
Kx KOk. =~_ LÔ *i =z Q_ ` `~=Q< J=
~[H; J="~Q ^~#qzOk. =~i XH b L^y J= "_x
eQ~ fH=\xH u J= f WzOk. J`# P~_ =m H`
J= "_ JOHiOz #=iOz "o_. J= JOîH J#O` qO
HeyOk. P"# ~ ^=` ~}Q qOK~. ^=_= U@ J=
"#` H#H=Qi ^ H_ |O_O <Q~~=` 05051936# @
q"O K~. H~O @ \~. <Q `~` 1940 l=_H
P Ô` Ki JH_ H~=<~. P Q=xH } H~" ^. "i
^H_ ~= Q= ~OK J~# `~` 1966 ~_ "~.
îH H~H=
1950 #_"q XH < PHe` J=\ #_z eÒ> J=
K WO\H ez PuÔ HiOK=x HiOk. P T ^"O ^ H#H
`# aH HiOK#x KQ J= =# `_e XH ^"O, O` Ò
U~@ Kx qOzOk. Ti "~Oî H~O H~` Z=iH W|Ok
HQO_ ~A ''_H_ aO ^HO U~@ KOk. u WO\"~ ^x
HiOz JO^*"~ "\x Ô K JO^ HO` QO ^" x~}xH
LyOK@O P" PK#. HkHO< Wk J^` q[O kOzOk.
''_H_ aO J<k =OÒ xKOk. 1958 PQ k##
''J#~O ~O`=O KOk. P Ò [#O K\xH PH
J~`. J~` "+^~} |\ HO_ PHex |> J#O \Ok. Jx ^ HO>
PHe ^ Z= J<k J=, =[Ox Jx =~"~ Jx~H "~ J=
Ku J#~ ^x J=`=#OQ P~yOK~. J= `# WO\x ''JOî
W Jx ~ \Ok.
@ + Pu ~Q J~\ . ~"#O, e~ Ok
J=. JOîh =#OQ K_@" J= =#. XH *u+_ =z U^<
J_Q=O> ''$+ U } PHe` ^_O_ LO_ ~A Z_O^
KO_? Jx J_y P# Ju_x KOk. J^ JuH =`$Ò. Jk
J=H ^ O. J#O` @ |@# JOîH JOkOKk. l =_ =z#
31
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
u"~ J= Ô u#O_, J= Wz# =# OÔ_ "o# "

<~. =~i "^= q J< "+= q =^ J= "Q èx
Jx è JO^~ `## qOK@ K< Jx J_Q_. J= ''JO^~ ##
qOz<, ^+Oz< <# JO^s qOK@ Pj~kOKO_ Jx Hi `# #_=_H
XH k= =~x Z#H#k J=.
O $` ~ qÔ =O P^~}
O
== "`=~}O LO_@ JOîh KOk J=. JO^~ JH
Ke, J< `=_Q< JH_ "Q@O q+O. J= xk ^= x^ "iH.
1971 O $` ~, H# J= <He =# O $f, O^
"H =O^_Q "Ok. JH_ Kk" u"iH Lz` =u, [# H~
HeyOz P^~ "#k. 1978 ~Q~ HO XH Lz` q^x Oz
=OkOzOk. J\H L# P~ ^ qq^xH `_Q q "^ ,
Ju "^ U~~zOk. `# =~ = JOî =#=`x,
J#|O^x, J#~Qh OOkOK Ò` OzOk. ^ [~e N
ì "OH>~~= =# K = ^=` ~O HxOk Jx
Hx_~. J= `# ^Q~ =K ~Qe = =^ Ok. P" "i e@
H=$HO, H=^#=Q ^ x"iOKk. ^g q~=} K# "iH, [|`
^_` Z=~ \ OKHx "iH JO_Q ''P^~}O U~~z "i e\
n#|O^" J~Ok J=.
K ~} x=
=`$N aH+< @# 1966 ~OaOz O $Ò^ On, Xi
+ =O^ Q KiOz J= `x OK=O` Oz_`<~.
1971 ''q[#h i+`# U~~K~. J= J_ ~=H$~= Q~
"^\ Q Hx _ `~ K~. `~` J~QO@ _"O@s zÒ J=
=zOk. k# s l=_ [iQ Jx H~H=#, J= ~@#
~`= "_H Jh zfHiOz N HO_=k ~=H+ ~Q =Y
#@_ .*.~ H"O@i K_, ` =~ H"O@s eO `~Ok.
J= rqÒ ''=`$N rqÒ Ò O^~O ~O ~` _H~
a.Z.Q} `Q qqÔ i^# K ''=`$ N `` ~O ~
=kOK~.
32
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
J= =#O
q"# #^~ \ ^ ~ O= @, = =H~,

K` xO_ QA, XO\xO_ p~ HOQ HHx, z~#=` POQ
''~~ < H<, ~ J= Jx POQ #@ K` K J~ J#~
^qQ HìOKk J= J#=. K_Q< H `` }q<
PK# =# =z xO_ $Ô` #=i~. P O~O, =, P^~}
J=^#O L# H=^#O J=< JO^~ îOK"~. J= P~^# L#"i
HO =O J#~O U~_~, i` qOz# Q~=
^ J# J= Q~= ~. 1958 = ~q <_ #=_ "Q J<
FOH~ #k JOMH J= ^t~A ~[=Qi J~# "~
=O`^ O K z~ ~}
~O k. 16021981 J= ~ , JOîH ''<#Q~
J~# <Q~~=Q~ =~}OK~. 1973 J= U ~`=O
=O XH OH JH=OkH [#O \Ok J=. qye# ^~#
H^, [K~ \OzOk. =*`=O <_ = [ K~OzOk.
J= P~QO H=OQ H}OzOk. ZO^~ "^ J= P~Qx H_ Ò
K< eOK^. J= \ Ô, ~ Ô [iyOk. ` #O_
\ #O_ ~HO zq `\ OQ =i=@O [iy JOîH P~O
HeyOzOk. J=# ''Q ~H+ u Ok# [Q<`Q H=~A H;HO`
y, HO` y =iOK~. 12071985 J~" =_= U@ J=
[Q^= He~Ok. 05051987 J= H} k<`=O ~A# J=
qQ u# [iyOk.
J=# rq`HO OîOz# =Y ~=~^, P`#O^
q H } fO^, #~O y, H~ L= =~ O_\, ~O
~ku t= ^#O^ ~fq, ^ ~ u, H~}N, [\#
~Ò, [==_H =^= ~=~, ZH~ H$+=K~, @i
<~}K~, ~ *K~, ^=i "OH@ ~=} Q~
=O\"~O^~ L<~. =H Q `Q# J~^ POQO# J=
H# =`$N aH+< KiOz J= ="H n HeOk.b
33
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
5. x~
=
= * 1997 E < O_# H<
[xOzOk. q^ "H H$+ KO k. è|# q^# x+kOK~.
< O_ =< WO@~\ Q è|# x~O ^~}#
ZO_Q_ ` =~~` PiH ~Ok. = q^ Z<
q+ # `# =<"# P Q ~k. P" ^~
"z# #~ >" P" _"O@s fO _Q # O J_ _ O k.
J<H WO@~, \.q.Q= Wz x~
OQ = kH~`#
K~O KO k. P" WO@~+# K * ^H}
H <_
_O_ @@ ^#O K_.
2012 JH|~ `qk# = |i Ok. P" H"
=O^ < H~O Z^~ K# Q<= < P" =_ ~O_
`H` H_. XH |\ P" #^\ Z_= QxH `HOk. Jk
[OH ^ "oOk. "O@< P" $ H~Ok. P"#
WOQO_x iOQ O L# H< Ze[` @ K~~.
P" Jx~H #~" H~ HeOK~. H< x WqH
34
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
=` O h = è|# ^_x Qi ` *s K~. W"g
\ O KHO_ è|# P"#, P" Ò_x KO=x H\ O K~.
= [iy# J=#+" # ^_x O KO JO` f=OQ
YO_Oz P" Q xezOk. <>_ <+< KOk# Q|
Z_H+< ` H JkHi J~# Q~< < = ~ ''S O
= J< ~ XH \ + < # ^Y K O K"O Q
L# eHOîH q^ H~O HeyOKx H~_. nx`
H< q^ aOzOk. Wk = =". >O
"Q*< P" =YzÒ` XH ` H OzH "=iOz P" x
nH# Hx_` ''O__ W<
O+ W< k =~ i@
` H "O "=iOz Q~=O HeOzOk. H< "^\ ''<+#
` * # = Wz Q~qOzOk. 2013 < Ou
~~xH P" <q<\ J~Ok. J~` Jk ~^ Hh ^ ~
Ju # = <q<\ J~# =uQ P" Ki` $+O zOk.
2013 |iOQ O |sx = OzOk. Y~" |=ux
OkOk. 2013 = J< * H #_ Q~= ~` x
^#O KO k. Jk XH J~^# qt+" # Q~=O. Ju # =
Wx J^` kOz# = JOîH P^~ O J~Ok. Px <
\# = = =}H O =. Ò_ =$^= = H ~
a\+" i` [iy# Ô g~ F_Ò> =O^s =`
~z ^~ O QxH `~e "ix LìzOk. ''D Ô g~
J=~g~ HH` g rq` =~O Jx L^H i zOk. "i^~
a\+ < Ku g~ =~}O O^~. a\+ x `= Q=xH
KOk# =ux KO`, "~Oî P# `=~~. J^H O @#.
P == ~ D == \~ . J^ i` , ^~ O` D ==
^Òk.b
35
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
6. "^\ ` ~ O P = _H~ HÔah QOQe

a\+ `HO "^\ `~O = @ ^~ HH
`, "^ O tH}
Ok# "^\ ` ~ O _H~ N=u HÔah
QOQb. 1861 A 18# c~x Q~ | =[ =` _
=[ H~ =~Q [xOzOk. Ò_ _ =~ Q xK"_.
Q~ = q"K<^=x J K~} =eH` He
#_#"_. ~`Ô< "^\ = =*x Q~
1863< O z# P^~ ~+_.
HÔax ^q H q^ =OQ = qÔ ~O" O k.
1878 JH_ `< U~_Ok. D #O_ HH`
qqÔ " sH ~# è =Q HÔah QiO
OkOk. P" ` e ÒQ ` < Hl WO@~ H~#, `~`
_w H~# 1883 ~OaOK@O q+O . ` < Hl #O_ HÔah,
KO^=d | "^\ iQ _w kOz iH~ <H~. nx`
a\+ `HO "@"^@ _w Ok# ~f =Q
Ki` $+O K~.
HÔah HH` "_H Hl Ki "_< i KOk.
1886 OQ "_H Hl _wx OkOk. D # q[x
J_ kOz#"~ W^~ W^~ =. XH~ HÔah, ~ O_="~
36
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
P#Ok Q *+. `, "^ JxH J#=u kOz#
gi^~ Q~ H~}"< ~. 1881 J| J< P" _ "
sH J~< "_H Hl " O aOKH =@O =# =^
"o JH_ Ki< "_< i K H =@O qK~H~ " # q+ O.
"^\ L^ #Oz, KO^ " =#+ #Oz HÔaxH
J_O~_< H=OQ P" JKOK qO, nH` JkQqOz
~QqOzOk. 1882 WOQO_ "o JH_ Z_O|~ L.R.C.P. #,
Q L.R.C.S. #, _a< #O_ G.F.P.S. # kOzOk. _ _a<
P u Hk H O q^=OkOz ` ~ ` O` O Q H
"^\Ok.
O O~, q=H L^= <_ |=[ J#K~ _
J~# ^~H QOQbx HÔah 1883 q"=_Ok. `~
~Ò x QQ x Hi r=# i` "~Q~K \ xH, =
q=H ^# D Ô` z~ ~}
"# = K QiO O^~.
1889 ~` *f HOQ [~# P~Q~ = HÔax
XH~. 1908 OQ q[# `~` HH` HÔax =
="x x~OzOk. ^H}Hx \<" Hi "
# uQ HH` `Q O [iOk. "i O HO ^#
H~} KOk. Zxqk=Ok è J~# HÔah QOQb
@O| ^ `# Ju^Q x~OKk. @x JeH P"
| <~ i. J"iH< Ki`H~_ _q_ H D Ô` J<#
=, "=O Jx`~ ^ "# q Jx ~_. J_# i` #
JkQqOz QOQb Ô` kOz# q[ J=#"#q.
OQb q=H ^# "iî H$+ x~=#O. 63 U =
1923 JH|~ =_# HÔah QOQb H#=Ok.b
(qOQ = " = uH K iÒ)
37
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
7. J"iH Ki# "^\ O^ = _H~

P#On *+
HÔah QOQb`@ "^\ iQ "^ \ Ok# "^\ `~O
= _H~ P#On *+. J"iH Ki# è O^ = _H~ _.
1865 =i 31# =~+x < [xOzOk. P"k O# O^
} @O|O. z#`#O =# Jx =^Q eK"~. `q^= U@<
Q ~=*+` @O|Ox "~ P" q"O [iOK~. q"O
`~` ~ =# ~# P#OkQ =~_. H< Q=Q xK
PbQ =i HH` "_. J^ "#"_ J=@O` ~#
Jxq^ ÒK_. H q^ J=~O Jx qOK"_. PHO JO^~
O $`x Kkq` Q~= WOw+ ^#`# QiOz, P#OkH L# Ja~zx
`Hx P" POQ q^xH ZO` HiOK_.
^Q= U@< XH =Q"_H [#xzOk. J=~"# =O^
O H#O^# k ~AH P "_ Kx_. D O@#` P"
_H~ J"< |"# HiH HeyOk. P" Ja+# è* J"iHx
38
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
^ q+#s ~ "~ *| ~_. H< =Ò fHO> `H

O K#x P# ["| ~_. Wk Ô` U=`= W+O^.
"~ `# uH gi` [i# L`~ ``~# KiOK"_. nx #
*sx ~ LO_ k_H H~O@~ K^=@O [iyOk. ~ *+ ~
P#OkH "_< K^=\xH W# Ò Kkq H~O@~ J|~_ P"
J"iH = =u =Q~ H~# `# U~@ K#x *| ~@=
[iy~. J<H *| ~f O $f O^# P#Ok k _H
è*Ok.
Wk W LO_Q *+ Ô` HH` LO_Q P#Ok P~QO
H} O zOk. `~K Q `<, J@, |#`, [~O` ^ _ O k. Wk `H#
k _H P" `y# =O^# P"iH #O_ O<, D" "_< [#"g
HxOK^. WO` *+H ~=~ |kb J~Ok. P" Xu_H <Ok. WH
`^x J<~QOQ L<, ~# J"iH "_< K^=\xH Ox
x~~OK_. L#` q^ <i JOîH P^~OQ LO_x `= K_.
`~ ~< J< _H~ Ô` P#Okx xx ="< "_H HlH
JH +< O=x xK~. P#Ok J"iH K^= \xH "O^x `H#
O^ KO^ "^ P" x+Ô qkOK~. K=Ok P"< |i
Hk=Ok P" H= =Ò fH=@O =Ozk Jx J<~.
~=~ Hl P#Ok JOîx ="~z `# "_< Kk"
L^x ^xHO J"iH "`# q+x è*Ok. ~`Ô
O^ _H~ ~x, P H~` f~\xH `# "^KH<#x, WO_ XH
= "^ H# OK PK# `# LO^x q+OQ KOk. `#
H= =`x fH#x x~OÔQ H\ OzOk. P" L<O q#"~O`
ZO` "z OkOz _| q~Q JH_HH_ H\ Oz JOkOz P" P
Ln# HeOK~. P<\ " ~ P" L#` qÔ HO ~O_ =O^
~ q~OQ JOkOK_.
HH` #O_ #~ K~< J< <H P#Ok }O KOk.
`~ |~< iKO L# W^~ = P"` }O K@O T~@Q
LOk. 1883 E< k _H H~O@~ P#Okx #~ He QuOzOk.
" O @< x x = " ^ H ` # # " _ H QO
39
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
J#=uOK=O^x JH+< OQ J\ Hl _< ~M _ P"#

J#=uOz K~H=@O` OKO< "^\ iQ "_H QO #
=Q Ki` $+OzOk P#On *+. O^q^= U@ "^ q^ K^=@O
~OaOz# P#Ok JOî =### OkOk. Hx J"iH J"@Hx
"`=~}O, J#OQx P~O =# H=H=OQ P~QO H}
O z H
"kH
Q~Ok. J~< ^~O _hO_ Kkq 1886 =i < 11# "_<
_w kOz, JOîH P^~OQ xezOk. ~ `x qx x\ Ok
''Obstestrics in Aryan Hindus JO> ''P~ O^ =[O =O`x`#O
J< `H q+O# n ~ =iOzOk. P#Ok "^ _w ^<`=
Ze[` ~} P" Ja#O^# OÔ O@O =~ ~x =#`
q+O P", =# =OîH.
kOz# q[O` P#Ok *+ ~`^xH 1886 uiy =
"k=Ok Ja=# P" g~z` Q`x eH~. H ~ ~[ O#O
P"# P~ Z_~ @ "~ WOKiQ xqOz Q~qOzOk. Hx
qk =HOz P#On *+ =~\ U_^ W~" ~O_ xO_O_< 1887 |=i
26~ =~}OzOk. WOH ZO` = Ke# P" rqÒ JH`Q =y@O
Ja=# riOKHH~. P" =~}xH ~`Ô JO` OÒ
H\ OzOk. P" JH# J"iHx P"# Jx q^ P^H# k_H
H~O@~ OQ P" "\x ZO` H`, Hh\` #~ H J< `#
@O| # "\H ^~z#k. U [#<O`~ $^" Wk?b
40
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
8. s UO.Z.|H;H '' $u wÒ

`# Q<x Q = îÒ K, ~~Q ~OlÒ` O Kx ~= tO* ,
=^~, =OA QÒ` "#~z, ~`^xH O $uH ~iQ
xez ''~` ~` "# Ow` ~` O s UO.Z.|H;. P" ~= kOz<
P ^ =Or~ qx< =<~. Ow` ~A $^ ÒQ
xez# P Ow` ==l =~}OK@O riOKHx Ja=#, P" O`
~+O _ Kx J~ $uwÒ# KiOz, $^ O^##,
Ja = # JOkOK~ .
WO^ =Y` ^ i H $ l
q#@ "=_, P#~"i J_, <Q~#Q~ WO[hiOQ _~
"O@ P Superintendent N = Jx =|_ |^~~=. x#
OÒ = WO\H =z P Hx < WK~. P# =Oz Hq, ''~[h
Oî J"~ Q`. |H; O_+< _. P" 95= [Ou
E =Ok. P<_ =Q"# |H; rq` Ki`# "=iOK x
=#@ K~ =#. iHOQ Ja#OkOK#. JO`H^ +<~ =,
''~` ~` a M< $uwÒ _ `~ ~Ò^x =Oz H|~
è*~. "i JOi` nH, H~^H` Ja#O^# Ò.
W_ '' $u wÒx q# è*~ . ~f =i=`x
`# #_H, P~O, ~, ~Q Q#O "qOKHx K_OQ< ~O_ K`
Zu =#~ #=iOK< =# HQÒk. ~f = ~xH
P" x"` JÔ . D "x uaOaOK KH x z` D H O Oîz
JOîH P#OÔ HeOK~. P" =~}xH O*e \Oz# "i Hq`
=<" WO^ OîK~. =O^# =YzÒ P" `# u
_`# J^` ~OQ \ z~~}OQ =Ok. z=i =YzÒ ~O_
K` He #=i# \ ''Q<xH, HxH WOH = J# =# HeyOz
H# K=~Ok. =Qi Z_\ OQ Ja#O^#.
41
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
=r ~+u, =[# i ^` ''~`~` J| HO |H;x

i P" =O` qx Jh, J<\ `<# ~} `zO^x JO\~.
P" H ~+_ |HiOz# H=h |=u Jx HiOK~. ~~_<
OwÒ` q=O KOkOz# q^+ Jx =#~ ''wÒ[e QO Ja=iOz,
x"iOK~.
u ~ "#H XH ~ LO\_x, P" J^xH H H~
JOkOz# P" ~ ''He J< ^t=O Qix u OK~ =. ''P" _H `
^= _ `"~^ J# wÒ D "x J`^ÒQ eHOK~.
P"# ''"_ " J<~. `#H `< H^ =#H Òy K_Q H=h
~O Jx, Ow`x TyOz, Oz eOKQ J=# g}O =# =
qÔ~x "K~. ''|` _# iOK 'r= ~O J#@O P#H
KeOk, <# |H; =He} J< XH XH "HO` ^=} QeK# Jx
= qh Hq` "Q "x kQ_.
_H~ ~e "OH>~ ''Friend of Pleasure Hq` UO.Z#
~^ KuOz ^~O *i~# "}= Jx, P"x OKO yi~#
Q_ =O^x, P" P^xH g~ Jx H =O` JO[e \OK~. ##<x
~[=i P"# ''O^ =i h=, Ow` =[ Hi h= Jx K=ye#
H#` JO\~. ''Q ^=` Hq` z~ "h^q L^` =$^ =^~ H
OH`x <^ =OQ ^~#O K~OzO^h, u WO\ ÒQ "eyO^h,
=#=` Ow`x qxOz# =#x Jx $^~H x"OkOz
"h=`Q D *u JO` P" ~}Q `#x =# ~}x Q~
K@O`@ t~ =Oz *ìOK~.
''*#~ Ow` Hi} Jx ed` Ow` =^~"} Jx, =}
J" ~^x Jx ^x `~OQ ~~} JO@ P" =~}"~ Ow`=e
`_eO^x H` KO^~ H#i "OH>~~=. #@_ U.q.Z ''^ "OH>O
~q ~q =K# ~K# ''< Ô Ow` ~` ^xx H~Ok. UO
J< =^~x, Z J< ~x P" WO\~Q =~HOk. = HO =m
~ J=. #" ^=Ò` =~. #= H"e h @ H"e. JO^HO
= =<` ` #~H@ K"` ^=` ^~M KO\O. <
Ô F Hj~O, F ~ ^"O, F u~u HÒ, F |H; QÒ
=`" =<x P" ~f =# Ow` ~} "= Ò|O^x
42
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
+OQ `# e K~ U.q.Z.
''x^ z# ^=_ Ò `KH< è <=O UO.Z Jx, W_
HKs ''H} qxOK@O ^x, $^ e XH wÒ H =~#`
Ò "O^x ''è <=O D`H@ ~= ^ ` $Ô` P"^#
KO^~. "=^ M^~ M< ''#~ [##O, #~ =~}O ^^ _ h
@HO #= =m "O@< ~"x Pt PHOH H<O `b Jx
P"# #: [xOK=x "_ H<~. ~= Jx Z.H .^H~ JO> J=~Q#
~u Jx UO.q.J~ J<~. W.~ ''=, =\QA Hq`
P" J" W+=x, J# =\ =x+x "K~. Hq, ~K~` #@^~_ ~}
''P" ~` û Q~= `Hx QO g^ u# u=~ Qu. P" H`
=~g} =$^} Jx Ow` ~~#` # x"eK~. P" @ ^@
z# =O^=, x` #`#OQ QoO^x H =^ = "~.
''@ "e =Y Hq tM=} ''^# K K ~=^ <xH
z=iH QO`< ^#OQ =KO^" JO@ P" @ P` =^~O,
J[~=~O, "< H~, = = #= L#O` HO Jx =i~.
JH~ =} h~[#=OkOK~ tM=}. M` `~ qÔ_ ~qOH~
`# è# P"# i JO=O x^x, q# q^` P" P~}x,
Ow`x P"Q PûH uH f" Qey# OwÀ_ `# WO`=~
`~_^x, P" ^=Ò =sqOz# Ow` q^#} J<~. ~ K
^#^~# K P# ^ ''t=O JO> Z_ U^ XH\ J=è "iH
WK"_ J<"~@ ~^Q. P"k Jx HO> Jf`"#^x, QO x[OQ
Jkf"O^x, K `Q i^"# "^QO` xO_ LO@O^x xO_
=#` $Ò[e \OK~ ~qOH~. x[OQ< P# Ow` O_\ H^.
Wq HH =~o, *^, @=, j, "[O` = =#Q
"~O` ''P Q#O =^~=$Ò Jx =#iQ **O^*~. z=~ P"
rqÒx qq^ \# ''"~Q xe~. UO.Z JO` JOÔQ P"
Q`=O` iÔQ, P" Q#O JO` qÒQ, D $u w`# JO> Elegy
# # x"oQ P" JO^*# = Qix =#~ Ja#Ok<#. =#
*u =}n, =#e O $f O## K# =#=OîH WO\
h~[< =#O JOkOKe. = HiOz# "~Oîh Ja#Ok<#.
Wk x[OQ JO^~ QO He# '' $u ~".b
43
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
9. J"iH PO^ `[O

z_ ''#$` ~`
^=e
H$+Qi "#H_ `, J# QiOz

èx PO^ O_~ . *#^ Ow`x |OQ~ H ^ q^ T~yOz#
^s=}. ^=e "i w`# ^=O` _ `Q [# $^# ~
qÒ K#"~. JO\ Wî J#Q~ q"O KHx J=~
J# J~. P" uH ~`" ~` . ~` ^ z_
#$` ^~~, ^N _H~ "O\ z#ÒQi t+~. Q~=Qi =^
Q tH} Ok, P#`#, P" W`~ HH~ ^~#`# PO^^ = O`
~\Oz, =O^k ^~#ez ~ `KH<~. =~ J< "ix q"O
KHx W_ ''~`=~Q ==iO|_`<~. =~ 25 UQ
J"iH >H ~+Ox < #Q~O ''JO[e J< <@ O# Oz
#$` = K<~. JO^ z_`@ ~`<@O "^# ~f
#$`s`# Jx\x <~ `<~. =O^k q^~ P" tH} xz ~OQ" O
K~Oz, "i <\a~zH ^Ô K# = HHi} ~`. P" O
Anjali-Center for Indian Performance Arts.
2002 "= J"iH "^\ iQ = J=~ " L# <

=KO. JH_ = |O^ = "q H;Q~ XH~A# ==e ~ x=i\
XH J=~ z_ <i, ~OQ"O K H~H=xH f"~. J_
~`Qi ^Q~ <#, < N=u "o HiOKO. K KHQ =\_~.
JH_ L#"i èQ~ J# Qix iKO K~. P" = z#\
#O_ è# Pq_. H$+Qi` = iKO Q~ `K<O. P"
""=~ è P~~. ^=e "ix P" ''== J< Ok~ .
=^ L# = ^H =^, = H$xkQ~ J#QiH |O^ =.
44
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
Q `, J=h Q~ K H<~. Q i ~ JO> P" J`

Kx~O^h
K~. "oO\H ~=<~ Hx ZO^H ^~^. P `~` =_ HÒ
"O\ z#ÒQ~ z_ [i# Ô^ P~^<`" ~` P#
P#O J"iH #O_ Q~=Qi gk H` z_ =z ~O_ ~A
H~H=O x "~. <# XH~A H~H=O P"# K <
iKx *HO K#. P" P#OkOzOk. P "kH g^ lecture cum
Demonstration KOk ~`. <# Ok N<^ =Hq c=YO_O
~# Ô "xH Ht q<^_ qH HxOz# f~# XH Ô
=iOz#^x ''KO^ aO##, KO^~ M =o, hO` , hQ _ ^=
`H}, ^=dOQ_ =^# Or=x =^# ~_ <QO^ x #, <Q
O_î, =# "# Q` =#H~ Kk"#. P" ''z#Q <
^Q~ iQ`Hx =z ''"~ =~ P Ô K J^ÒQ LOk. W^
<# "^\ i q#@O. Jk ''< HyÒ g^ ~=~? <# < t+ ^x
#$`~O \ <i# Jx HiOk. P#OÔQ JOwHiOz ~K#. D
=^ < [iy# ''<\ `Q "~ KiOz# =h~ P" `#
Q~= Qix Q~ `KO@, `# #$` <x QQ Pq+iOK~.
JO^x Hx =Y q+, P q^+=} ^## g JO^*<#.
~` `# è J#Qi = z_ <@ " x `H<~.
JO^ "tOK OHO Hey, ^x JOz OKxH z_x iKO
K Q J^$x OkOk. J_ P" #@~[ ~=H$+, H~_ #~O ~=,
|O^ H#HeOQ~~= O\ =#=` iKO HeyOk. WÔ` P"
=^ è QiO@ L#\ OQ`. J< #~OKiQi |O^=
~=KiQi`# iKO. z_ <@ Q~= "ÔÒ H;<~}
Qix ''``Q~ Jx eKk. P< `## =_ = X_
~@Hx =^# <iOK~@. P# Q#O K ''=O` ~ =ix
W\H =iz#O\~. J# u` _, H "O@ P#O^ H~"~@.
JOîH J^ J# u HeQ k. J\ #OK `# z_ g^ Ja~ z HeyO^x
K Ok ~` . è J#^q "O\ z#` O Qix ~` ~OQ " xx
<\x =~=x H~~@. J< P# P#OÔQ JOwHiOz HiQ
K~. D<\ =~ P @# iQ Ò` `# ` WOH=~ ~OQOg^
45
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
#\OK^x P#OÔQ Q~OQ è*~. nxH `# <@ Q~= ÒQiH

rqÒÒ H$À~ e#x JO\~ q#=OQ.
1961 K^= i J~Ok. Hl K~\xH Hx <
==k LOk. JO^Hx DQ <@O <~H"x HiH HeyOk. èQ~
"O\ z#ÒQi =^ K~~. J\H ÒQ~ <@ qÔ Oz#
^~ ^=M, =Q~ ÒQi HxH =Q~. * K~~_
<Q~~= ~ ^Q~ "O\ "i qÔ LO_k. PO^ =
~[``" `Qix `Q XH #$` ^~# U~@ K~OK=x
J#QiH K~. J#Q~ "O@< [OQ ~~Q~ ~# ''N
H$+ i*Ò #$`~HO # î QO@O^x K~. ~` ` =Q,
~= ~=} ~H}Q, K =i H$+_ Q =i <~_ Q `` ` OQi
P^~O ^~# [iy |O_"# q[O kOzOk. ^x` ~`
z_ g^ PH qsÒQ iyOk.
ÒQ~ WO\H =z <@ tH}xK"~. ^=e H$+Qi Q
~K# ''H"u" ~OQqH ÒQ~ #$` s` <~~. P `~"`
'q<~} <@HO "Ò <~~. JO^ ~` ^=^qQ, D<\ h
#@_ KO^"< J~Q, ^ q+} _H~ =OQOe =~m H$+
"Ò JO^x @h lg^ _# Q_Q ^x x~OK~. Wk
~` rqÒ =~~x @OQ Ja=iOK~.
~` î `~` =~, =^ ^~^~# HO^xH JO\
_~H~. P" D"H< =O^ z_ #$` JH_q KiOk. `#HO> =O^
K #$` JOzOk. 1967 P"` He z_ ~OQ"O K~.
1968 ~` z_ #$`xH Ow` <@H JH_q #O_ "^\ ~+
OkOk. nx Ok# è qî ~`. WÔ` =~Qi H$ H\H
gH}" Jx O|~_Òk.
=^ =Y Ow` ^~_ =~ "}QiO\H ^Q~ z# Qk
L# JH_q `~` #Q ~ ^Q~ ^ OQ}OH =iOk. H=OQ
<~"i OY _ iyOk. =Oz ~ M` =K~. =~ ÒQi
=^ "[Ou=, ~M, ==ex, KO^H, KO^"<, H; q<^<,
~^, *u ~=<, H==u, ~Y Hl<, u, ^, "ÔÒ ~=Qi
46
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
` "^# = gO` #$Ò <~~. OÒ @ tH} `~Q `

[iQq. JOîH ^` q^ <~"~ ÒQ~. J@ JO> Uq\ "iH
`b^@. z_ Q=x QiOz JH_ <~ q^<x QiOz `=`
=K\OK"~@. z_x ''q "kH iKO Ke J<^ ÒQi
H Jx ~` JO\~. ^=O` `# î` He ^~#ezOk ~`.
"O\ z#ÒQi @ `# qye# HHi} He >< qq^
@}, #Q~ "o îOz# J#" =~zxq JO@O^". =lQ
~O `Q`, e~ uO@ Q_# ~A =^~x J#k. <_
H$+_ Q , kx ~H}Q, `# ` =Q, NH$+ i*`x OKO î
LO> "kH Xiy~< ^x J< H#yOz Jn ^x Q" #< J# ux
H HeO z# O @# z~ ~}
O J<~. JO` J~# `~` =~ Q ~
#=` ^x *HO KH=@O Q LO^@.
KHO `~` Q~=Qi H H~"Ok. w< ~_ H` JH_q
~OQ O^~OQ ~êOk. Jx H~` J~iOk. JOî ^$+
_ ^ q^j =z tH} O^@O "^\~. JO^ =~ ~[OQ
=~AQ sqQ ~x `=HOîH H# O_= K~x O|~_ ~
~`. Jx H# ÒQ~ x~OK"~@. q^~` O $Ò, <@O
QiOz J^#O K~OK"~@. O~ H ~OQ #$`x îOKx
=~ Qi PHOH. P# Ja# ^~ }O, <@ O H~` =HO. P#
z x|_ XH Oy=# Ja#~Oz KÒ> H` P t=_ ky=z
î<_ J< =O `=OîH HeQ^x P" =i~. JO` x~+OQ
P# tH} LO_k.
~` XHi ^=e" i ''H~ Q~ =^# O #$` ~HO "xQ
=~Q~ t=xQ "=x Jk `# rqÒÒ Q~OKH^y# =^@# Jx
J<~. P~O`< ÒQ~ #@"OQO K Ja#~ kà#O
K@O z~~}O JO\~. Q~=Qi` He #\OK =QO `#
He#O^ P" Oy`<~. Jk Z=iH aOKx =^=HO. qO[=i
~` J< ~`=~ `# <@ q^#"xH, z_ #$` "H ~`
Ò #O_ Ow` <@H JH_q J"~# Ok# UHH N.R.I. WOH=iH
JO\ ~~O WO`=~ ^H^. PO^Q Wk =#OîH Q~H~}O.b
47
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
10. =[ " ''" h nH

J"iH =z Q Ok ~Q q rqÒ Q_ = K#x JO^~
J#H=@O [O. D =^ HO^~ =`$^x QiOz, J<H ", Ja=$k
H~H= Q==`, [#q |}O f~HO@<~. ZH_ L<
=# K@ =[O LO@Ok. =[ ~Q` =#= Qu. D ~O_ Jq<=
O|OÔ Hey LO\~. =#O LO@# Ô =#^. JH_ =[= =#^.
JO^ =#= XH" D =# =, q[h# =# HQÒk. J_
=#O K "H~H=, J~O, ~=~O a~. W =[ "
H~H= xi~=OQ O@, `# K@ L# =[ Qu H ^^_ `#
`Q "~O^~ L<~. "i< <# ''J"iH PO^ `[O J<#.
JO\"i J"iH PQ ~+"# J=x O\ q ("@O)
x", H$l " J~# N=u HHx "xQ~ =YQ HxOK~.
HO^\ "~O < J= }O P"# "iO\ ~ _H~ ^Qi`
iKO HeOK~ < q` "<x QH$+Q~. P" K# =[ "
H~H=# q=iOz K~. ''=[ " "h nHQ P" y#
H~H=# =#"~OîH JO^*@" < LÔ. qye# "~ _ ~}
O^`~< qO.
48
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
PO^^ H$l z_H ^Q~ Q=O J~# ''_#Q

" x [xOK~. "#== OHO iQ~. P# D" rq`x fik^\ xH
=Oz <k "~. L~ ^Q~ Q="# P#~ x" HHx
|~~=Qi ^ =~_ _H~ HHx ^~=Qi` q"O [iyOk.
W^~ J"iH K~~. ^ "^ =$u q+ J#"x OkOz J=
O\ q ~ _ ~ . O`#O _ Ja=$kH =zOk. =[O P^~ "#
"^ Q P# ~O^~. *#~ =i " ~ ~< Q ^ |u+ .
H=#O` OkOz, WH O^# "=YO OKHx "O@sQ ^g
q~=} K~. O~O` O`$Q rq<~. N=u "x 34 UQ
=[" H~H=, q^, OH= H~H= JQQqQ xeK~. ~
K^_Q LO@, J<# Ô`x y<~. P" =Oz "}["`.
O\q Z< KO^ O P" x~~. 2004 Girls inc.
state J"~ O^~. =~\ U_k National Conference for Community
Sisterhood ~~O Ok `# " H~H= `y# QiO `KH<~.
JQ Arthitis Foundation, Women Hounoring Women's Health "^#
q"# J"~#, i"~# Ok# = =}HO HHx =x. P"
PK#x =[ Ja=$k g^ LO\~. P" "^ [x`"# =< ''P
H~} J< Hx " O. J"iH L# ^H} P " H
rq` "Qx=\xH U~_# O Wk. "x "Progress Bank and
Trust" H@i =i _~
H~ . JO`H^ International finance for intergraph
corporation x~ ~ [~. W P"# =iOKx ^q ^ JO>
P~O^. =[O qq^ =~ =^ =#= kOK\xH P" Q
H$+ K<~. JOîH P~QO JOkOK< P" nH P"k. ^xHO P"
#_OH\ =O^ xeK~. Z< KO^ O# D H~H=O Q=#
K@O H$``~. Medical alliance medical society of the state
of Alabama J^H` =<~. J< South medical association and
hospice ~kQ L<~. P" KO^ " nH`~. Authority of the
Hants Villie hospital foundation, =i The state wide health planning
council =O\ Z< O Q~= #O ^` x~, =[`+Q
rq`x ~HO KHO@<~.
49
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
=[O q=H` Q~# #, =[ q $` P" JO_,

Ô_Q x<~. qq^ H~} = q^ ^~"# |_ D_ eH#
KiOz, "i qâ=$kH i O JOk<~. nxH `~}"
P" The national children's advocacy center in varjinia ~ K~~<Q
Q~= <x Jk~OK@O. P" = `Q uO, ~~O Wk.
q^<~@O`@ ~# =$ux Z#H=\xH `y# OkO W"#
P" PK# =Oz H~~O êOk. ZOîH =~^~#O KOk. nxHO
Women council foundation P~ xi~=OQ xK J<H=OkH Lk
=~# HeOzOk. U.A.H. foundation board commission# ^~ J<H
=O^_Q ^H# K|\ P^~ =Q x|_Ok. Randolph school,
women's economic development council foundation board =O\ =~<
" O`, "\ = `H Q=O "x QiH LOk.
=*a=$k ^H =OÔ_ #_Oz# =O^ K# =
"x. g\HO Hants villie maadisaan countyH J^~eQ, <\q
`Q O ~O J^~eQ xK `Q O $`# O~HOK
J<H H~H=# x~OzOk. H ~~x JO^H#k. H O art
council <`$Ò =OzOk. O\qx JO`~f OxH =~^~#O
KOk. P O `, k` "iH`= x~} =Y ` =OzOk. P"
PiH O _w kOzOk. al< J_x+< JO_ << O\qx
J= x=i\ #O_ =~ _w kOzOk. P" uH ~OQO _
=Y ` =< ~. ''" ~ J< uH# O z, ^x O^ ~Q
LO@, ^xh `# Ja~ z "~ fik^` <~. ''=[ " LK xQ
J#H}O rq`x O_OKHO@# ^#rq N=u HHx "x. JOîH P"
rqÒ P^~O H"e. L`[O, ~} Oê.b
50
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
11. =#~}
= " `
#~ <
=# Ô = =}O^~ `H #O Ok
L<~. ~*e# ~h H;~, KO^ cc, JO^xH H`~O K# ~}
OH, XH =*xH <HÒ =Oz# HHf ~}, ~^= ^q, K`~
~[H O xk JxOKH# <Q= `QxH =~~ # =Q= =OK, =H
=["e# "OQ=O|, H=" ~ P ~=xH JOH`qz# ", ^H
`# #"q\ = = `# Q="q\ è*# ^~~, "^\
P^xH H^xH ~ Q~*_` \_# JK=O| JO^~ JO^~. Z=iH
fx "~. OwÒ OKk`" kOz# ~`~` |H;, "
^=O Jx x~OKH# =^~ `s ~` ^ = ^xQ =~`#
K\# WOk~ QOn, "^\ = Q=~~, *u t~=} Hq` H~ ~lh
<_, W ZO^~O^~ P HO #Oz D HO =~ Mu O^~. ^xH
Hi `K~.
=# = "` _ `= OY Ug~. Ò_ ~#
Q}`" `# ~ L# b=u, "Q rqOz |^x ~} "_ P=eQ
=i rq`x = ^#O KH# *u Q`q, Oq`, HH ~H+Q
xz# J=~, Q^^q# =#O xÒ i. O`^q, JH=^q
"^# ~[` ~`<~. " HO ^~^q KO^ cc, #~<,
=O`* =, t"r è ll , [<~# i ^#==Ò.
[< ~ =O`* |O^ = #~ = J< = "^qQ QiO
OkOk. P" QO^ i^# Piì# x}~xOKH#k.
P" _+< û #Oz QO^ `# `~ KO^x =#O
=iO. [Ow~ ~ "~h J< qÒ`=# q"O KH<_.
D"< ''#~< JO\~. D =@ J~O ''qHOu. [Ow~ Kx~#
`~` [< # D" x~^~} Q~Ok. Qc J`~# `~
K@O #~< J<H Q KOk. D" 1645 =~}OzOk. P"
~ ''#~< O\ "_HH `z#"~ ^=~e `<~}~=. "iH
=#O H$`[` Ke.b
51
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
12. Q}` "^q... =#= HO@~ O` ^q
"^qQ, =#= HO@~Q Q}` "^qQ k KOk#

O`^q 1929 [#=i 4# OQ~ O^ } @O|O
[xOzOk. 1982 yx |H P O K iH~ #O OkOzOk. #=,
Q}` H, l, *u+O H ~ ~OkOk. ~`Ô eOQ
O~ O g^ H` H}# "=iOzOk. Ò_ O^HOQ =# *iÒ
=ke ~ HOh Ki J\H HxH Z^s^_xOKH<_. JO^
~ "H~Q, "r+<Q xK_. =_H P"# J^` *HHH
P~_. XH\ `~Qu Ki< < ~O_ ~ rÒ H@H
=xOK~. ~ HOx =ke `~ *H H ^~ #e JOîH iK O
K_. 1944 6 U_ "~ qqÔ "^\ ^~#xz
J|~~zOk. `~` Ò_` O_< KiOk.
1960 uiy =z, HH` S.U.Z P~ J~# i`+ #sx
q"=_Ok. W~" U H~O K q_ O^~. OQ~ uiy
=K~. ~ JO` ~\OzOk. Q}Ò `# u ^~# K JOîx
PH@Hx Z< J"~, i"~ OkOk. 1977 201 JOH OY 23=
=~x =#< Q}Oz 50 H# K OK ^$+x PHiOzOk. W^ =
kOK\xH J`^xH HO@~ 1 xq+O< \ Ok. Q_z# `|O U
U_k, U <, U `n#, U "~O =zO^ x^ J_y< ~# KQ
"^ P"k. J"iH "o ibx Hei =i\ ~Q L# P~~
*#< =^ J<H ^~ #ez PH@HOk. ~\ "O` ~\# <OQ
K Ok. g\#x\x ''WO@e*< J< uH q=~OQ *#< K iOz O KxH
52
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
O` Q}` "^x K\ K_. *u+O g^ J<H Q H ~Ok.

Jh Q K~O Ok#". 2013 U O|O^ "k` ^_Q
OQ ~ Pu K~~. Pu< W~" XH\ # 84= U@ O` =~}O zOk.
kH Q H ~zOzOk. QQ __ Q~=O OkOk. ZO`^ Q}`
= J~< HO@~ HO> =O^Q =^#O K HO@~H =~îx
JxOKH#k. < q` k #O|~, Pr ~ , =^|\, Z"H< k rx
W< =~ K, W< k =O_~ O_ P #O|~ J< Q H ~Ok.b
53
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
13. O^ ` q=~~, JOîH JHQ~

N=u . (^~ )^ ~ _
PO^^ JkH~ OxH "^\ = J^~Q `#
^H`# K\# "\ q^"` PK~ H ^~_. .^~_Q JOîH
iz`~. Q ` q=~~Q ~Ok, 78 O=`~ ~H
rqÒ Q_ Hi+~.
^ z`H~ .\.~_Qix i}=_, ^~_ J~.
P# JO`~f z`H~xQ QiO O^~. Lx qqÔ
^ 33 U J^~Q xK, PK~Q ^g q~=} K~.
O^ ` q=~~eQ Mu O^~. ÒQ} =O_eHxH `#
~K# Q@ "# q^+=}. 1929 =| #Q~l al<e
[xOK~. x*O Ò #Q~ Hg+#~ J~# ~|^~ a~ÔH`
"OH@ ~=~_ ^~^ P"# fHx =z ~ _ KiOK~. 1969
.K._ K~. 1955 HO`HO L^~xQ xK~. ^~^
PH"} HO`HO L^yOK~. 1976 PQ qqÔ Q~=
_H~ \xz ` iOK~. 199093 HO PO^ ^ JkH~ OQ^ Q
^` x~OK~.
54
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
f =
`QÔ `Q^#O "eqix ^ ~_ OHO` JkH~

+ O^~eQ Q H$+ K~. `Q# JkH~ + K# P"
OHO =Ò H~~O ^^. Jk P"H H^ JOîH ^Q< LOk.
P"# Ow` <@H JH_q [#~ Hx Ò, OK O $` J^#
HO^ Ò =iOK~. J<H ` O ~eQ xK~.
1991 HO^ ` JH_g J"~ JO^H<~. _H~ .<~}~_Q~
`= ~ ~ <He# J"~# HiOK~. `Q =~ 30 J=
QO^# ~zOK~. JO^ i*`~}O, i=OO, PO^ ` Ki`
qHO, J=~r=, `Q "` H P" #x Hix `z\~.
ÒQ} =O_eHO ~# H^, = Ti =K@, ZK= H^, [
Q KK~. =Oz == K~. P"` ÒQ} a=#O
xO_Q LO_k. ZO` Q O_`~< O^ `x Hz =_<
"_H =@` JOîH J~= ^`, *f`, <#_` PH~ }
OQ
OyOK <~ ^ ~_k. JO^~ P"# POQ ''JH Jx PfOQ
eK"~. H..~=~O `~_Qi O^HÒ "=_# QO^xH =O^
=@ ~# Q~. Z< ` O $uH OyOz ~}
HeOz# qA~ ^. x[OQ P" ''^~ ~_.b
55
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
14. h J=^x ''|=u #=u

P
=@ "@H~O, =# x~Ò, Ja#O tY~~},

O JkfO, OwÒ ~ fO, Ò =~` O, ^~ H` O
J=#O, P=H \< J`Q i ~_Oz< Jx\ P" P" \. *u+O,
"Ô` ` `~zOk. |=v# [ ''|=u N=u "~
#=u. `Q"iH Q~H~}O.
#=u 1925 O|~ 7# =~A "OH@|, ~`=
Ô` HO l XOQ ^Q~ ^_=~O Q=O =_= O`#OQ
[xOzOk. Ò_H H~@H OwÒ =Oz g}O LO_k. `~ #=ux
`#`@ HKs fHx "o P" OwÒ Ja~z HeOK_. H=OQ
x= ^$+_Ok. `Q `q ~O_ =O^ x= #\Oz, _,
~K# , Ow` ^~ H` O K ''J=^x JxOKOk. ~ }
_
xiOzOk.
1939 =HqHO x= HoOkQ #\Oz . ^~HÒ
`~O Q @O KO k. #=u, =f =^= O, ^~ u, H = z` #\OzOk.
H$+ = x= x^Hx JOî ^$+ PHiOzOk. ~= zÒ P"
Hs~# = u J=# #\Q u+"Ok. =m =bi` P" #@#
~H+ KiOk. JO^ ze`#O, O, $OQ~O, q~O, "^#, <@O,
O\"O\ Jh =~=OÒQ +Oz `# \ ~x ~A= KOk. J^H
HYO_OQ xez~Ok. <y~_ ^~ H` u, ^=e" i ` i=O,
56
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
~*~~= Ow` ^~H` u, ~=~= #@< "^+O Jh =

ki HH J~Ok =b i zÒ. KH} x= #= = ~OzOk.
J^H >O_ @~ J~Ok. KH} H H~O Jk. JO` x=
''^~ |_ JO@ K_#, Jqhux ê ~Ok.
x~`, ^~_ J~# "~ ~=H$+# H$+= x=
zfH~}_ K =z 08081943# q"O KHx ~}H [#xzOk.
H_ ~ ~} _ xiOz ~} H~ #~` x= xiOzOk P
[O@. P^~ Ô`Q "~ WO_ "ey~. ~=H$+ Q ^~_.
=A, q<~}, @i z` "iî H `# x"` J^.
<Q~~= =AQ z~~} #@#, Q #=u, =^ Ò
^x J=~ = H=OQ KOk. q<~} JH<x P `< + ^=
^qQ # `# #@ `x KOzOk. ~*~ ~= OwÒ, U.UO.~*
~O, #=u =^~ QÒ P x=# ZO` Z`# x\~.
#\< ^~H` ^`# K|\ `# =~`# x~OKH"#Hx
''KO_ ~} x=# 1953 `Q, `q, On + f ^~ H` O x~Oz
è = ^~~xOKHOk. =_ + XHi z`x xiOK@=
J~ q+". ^xH< =~~ #=u. P"k Q |k. `q<_
=Y=Ou J< ^~ #=uH "Nadippukku Llakkalam" ''#@# "H~}O
J< a~^ ^#O K_. #@ t~=} *qx Q<+ < , `q<_ =r =Y=Ou,
=O^k x= ~ UO.l.~=KO^< #=u` x= #\ \g^
P"x J=# u, P" xH, ^~xH, ~H< J|~_@"
H^ P" JO>
_" ~ _. `Q JQ} #@O^~ P"` #\OK~,
#=u `= Q~= J<~ JH<x, #O^=i. K i[~_Q LO_k. ZH_
` O~ `_ Xz< OKk H^. J^ P" Q`#O. JO^H
JOîH Ja=#O. #@# z~<=Q, ` ~Ô Q, H H ~H+Q ,
P` =~~Q xH, P^~} \Ok ~Q LO_k.
XHi JO` x= +\OQ J_ #=uH ^~^ i\
H~`< \ |H K_ ^~_ q.a.~*O^ ^. P" JO` Y~ x~`
g^ @@O =O H^x ~k _< L#k. JH_ = uiQq.
~u _ HO> ZH "eQ HiH~. L^ < ~*O^ ^ =z J_<
57
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
~~Oz +\OQ Hx K^= Jx J_Q_. ''z# z# q+H +\OQ

Hx K <# #=ux Z J=`#? Jx K ^ H~O zfH~}
# KO_~} #. 1985 ~ ~=H$+ =~}O K~. J~< "H"x
^~O` `# H~H=# ^ H~O H#yOz# n~ =x`.
`Q z` i= Jkf #@# #=u ~ OkOk. JOÔ
KOÔ, Ja#O, KO^== O\ QO_x =YO, H} HO` O= @,
XO\xO_ p~` #=u H` J~ ~uQ OKk. #`[O P"
LO_k. P"# K ` kOKH#"~ Hx ` Z`H# "~O_"~ H^.
JQ #@ P" JO> _. #@# ^ tHQ LO_k. Ow`xH
~ u JxOKk. ^~ H`xH ^~x~xOKk. x~}xH =~~ xOKk.
Wx q+ P" ^y LO_ J=~"#_ "=_ u# =HO Kq.
H~@H, O^x Ow` P" x`~xOKH#k. #\H HQO_
@_"~ "~Q LO_"~. Hx #=u #\O> `# @ `< _H<k.
Jn P" ` H`. J HH` #\OK^ H^. ~~<Q K< H ~ H~ H~ Q
L< zÒ P"^ O QO. #=u _# ''z< aQ=@~, ''HH
#=, ''" <~=<, ''ZO` ~ D ~~ xO_< ''Hf " O\,
[^=x J+^ Jh ~QoH. P ` =^~. =m =m q<xOK".
Zx~ q< `xq f~x". ''H =~O_ z`x JO^~ ` f
OK#O $+OzOk #=u. \ Ô |<_ ` ~=~=`
<Q= ` #=u J`^ÒQ #\Oz J"~ OkOk. ~qh_ ^~H`
u Jk ^~}O. P" _# ''X =~= WOH K= iOQ=O@<
LOk. ~[hHO` ~=` _# @ =^~. #=u zÒ` `
a# HO^ Ò "=iOzOk. P"`@ J^ =O ~=~=,
~OQ~= ~ q_^ K =QiH Q~=O HeOK~.
#=uH J<H O` J#|OÔ LO_k. ~+ eO J"~ Hq\
~Q ~O_ LOk. eO Wx@\ ql\OQ ~Q XH U_k x
KOk. K# z``= Hq\H J~^ ~Q 196570 L#k.
#=u Z< H^ ~Ok. JO^ O, J_Q_Q< O_OzOk.
J`Qix J_O @Hx ZO` `x $Oz, $[<`H ~K# i~~
`#H =~ JxOzOk. ''< <# J< rq` Ki`# #=u ~H#k.
58
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
nx< WOw+ ''=lOQQ J#"Ô K KiOK~. #=u ''J`Qi

H^ ~+ ` JH_q ~~O aOzOk. PO^ ~+ e` H
JH_gH J~^, ` JH_gH ^ ~Q =OkOzOk.
`q<_ ` Ow` H xQ _~H~Q xqOz Q~qOzOk.
J<H OH " O` #=uH `H #O LO_k. zHQH
KOk# ''P @ WO@~+# O ~OO #Oz (1963) rqÒÒ
=~ ~. WO@~+# ~ _ H \ rq` ~. K< eQO
''_H~ #=f ~=H$+ "\H # Oz ^ Lz` q^ H~O
HeOzOk.
#=uH 1966 ^N, 2003 ^ +}# HO^ Ò
^#O K P" =~` `y#@ Q~qOzOk. JO`, \ Ô
z` J=# #@# ~+u J"~ OkOk. ''< <# J<
Ki` 1964 ` *f L`= ~K< ~~O JO^H#k. ~u
"OH ~~O, #On ~~O <.\. ~=~= *f ~~#
OkOk. `q<_ Ò ''H=} ^#O KOk. PO^ qqÔ
H~ Wz ì "OH>~ qqÔ Q~= _H~\ ^#O KOk.
~[H; O_+< ~~O P"# =iOzOk. 1956 PO^^ J=`~}
[iy#_ #=ux `H Px`~eQ Ò PxOz ìOz
Q~qOzOk. W Q~=O Ok# è #\ P". $OQi ~^ ~k`
[Q^~= N Ja#= q^ f~q #=uH ''N q^ LH a~^#
# U H`" ^#O K~. JO`\ L~ #=u.
`<e ~=H$+, ae Ô, zO`=}, J#~QO, q" |OÔ,
`_ h_, Q$H;, =\ =}HO, qz` q"O, J=~ o, =OQ=Qi
=#=_, = =@ |OQ~ @ z` #=u #@# Ow` =^~xH,
~= tOzÒ. H~} [#~ #=u. #=u #@# J<, Q#O J<
Lqi, P~kOK "i ~e ~^H$+<, ["_ Q~_, ~[=<~,
H_=\QO\ @O|~=, KH} "^# =YO^~ L<~.
L~ ^Q~ `@=~ t=OH |=Qi t"O u_
[iQ =_ ~A t=~u L`" #=u OQ =z ''JQ~ Jx
JOî K` =|_ |=Qix OîOz Pj Ok "k. 2005
59
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
_O|~ 24# 80= U@ P Ow`, `, #@ ~u `HO KiOk.

"= ~O_=i 2005 #=O|~ J"iH = J=~ q[H;
"oO\H "O. #=u Kx=\xH XH"~O ~A HÒ Pq_ = Pq_
=uH H L~ = WO\ L`~O " #Oz =z ^H}O "
"_` `[s ~ ~~ @p~` #^@ x= @` HxOz ''"#x
K\xH =K# J#^@. D q+O #=u =~}"~# KQ *HO
K HOk. #=u @<, =@<, #@# J< = Wî H qs`" # W+O .
=@ K #O` Ja=#O. JO^H H HxOzOk J#H<O.
~f K#z` |=Y *~}, ~H O H} î}, |H ~u,
n~u , J=^x #=u.b
60
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
15. Q~= Q~= ^g ~} P#O^=~ =

P" x^ ^= xk.
P" =HO P#O^ ~qÒ. P" "

~". P" Q~= Q~= JxOKH# ^g ~} J~# P#O^=~
=`. J ~ x~ Oî. `~ OQ M~ 1896 U 30#
O^ @O|O [xOzOk. `#O< == #=` =OKk.
JO^H ''#= è Jx ''O`+ = Jx eK"~. \# `~` _=<
^. ~= OÒQ LO_k. Z_ =k u L#@ HxOKk. H$u
O^~xH ~=tOKk. =OO, K u<k H^. u x Ju ^Q,
O~OQ Kk.
P#O^=~H ^=_= U@ <^ J< QxHz q"O K~.
J<H `èH L^Q K J<H T~ uiQ"_#. P# |O^=#
D" J}=, O`+O L# Q ~ `KHOk. ^xq^= U@ JQ=xH
~` H~xH "oOk. P"` Ô` MxH u ~ H~O\ H
H\#@~Ok. WOH =HÒ ~^x i@<_. P" ^g ~O Jx
Q= qOK~. [, [# P" ~> =k uH "k.
1916 P~QO QO_H èÔ_ ^Q~ "oOk. P~QO ^@_#
~O_ =m ~# KiOk. JO` =O^#_ q#x, K^=x "Ô =O`
P" <\ #O_ P=Q =Kq. q# "~O^~ P~O, P#OÔ O^"~.
Ju èHQ ~QO Kk. J_ P" ''#" Jh. #" Hq J#
JO`~} qxOzOk. `# D J#O`H XH H O J# =# HeyOk.
W^H H "OQ P" HiOz ZO^~ ~QQ =~" ~ K`<
"^# #O KOk. x~O`~O "^ =O` <H z=~ #O_ eHq.
61
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
1922 PQ =_# PO`~OyH ~}` Q~=, t+_ `< J~

c*H~# JH`Q eHOk. P" ~HO> `# HO` L` $+ u L#@
QOzOk. J~^ < `~` ~H =O`Ô K `H Q~" J~Ok.
J`x ~O_ QO@ =k u LO_@ KOk. J_ ~ <^ `#
~| <~}_#x, ^"x Jx Z~H HeyOk. J_ P# ''WO`H
D" Z=~? J< l* HeyOk. P" ^g HOnHiOz L<x
QOK_. P" H=OQ P~O, x^ ^~==Òk. = =_ i
=#OQ LO_~Ok. @O|O _Hx Q Q~< =iOk. XHi
<O_ QO@ =k< LO_k =. P" J^`"# HOu O[O
QKiOKk. xiH =k LO_k.
_H ^Q~ î L# ~`# HoH ^"xH XHi "oOk.
JH_ z# P=x U~~KHx ~u Q_k. 192428 =~ WH_ =
LO_~Ok. J#K~~_~. _[# Q K@ P=~~K~. 1925
=<x =ke O+OK@O "^\O k. P"# î k"# u HQÒ^<
JaO Q "OzOk. O^, =O, H# _ J^ J#"x
O^"~. Hm ^"H x` *kH K ` `# t~ < LOKH=@O,
J="iH e# KO^<x `< H=@O ~= u Kk. "k
=Ok K~"~. "~ J^ ~=x J#qOK"~. JOî H `#qQ
qOz `# PkOKH<k. J_ JO^~ P"# ''P#O^=~ = Jx
HiO K@O ~OaOK~. P ~ ~ _ O k. <^# ''~r Jx POQ
eK"~. ~# w`# ~=OQ _ JOîx H F_OK@O =
`H`. D =O P" s~O J<H qO` =~ QKiOKq. qg^
_ H#_ s~O qs`" # _= iQk. H ` Ju z#kQ OzOK<k.
WOHi ~|~ |Ou QO_OQ Jk. W=h "~ "QO` [iyq.
=~i =Ô #O_ O O^ =~ qsÒQ U_ ~<k.
î XHi P" s~O L#@O_ OHzOz H} J^$", p~ XH
z# =H =`" qyeOk. JO` "QO` ^~ u OkOk.
1924 P~O fH< H< H~Ok. XH ~ uxOKk.
J<H QO@, ~A L"O LO_k. P~ < ~A P~yO[ =`"
u<k. K@#O_ ~e# O_# XH\ ~O_ u<k. Zxk < =Ô, ~u
62
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
=_ =^ =`" u<k. J~^ < "~xH ~O_~ J#O =^

u<k. _H~ OH "# =M^ P# `~ YH =` t+
PO`~Oy<~. Q~ ^qQ =i# YH ''= k_ QO^#
OQb +, O^qk QO^# On ~ P#O^=~ = bqux
OKxH K\Ok. 1950 t+ ''NN P#O^=~ OO U~~K~.
= ~@# [~` "Ô` q+# kOKk. 1926 L`~, =^
~`#O` uiy *# ^ KOk. 1927 Hj Q, ~+H+ "^#
}H ` O^~ #O t+` KO k. L`~ ^ qO^KO XH P=x
OzOk. "~} = =^ Q <^ Hq~*# HeOk. P#
"O@< t+~= }"< _. P" Q = ` ~} HeyOk. nx ''M J<~.
P" 36= \# ~A "_ H# W~" XH~A #OQ x~OK~. ~~
__< Ki Hx ~A<~. 1934 = "Q ~A ^~OQ
t+_<_. JH_ P#O^=~ Ox OK~. < ~ H=<
=# îOz J#u KOkOk. 1936 ~+ H~O O_ L`~ ~`
O^~#O KOk. \\x t=^=O H tY~x OîOzOk.
1938 " < U_= `k = ~ <^ =zHO H Kx_.
J= H "xH JO^~ #~. ^"# J=<< Jx, #
a_~, `~ Jh OkOKk. Pe KOk# =Y_H_ =z
J= =O K JO` " J_. ''JO` P#^ hk <n Ug^ Jx
JOîH Kk =. ''qK~O =^ O`+OQ LO_O_ Jx kOKk. rq`x
^=bQ qOKk. 1974 PQ 27# = ==k KOkOk. ~=O
Q#O^ = rq` Ki` ''XH y P`H^ ~ ~~. "~} ^
Lz` "^ =OkOK\xH XH @# xiOK~. q^ O# U~~z
Lz` q^ k<~. =^^ FOH~~ ^Q~ >| HO XH Lz`
q^ HO^x U~~z "i ~`=Ma =$kH H$+ K<~. W ''= ~
Z< " H~H=# JOk * ~QuH `__ `<~.
''g ^, qK~ < `. XH XH P` LOk. #= <# P
P`". g~=~ <# gO\ ^x<. XH XH z^#OÔ H ~ g~
<#. D z# Z_ g`< LO@Ok. Jx = ^# ~OO. =
^^ W~" H "=_ P" ="H `__~.b
63
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
16. = " ` N=u zO` `^q

=# ~xH KOk# N=u zO` `^q "^ q^# OK~.
`~`
UO._. kOz F.I.M.S.A O^~ PO^ qqÔ |H q L^QO
Ki H=OQ J<H ^ Zky PO^ "_H Hl xQ ^g q~=}
K~. `^q Q i^~. ~Q x~~}, r= ~#
q+O Q i^# K JO`~fOQ QiO kOK~. H Q i^<
`# ~ KiOK~. ''[~ P J+< P HxH | Hq P
WO_ J< uH O^H =~O i^< "# KiOK@O H$+
K~.
1975 LO F.A.M.S + O^~. WO@~+# "_H #
ZH_q ''O_~ Q~"x ^HOKH<~. J< P HxH |
Hq P WO_ "i Q~= Ò JO^H<~. WO_< J\ P
ll JO_ ~Hl J^# J~^# Q~"x Ok# q^+=}
`^q. J+< P HxH | Hq P WO_ x~Oz# <=
^ J^H` =Oz =~ ^~HÒ K~.
~ qîQ PO^ "_H HlH Z< =OkOK~ ~ q^~
K` J~ `~x O^~. u"O_O "_H Hl"i ~ Ec ''P~+<
J"~ Q`Q u `y# Q~=O kOK~. ~Q x~~}# D= ~#
q+ q+ i^# K# = "` N=u zO` `^q
= =}HO.
64
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
H . WOk~
t~Q x~~}
, i^# Mu Ok# A
H . WOk~.
30081927# NHO l \O k. "^ O M.D; D.C.H; F.I.A.P; F.I.C.P
# OkOk. x, OK P~Q = + OkOk. ''J"iH<
JH_g P _
\H , ''WO@~+# "_H < JH_q, ''<+# JH_q
P "_H < P WO_ "^# Z< O + JO^H#k.
qY HOQ *i @ JO\ ~<Q, L^QO Ki PO^ "_H
Hl _\H JO\ ~Q, Z.q. JkuQ, Lx
~Q ~* =` Hl ~Q xK Q J#=O OkOk.
1921 ''WO_ < JH_q P _
\H J^ ~# k. WO_ <
J+< P J_<"O\ P "_H Z_H+<, WO@~+# \ ~
\< _ O J<H ^ xKOk. _H~ a..~ <+# J"~#
OkOk.
H ~[H;
z`~ l `~ [xOzOk. PO^ x=i\ #O_ _H~
\ OkOk. ZO_. J~Ok. QO@~ "_H Hl L^QO ~OaOz
Lx KiOk. ''Wx@\ P "O\" aH JO_ _ Jî\
_~H~ J~Ok. ^=u = qq^xH " xQ xKOk.
"H< _H< ~, ~+ >HH Hq+< ~ i"O< JO_ "@~ +<, "H
|r O qq^ ^ x KOk. ~+ ~ Hx J<H
i^# K "=iOzOk.
45 Q i^< ` KiOzOk. ^ q^j "^ O
Q~= `x OkOk. ''WO_< "@~ =~ J"~, ''H.Z.~= J"~,
''` J"~# JO^HOk ~[H;.
q<kx ~ _
^~^ 1934 [xOzOk. ZO._, _..K, Z.S. H~#
KOk. Lx J\ ~Q L#k. k\H + Ok
"^ i^# KOk. U q@q< O= =K "^ <+# Wx@\
P #\+< _~H~ J~Ok. Xeropthalmia [| H~} H#Q#k.
65
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
H= g#< "_H J"~ .Z.~A J"~ "^# J"~< OkOk.
=O^=e Qs^q
J#He \# Qs^q =#H "`Q Mu OkOk.
#~r _.ZO. _w OkOk. Lx ~Q Ki, _b x=i\H
KOk# H* P "_H <, ~ [OQ @ #~r ~Q
xKOk. H=< JO_ #~ < JkuQ LOk. <+# Wx @\
P "O@ JO_ #~ < J\ ~Q xKOk. WO_<
"_H <"i + OkOk. J<H JO`~f O qt+ Ò
Ok ^Mux W#=_O *Ok.b
66
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
17. P_^ @@" P" <~O J~Ok \

P" Q Q}` " ` =~.
Q}` O ~ , q*# " ` .

P" O =HÒ =Q" J \OzOk. P"# Ug KH #_
|*~ H~ÒQ KO~. P" \ J< w "^q.
i^#
K#O^ ` QqO|_ "^\ = \.
\ Ò_ u<. P# JQO_ x Ju^ =lO
Q}` L^_. Jk w "^= Q HOÔ. O $uH HOÔ
_. "^=# q^"` xO. u<# JÒ` =~_# "ÔuQ
PHO qOK"~. =lO JkH~ OO _. YQO, *"\,
OwÒ Q i^# K "M< ~_. ''\g \\ "M<xH
\Ok ~. H_ = Ô`# kOK"_. *O@# _ J`x
=~^~HÒ #_K"~. JO` =Oz ~#"_. ''HH H Hq`
~_. ''\g OKO _ "M#O ~ " O^_. P# Q
YQ "`Q, =rt<Q Ki` ~Ok.
JO\ Q Ò_H \ H..355 Q =~Q [xOzOk.
Ò_ =^ q^# <iOk. HkHO< Ò_x qOz# `~ JxOKHOk.
^ x ~# ''Ji` =\H =Oz "M#O ~ JxOKHOk.
JQ Je# ~# ''HxH < ~Ok. Ò_ "^\# ''J=l
67
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
Hx O~OQ ~ O# OkOk. W`~ #Q~x "^q =~O`

x~O`~O OkO [ik. P" JQO_ =lO x \xH
P ~Q H..400 xKOk. YQO, Q}Ò, Q
HêH H ~ ~ `KHOk. P" H ~x P" ^# q<x
K=Ok q^~ P"# "_H<"~. =[O K ^ #Oz
q^~ =z JH_ Kk""~. ~[HOQ _ =Oz |_ LO_k.
P" \, \ # =O Z=Q LO_k. x J< P" `_ `#
~# ''P< _" Hx D" O JaO H~_. P H P"H
`y# O_Ò LO^x J`x #=HO. \~ _ P" ^~. ^~}
P ~A H@H< O^ ^# îOKk H^. L^
"H< |@< îOz kOKk. `# ~^x `< #_H<k. P" "`
_. Plane astrolobe, graduated glass hydrometer, hydroscope #
xiOzOk.
\ H< H^. P<\ a+ ''i ^# ìq
"O_"_. nx P", P"`@ JQO_ Q=~~ ''X~ _
=u~HOK_. J`# _ D"Q << H< (Q<). W=h a+
#K^. ^+O` Q=~~ P~# KOOK_. \ =Q"i ^
^ i OK @ O, H k O K @ O, < Q K @O a+ i
OKH_. J`x J #~#~< "Oz~Ok. q"HO
H_. P" ^ gi =iO^x JOî =^ ""_. Z=~ J`x
\ OKH^. ^+ <QO <_.
H..415 a+ i @~ J< H~`H J#K~_x D"# KO\xH
U~@ K_. \ H Q}` O k O _Q, H~~ =H H H "t Oz,
q=# K, =O`Q` Jx xO^", ''i< Ki =~ D_Hx "~.
P" O HO ZO` Jiz< [#O H~Ok. Z=~ =O^
~^. =Q ~^< J~Ok. JO^~ KO_Q P" H H~. <H
H~. P" qq_` KxÒ> ~HOQ #"~. KxQ< JH
WOH f~H P" "x ''<~ J< K\H fHx "o =H =HQ
#iH~ P #~~ ~H. J~< "iH `$ HQ^. P" s~O e
Qh, Z=H` |\H f, g\h, P"# `Q\~. JO> P"
68
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
P_k Jx QiO xK^x " qQO_ `Q\~. W XH =

"` ` QqO|_@O Ki` W^ "^\ k Jx Ki`H~ ~<~.
''u J< Ki`H~_ ~# '' P WO_~ J< HO i
K J` \ = H< =`xH U^ L^=O HQÒ^x
^+O` XH q*x J~# =# KO@O Ju H~`HO Jx ~_.
H..642 J~| JQO_ # =O K H< =~ ''x \ xH
q^ H#yOk. J~| JQO_x Ju Q =lOQ L# |sx
`Q \~ . H k H Ô=~. JO^ \ ~# H
_ L<~. J~` P" QiOz P" t+, ` K# ~# ^x|>
P" Ki` HO` èOk.b
('qOQ = ""Q*< KiÒ)
69
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
18. # =[O xH y"x

J"iH
~ HO (J~== ^HO) =z# #*u

JO> P J"iH< ~K~ ` xH y"x JOî PHiOz# =Oz = ~K~ `.
L#^#@Q =\_@ O P" û . =H` O` PH < , J"iH< =`~x
qÒ K L`[izOk. #*u q=H ~\xH #_O ayOzOk. OH
^~< <=kQ x~# ``, H=OQ *u q=H` =u~HOQ
xez ~_Ok. ~O_= #*u ~K~` ="O 1967 x, P<\ <`
Jqs |~H "xH <Ok. #*u "~ q_Q H` `x, ~
ÒÒQ xiOKx x#kOzOk. J\=~ L# J"iH< WOw+, ~ <
` O^ ^` tOK î =ke H`î `Hx PK# KOk.
O K^ =
P" i~ ''O^ y"x Ex~. 1943 E< U_# J"iH
>x ~+O x <Hqe [xOzOk. O x<\ Q_z Ok. =m <Hqe
Ki `` WO\ LOk. KiOk. J#=u O_
=<#O^ "^\ q~ J#=uOK^. x\ Ki, JH_
x=i\ ~u `~Q` KiOk. =m =z, + H fHx
KkqOk. XH =~ H P~ L^=H~# |~H, *<# KOk.
J\H ~ L^=O L^$ÒQ #_Ok. x+kO|_ ''_O\ <<
70
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
=O\ H Pi<+< Hq\x #~îOzOk. 1967 P#~ _w fHx

x<\H =zOk. 1968 U <Q# ~ <_ J"iH< QOk
=i< ^~ HOQ Ex~ ` [iyOk. y"x `~ J\O\ [iy#
P# JO`H [~Ok. #~x HOa L# P <
P~ KiOk. ''$[<`H ~K# H~ fH#k. Hx ~<"#x qOz
_w fHO_< =<Ok.
L^QO ~K#
P#~ _w O^Q< ''H eOQ, H \H Hq` O\# OQ
K iOzOk. q= [~ J~# ''H< ~ +< uH O^ ~O k. x\
"@"^\ ''H P~ = x~OzOk. _=~ =HO =i \"O\
xKO_Q, xx =i\ P + =~ ~ O_+<
+ = KiOk. HO`HO Kkq =<Ok. ''H [_"O\ J< HO
~@O x=Q"Ok. `~` H< Hl q^^# KOk. H#
OQ =kOKx P" qOzOk. |~ O_x **H HqÒ qx O >
=O^k =Ok qx P#OkOz ÒK"~. D H^#O JO` xH uH
= k" H J=_~ iH~ $+OzOk. 1970 ''H [_"O\ Hx
q_^ KOk. K=Ok Kkq "K~. o KHx XH H_# H#k.
Hq` ~# O @ PO
1970 y"x xHÒ ^~ # Hq`# "^\ ''PO`rQ,
''Night comes softly ~ K iOz, `# Z< #OK J#H# HiH f~HOk.
`~"` '' J< \.q.QO KOk. ~O HH = Hq`#
Kkq qxOz " OkOk. ''< H OQ# =kOz, iH~ K
"^\ PO ''@` W P< W\ " ~ q_^ KOk. ^xH =Oz P^~}
aOzOk. O_< y"x *" e< Wz# WO@~ # 1971
KiOz K~O OkOk. 1972 P" ~# ''@` @ PO ''
H< =~ POQ iH~ OkOk. ''" J< P" HO 1973 J"iH<
|i J +<" i L`= H *a` KiOk. P^~ Hq =~~ \ "H~`
''>_ _Q# WzOk. ''_ O [~ ''L=< P k ~~ J"~
xz ` iOzOk. = = [#k"x #~x eOH< O@~ HqÒ
Kkq Q_Ok. ` P#O <, \O*x, *Oa ^ ~\Oz
71
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
L<xzOk. ''Ego tripping and other poems for young readers#

K iOzOk. ''Like a ripple on a pond PO q_^ KOk.
Q~"
HqÒ L^~}` =\_@O JO> y"xH K W+O. `H
~, iHiOQ JO> =s W+O. J^ P" "HO J~Ok. u =@#
J~= OÒQ yOK@O, Q`HOQ, ^`HOQ ~@O P" ` H`.
WOw+ + = =HH~} i^ Jx P" xtàO. ''WOw+ JO^~
=\_`~ Hx, WOw+ =\_~ JO@Ok. =i `# ~# + Uk Jx
J_y` ''PH =\_ + JO@Ok (African oral tradition). #*u
JO> JÒ` Ja=#O. =Q"ix ''|\ H "< Jx J<, "i "<,
"~@ =~# J< P" HO. "iH #*u O> W+O LO_^ Jx Q\ Q
KOk. JO^H ''L"< J< Hq` ''It is a sex object if you are pretty and
no love or no love and no sex if you are fat - get back fat black women
be a mother - grand mother strong thing but no women
Jx x~OQ
# =Q"i PO`~x Pq+iOzOk.

1970-80 HO ~O_ =O^ Hq` s_OQ, L< u
O=`~O WzOk. O=`~xH HO, XH PO q_^ KOk. Z<
O, Hg+#, * O|O^ Y P"# PxOK~. J~< q^^#
=#^. X, qx\, =sx qq^ ql\OQ ~Q
xK Q~=O OkOk. 1989 ''H _ WOw+ ~Q xK ^g
q~=} KOk.
90= ^HO _[# Hn _H~@ P"# =iOK~. Z< `, ~
O P" J"~ez ìOK~. XH _[< #Q~ Ò K=# (H)#
Wz J`kH Q~=O K~. X L"x
~+O ~+ =Y = ~~O ^#O KOk. ''~* ~ L"< P
H~* J"~ OkOk. Z|x, =_ "e, Z< uH P"# ''L"< P k
~~Q H\ Oz Q~qOK~. N.A.A.P J"~# =_~ ^HOKH#
J~^# #*u f =i P". Z< H ~Ok. Ki`#
~H#k. Jk XH~HOQ #*u"i Ki`. <+# |H J"~ <q<\
J~Ok. P" "# ''H_ H JO_ P^~ Z_|Q KiOzOk. OQ
72
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
H#~ "kH Qi J~< q[=O`"# P~+<` rqOzOk. 2005 staan

ford ` He ''HOQ k <, ''Wx~+< s P H H#~ ~ =~
H# O^HÒ =Oz q_^ KOk.
#*u Jx =|_ P J"iH# =lHOQ, PiHO Q, ~[H OQ
K`#=O` H"x, "i D =n [eOKx J~O qOz#
J~Qx ~@ ^~ y"x. JO^HO H` PK##, H` H_#
PxOzOk, J= [iOk. =@ HH K` ` KOzOk. #"i
Hx x~OzOk. # JOÔ LO^x è*Ok. #"i#O^s
UH#Y# K H #~# U~@ K `= J`# "eOk. `=
*ux "i `Q#, H#, JOH` "x "QH `K ~K# K
*Q$u xOOk. =O_eHx Òz, `# P @ #_z P^~=O`~
''# =[OQ "eyOk xHy"x.b
73
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
19. * H=~u e "H yh

''<#
Q LQ_^xx Jx < xtàO.

x=i\ =`" HqÒ iq`"Wr, =# O|OÔ
O_~# HO, <# < HqÒ = Hk K^=~ K~"<#.
Hq` ^~ ìz, Q HqÒ " =~^~HÒ K, "ix #_OK#
Jx Q~OQ M` >O "Q*< WO@~ K# =Y J"iH< P^xH
H=~u ''e "H yx.
P^xH J"iH ` Ki` # U Q e` Hq`x (light
verse) ~ *a=<x Ok# H=~u P". ~O_= OK ^xH
^|O =O^ Hq` ~K# ~OaOz, P `~` =_ ^ @ JuÒQ
~, q[ =\# ZQ~ # Q ~K~ u. =Hb# H=Oî HO> =O^
^~Ok. O, =OQO *_Oz =Hb# q+ # "QH `zOk.
* rq`xH JÔ \ Ok. "\ uH# ''#~~, ''@~ _ D"xOQ
uH P" ~K# K@ KH<O> ZO` Q ~K# KO^
Òk.
O q^
1905 =~ 11# yx J"iHx FiQ< ~+O XO\i [xOzOk.
Ò_ i Z\ "~x K #+` `~KQ = =~O_"_.
JO^Hx P" O XH TiH iqÒ H^. z=iH H~_x Se J<
=~= O`xH @Ox =~_. JH_ `=_` =O@iQ LO_e
74
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
=zOk. <O_= U> Ò_ =~}O. è ''T` gix fHx "o LOk.
JH_ x=i\ KiOk Hx `<g ^Q <~ H#^g ^x K Ok. HqÒ,
H^, " ~K# \ x ~O_~ #Q^ |=u kOzOk. J\H
^ uH ~k. #~~ uH "\x Hi< ''g O^~ ~
U_Q@ Hq`<, #= ZO^ ~ U_=? U^< H`Q ~\xH
uOK Jx xÒQ _ WK_ O^_. Jk =# _,
#z H`Q ~@O ~OaOzOk.
yx #~ KiOk. ~@O, KiOK@O ~OaOz H#yOzOk.
O, =OQO He *_Oz =# K~"Ok. Ex~ \K~
L^Q= KOk. P" O P x =O\H _^. =< ''\< JO_
HO\ uH KiOk. >e< xK# K~ _# K~"
oKH#k. W^~ ` \~. z#\ #Oz O` W LO_x
H H<k. P H# ~ O K_. #~ ^Q~ W Hx O`+O
HeyOK_. JH_ ~K< "OQx JuÒQ yOzOk.
~ M`
J_ OKx PiH _+< OQn# HO Jk. P" èqQ,
`=Q x` rq` q+# O` ~OQiOz ~Ok. P >#< #Oz
`@H=\xH Jq Q LQ_~. ~ M` Q =K~. ZQ|_
Kk"~ [#O. @O| |O^, H+ +`, ^~} èq`@ "^#
"\ ~K# K "OzOk. 1934 "^\ Hq` OH#O ''POk HO@i
`zOk. P `~` =_ OH< K iOzOk. We =K@, WO\ QQ
O\ Q$ O|O^ q+ ~ JOîH K~=~Ok. =OQO PO|#Q
P" HqÒ LO_@O` [# $^# @H<~. P#O^ O`#
HeOK~.
@O| ==~ H^ OH H~H=# Ok. P<_
bright young JxOKH< P_< =O\ =H= ^ x<^` H~`
~[H# Kiy ~<~. "~O` ~Q L#` L^Q K, sH
iq`"#"~. "i ''stones from the glass house'', ''Small wonder''
=O\ =lH eiH ~ KiOzOk. P" u `Q ~~ aOK~.
Q~" ^H~. National academy of arts and letters ZxH J~Ok.
75
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
\"~ e@~ |=u XOk# "^\ =Q QiO OkOk.

HO _[# Q H ~Ok. J"iH, J"iH< ~, s_~ _* =O\
~# uH P" ~K# K@ KHx P" Q~"x HeOK~. P<\
^ Ki a+` =Y ~K~`< E< JH =O\ "i`, "Hs, ~H
~ =O\ ~[H <` k @~ Pi ` P" L`~ ` `~ [iOk.
1968 =z# #~ J~< H < Hq\ ~Ok.
1965 E< 18 >O "Q*< e "H yx =YzÒ " KiOz P"
MuH h~[#O \ Ok. Q$xH iq`"< P" `# q=~ K#"ix
^$+ LOKHx =^#OQ ''H < W< ~ ZO` K^=H# "iH<
Y O` WO\< Ô Jx KOk. P_"~ WO\< LO_@O "iH
HH =*xH =Ozk Jx è*Ok. Q$} qye# "iHO> qKH} *#O
Z=Q Hey LO@O^x, ~[H KHx +O KQ^x, ~ =K
q+# Q q+OKQ^x, ~ "~ "^g +"#
W=Q~x, "iH HiQ LO_Q ~x +O KO k. q<^x Q$}
=`" OKQ^x P" xtàO. W\H H, OwÒ, <@HO,
z`Y#O "^# ~OQ Q O $uH qxQ^~Q K=}
L<~x O_ |^H\Ok. ''=Q, WO_Q "= ~ `~#
qÒ K Q H O#O. P_, =Q `= i^ `= x K Hx`
LO> Z=iH U W|Ok LO_^. Q$ ^~xH OQO HQ#O` =~ WO\H,
|@ OH = K@O =Oz^. Jx `# H < ~K# =yOzOk. L#k
L#@Q =\_@O K@O ~@O yx `H`. JO^H P" JO^~
Ja=#<~. P H O XH H H J=_~Ok JO> P" i\
ZO` Q^, P" =O ZOî g^ LO^ J~O J=Òk.
yx ~# =K# ~K# Province of the heart, Wonderful time,
Saint watching H q+ P^~} O^~. 1972 ~ Kx =~
~< LOk. 1978 |=i 22# yx W rq`x KeOzOk.b
76
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
20. _ e\
H.D.Q Jx JOîH iz`" # ~K~ u, Hq _ e\. =Y
W"l H= Z*O_, =~ K` W"l =^ _#Hq. J"iH H=~u
P" ~K# \Q w"i =@ LO\x O OkOk. [<`H
HqÒ ~ " OkOk. W"l =O #Oz H=OQ ^~"<, WOH
P"# JQ q~.
J"iHx xx Ò 1886 O|~ k#
[xOzOk. Ò_ P" YQO, Q}Ò kOK_. xx x=i\
~Q, =~ J|~@i _~H~Q xKOk. è >O\ =Ò J=u
=~xH KOk# "~q< |^~_ ~. ^=x` `H J#=O
L#@Q è qOKk. `~ _ `# Hq` u ^gH$Ò J#k. HH~
, a< =~ Hl q^ <iOk. qi< =~ J< Pi` iK O
HeyOk. Z*O_` ~ yOzOk. `~` qe" Hq` H*Q
LOk. Hl HkH" KkqOk. O_, QQ =~# ` =#HO Q Oy~,
_+< _Ok. D q+x Ki` Hermione ~H#k. QQ,
J`x è` ~ ~@# "oOk. O_< O_ P"# =Y
iKO K_. J\H WOH *" *~ "QH ~^. ~<`
O KOk. D q+x
HO PeOQ< ~_. O_ XO>`
H_ qyÒk. PeOQ< P"# OK OKe[O J^#O K=x
77
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
ÒK_. ^x ^$+ \Ok.

1913 PeOQ<# _Ok. O_, ~ H~O` 'k DQ~
uH O^~ J~Ok. 1917 ~ ''Q\ "~ xK\xH "_`,
b Q J< Ow` HH~_` ==~O #_O k. # "x =z ^ _ O k.
a~ J< #= ~K~`` iKO Ok, z=i^H H#yOzOk. J`_
WOH J=~ "H P<` =}O y "i` > i KiOk. P"
~K# # ikk K iOzOk. 1921 '' "< J< Hq` OH<x K iOzOk
. P `~` 'e@ @O~* , k ~ _ ~* ~ O* Hq` OH<#
q_^ KOk.
a~ ~ q_eK_. H<`# H}O P__. P" h x~`.
~~ ''H[ J< [~ #_~. K._. =_ x= HxOzOk.
eO _~H~` iKO OKHOk. a~ P"# W@e fHx "o QO_
~_ iKO K_. ' \|\ @ O_ J< q+}`H ~K# 1956
KOk. JO^ ~_ [| Hx> q^#O ` Jx èOk. `~`
a~ @O|O` >~ O_ "o:k. <r ~ H$` | `# ^#,
"=H# ÒK\xH a~ i^ ^\ "ix ÒKH<@ O
K_.
~O_= OK Ô HO O_< #Q~Ox _ ~ ^Q~ H~O
LO_"~. J`# Life and letters today J< =Q*< KiOK"_. H`
=K#O HqÒ g^ _ e\ ^ =OzOk. The walls do not fall J<
Hq` ^ =O O_< =}H`# ux H H\ #@ =iOzOk. P
`~` Tribute to angels, Flowering of the rod Hq` OH<# `zOk.
D =_\ x Triology JO> Ò JO\~. P `~` P" PûH =#
=xy~Ok. Ò` O, Tarot cards =O\ "\ g^ ^$+ Z"Ok.
^#O`~O #~ |#` kOzOk. zH` K~OKH#k. J~<
P"x Hq`"O PQ^. x` `x =< LOk. 1957 ''H_
" KiOzOk. 1960, 61 Bid me to live, Helen in Egypt J<
#=# ~Ok. z=iiQ 1960 J"iH =z "oOk. J_"
American academy of arts and letters "_ |HiOK~. 1961
EiK "oOk. JH_ f="# QO_@ =z =~}OzOk.
78
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
P" =~}Oz# `~` P" Hq`x J^#O K@O Z"Ok.

` Ki`H~ ^$+x HOnHiOK~. Her self defined J< rq` Ki`
~~ . The poet HD and her world 1984 =zOk. = Y
q=~O^~ P" Ò i^# K QO^ ~< L<~.
P" ~ ''Doo Litil J~< ''Did a great job JxOKH#k _
e\. =K P" Hq` XH\ KÔ.
Walls do not fall
an accident here and there-and rails gone (for guns) - from
your (and my) old town square
must and must gray not colour - still the luxor bee - chick
and hare - pursure un alterable purple
for I know how the lord god - is about to manifest when I the industrious worm - spin my own shroud.b
79
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
21. =~^ i =~~ \ J\=_

Hq, ~K~`, =[ =~, O $uH Ki`Hi}, uH
O^~, ` $+H~, Jx\H qOz =Oz J^~ =~~\
J\=_. $[<`H ` ~K# # U [# qÒ K =Hb#
~K~ ` Jx\ JQQqQ xezOk J\=_. Jx ` H # O#O
KOk. "\ q=~ " Ok# q^+=}. =^= <~.
~=~} ~H~. =#= ~@O JQQqQ xez# n~=x`.
P" rqÒ JkH~O P" Q =~" J~Ok. r=# ~@O Z^~O@#
J<H = Hq`=, ~K# K `~# qÒ K# =#h~.
|=Y *e.
H< ~ Ok< P" f rqÒ HqÒ` P~O"Ok. J^`
Hq`x =iOzOk. #=, H^ , =#= rq` Ki` (Anthropology) J<H
``~ JO, q=~ ~ OM# OYOQ H# q_^ KOk.
P" ~K# K QO *H" J~<, HqÒ =Ò P" O`" . OÔQ,
=~HOQ, \Q P" HqÒ LO_@O` =## W> PHi~. "\
=#= H$uH ^~"# "^`, q"HO`, PK< ^~}`, Wu
H^# P^~OQ KHx P" ~K# KOk. <@H =yO, =@
Jq` H P" ^ =~<~.
80
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
O qÔ
J ~ =~~\ Ze<~ J\=_. J"iH XO\i ~+O

J\" 1939 #=O|~ k# [xOzOk. Ò_ [O` "`. J~} }
i^# HO L`~ H J_= `~KQ ""_. @O|O P#`<
LO_@O = Zxq^= `~Qu =~ =`" K^= yOk. J~`<O JOk#
u HO KkqOk. HH #Oz HqH ^H ^h =Ô_ Kk"Ok.
H#_ Ô g^ Ja=#O iyOk. Wilderness tips qnd other stories
`# J#" x\x ~Ok. @O|O `~` H #_x torento KiOk. JH_
x=i\x qHi Hl KkqOk. JH_ J^ `H~,
f q=~ J~# ~~, =H ~< ^$+x PHiOzOk. "i =O
P" Q_OQ _Ok. "^\ HO ''_| ~ < OÒQ KiOzOk.
Wk w "^rx # L^tOz ~# Hq`. nxH E.J.Pratt "_#
"^\ iQ JO^HOk. L_ q< +` ~~ L"< Hl Kkq, P
`~` qHi< ` i^# HO .K._. H~ Ki i HO_<
P _w O^ O_< =<O k. Hx P `~` _[# Hn Q~= _H~ @# JO^H#
q^~} JxOKHOk.
L^QO ~K< "OQO

\~O\ ''J#O Z_@~Q Ki ''Survival - S thematic guide
to cannadian literature ~K# K *f ~ QiO OkOk. H#_
Ò` ~@O, *f JÒ, ` a\+ JH$`, J<
^+HO J}z"`# J^ÒQ zuOz# ~K# Wk. nx` H#_ ` Ò`
~K< "~`xH P^~ JxOKHOk. `# PH~ K# L<#
P^~OQ ''The strange thing - The melovelent North in Canadian
literature Hx ~ [# *Q$u KOk.
`~` ~ O_ z# Hq` OH< "^\ #= "Ò J~kO\x Ju
`= HO ~ KiOzOk. `# `~O ^ ~K~`Q QiO aOzOk.
''The animals of that country, ''The journals of susannaa, ''moodee
~K# P" Q ~ `K~. ~O_k H<_< h~ Ki`. JO> P
^x = u# =h Ki`. `~"` #= ~ "Ok #=
~K~`Q z~~ OkOk. "\ =Y"#q Procedures for under
81
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
ground, power politics, you are happy, lady oracle, suffering, Edith
women.
P" ~# The handa maids tale P~~ .H~ J"~ OkOk.

Jk x=Q _ f~. W\H | u+~# #= ~K~` Jx QiO
=zOk. HqÒ "#H_Q "Ok. P" Hq` ~<, #= ~< r=# ~@O
JO^ LO@Ok. JO> ~ =# ^$+ @H< U^< ~Ok. P" #=x
#==} JkH~ ~@O #ey=@O ~ ^~}O. =OQx "qOz
~K# r=O Ok. =~~\ a\+ HOa, =O\, P~ ^#
KOk. \~O\x #~ =i\ J^~Ok. #~, Pe,
J= ''~@~ W< ~_<Q x KOk. w< y|< J< #= ~K~`#
_Ok. 1982 ''HO_ =~, ''H_ H\ H ~Ok. ''k #
PH~ PO^l P H<_< "~ ^# O^~e Q~=O OkOk.
u `Q uO aOzOk.
Z#= ^H O J\=_ ~# #=x H #_, a@< ^ |=`#
kOz#". ''H\ S J#k 1988 ~Ok. Wn |=u OkOk.
19702006 =^HO `qk O\ ~i H<, =_ PO`l
Z_\ KOk. JO^ ~O_ PH~ HO K#q L<~. J~_[< Q
` H ~Ok. Negotiating with dead, a writer on writing with
intent, essays, reviews, personal prose =O\q Z< ~Ok. ~#=h
=<, " Q". #=g^ ^$+ Z= J=@O` HqÒ K|_Ok. J~`<O
2007 ''k _~ Hq` OH#O` `<g "#H_ ^x =~x ~A=
KHOk. Ja=#O _ OKHOk. HqQ `# #O Z_ JQQ" Jx
~A= KOk.
''~@~ x< P H#_ P~ J~Ok. ''P.E.N. _O\
J~, ~[H MnQ |On# ~K~`# q_OK J=Hx OkOk. "i
`~# f= ~@" KOk. =~~\ ~# ''O_ J< J< #= 2000
O=`~O ''|H~ * = "~ JO^*# 50,000 _~ s #Q^ i`+H
^<x ''Environmental group L^~OQ Wz# `Q=i P". =@<
H^ K`# `# \~x x~OKHOk. Q` uH UQ P" Ò
x~O`~ J^ #O [~Q`< LOk. Z< i^< `H QO^# "=iOK~.
"=i< L<~. JO^ =Y"#k ''The cambridge companion to
82
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
M.Atwood
J<k ~O_ " O=`~O Ki`"#k. WOH HO ''J\=_

Z. H\ H HOx<. =~~\ Hq` OH<x x` #`#OQ LO\~.
P"x ^~ O, x|~OQ K " ZOKH# , ^* O JOî PHi~.
~`# q+"<, P^xH q+"< ''XH O_ Q =# =O^ zuOz
x@@O P" `HO. O`H O@## ~e# J=~O =z<,
ZH_ < `H=@O P"# Q ~K< H}O. Hx, ^x K
J^ LOKHx ~, P "# xO_Q Pq+iOK <~ P"k. JO^H
J\=_ Jx\ JQQq JO\~. =~î =~~\ Jx Q~q~.b
83
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
22. H H ~@O _~u ~~

L~H` Hq` "O, P"O, ^xH `Q PK#, H` ^
$+, q$OY`, g~ q~O, , H H~O, =# OHO, qs`"#
`Q_, PO^#, _+<, J[_, J` x~}` XH H H~@OQ, *u
=[O "i ~K~` _~u ~~. =HQ je, ^<# "^, O,
is P" Hq`~}. 192030 HO P" = P*u, SH<.
ZO` Ja=<x OkO^, JO` x~ KqKOk. P" `~O H= O
qK^H Hq J~Ok. _ K LÒQ `~OQO ~~. ZO` @Q K<,
Hq`x PîOK@O q+O. H^, gH, ^ @ ~ JH~ =<
`zOk. XH~HOQ HO HO^ @x ~K~`. P" Hq` O fikk#@O_,
HiO*~.
_~u ~j ~~ 1893 PQ 22# J"iH #*s ~+O, OQ
OK [xOzOk. O^HOQ ^x# P @OxH P Q=O "q
q_k. =<@< iyOk. \# J~^H è Kx~Ok. Ò_ ^
Lù^~. =m o KH<_. ~~ =u èg^ J~+O. W~" UH
Ò_ _. E J~< P" HêH Q=~ KiOk. J\H =Oz
Hq` ~ ~ `KHOk. < Q "~OKk. ''\<l< \* K
84
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
O ~Ok. Jk O_ ~ =zOk. oge "x\ ~~ uH P"

Hq`# KiOz LìK~. P ~O_ uH P"# O^H` ^`
fH=x H~~. ~@~Q "x\ ~~ Ki _= H\ H J~Ok.
=Q*# #~ K"i <@H< pe KO__k. `H L^# eH~.
Z_< O_ ~~# q"O KH#k. J`# Q\ "~ #\xH "_.
qs`"# `Q_`, PH_O\ K, =s< J"@ _, HO K~_.
q_ f<~. J~< D" zew OÔ H~O ~~ \Q#
=Ô_ J> @HOk.
1919 Dramatist J~# ~|~ Shervud, #@_ ~|~
~Kb` He ''~O_ >| J< ^ O# #~x XH @
U~@ KOk. y@x " nx q+ =O (q+ i) J<~. HqH
~K~` *" @~~, h ~K~` iOQ ~#~ "^# "ih nx Q
KiOk. M` ~K~ ` Z~ qOQ`, \ > ~ ` =}O yOzOk.
1925 #~~ uH # ^Q~Oz 30 U ^H JO^ xK `#,
uH ~ `zOk. Z< q"# Hq`, H^, i= ~Ok P H".
1927 "^\ Hq` OH#O ''Enough rope =zOk. Jk ~Q
x~OKHOk. `~` <\ Q<, _` JO_ \H ~ JO` ~ OkOk.
"O\ ~ k eqOQ, P~ K [~, ~ H< H` q+
K~O OkOk. ''~~ ~K# h xH Ki` J<_ =Y q=~_
a<< y. ~, Mu _| =z g^ _`<~. `Q_ x _+<
Q~Ok. D [| P`~O ~K~ÒîH ~^~}OQ L#^. ZO` q$OY`
rqÒ L<, Ò =Ò Kee H@^@O_ ~# Oi. #Q
``, QO_ Q# QK =@`, JÒ` OH``, P" HqÒ
yÒk.
#~~ ~K~Ò^~ b=_ Q=O `H Q_". ~~
_ b=_ x= xKOk. Z< x= ~< ~g ~^.
J< HO J< #@_x _Ok. W^~ He K x=
~~. JO^ ''U ~ D* ~ J< x= giî $+. JH_q J"~
1937 <q<\ J~Ok. o =m \Ok. J"iH =u~H H~H=
KOk J# P~}` P" qK~} Q~Ok. P HO Wk ~K~`
85
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
==. h [Q` P" ~# H e \~. < ~@~ y U~@

_Ok. D O^~OQ P" XHi ''Unemployment office "oOk.
P"# =O^k = P#OÔ` K@=\ P" ~# H\ ''Men seldom
make passes - at girls who wear glasses J< Hq`# _ P" Ja#O^#
è~.
h ~K~`Q K`~ OkOzOk. Hx `# ~OQO J~# <
[~e[O =m =zOk. ''Esquire uH h gH ~Ok. `Q_
qsÒ J~Ok. J_, ^_ Hq` ~< LOk. =m ~\ OQ
=oOk. WO` J=OQ rqÒ L<, ~~ 1959 J"iH< ZH_q P
P~ JO_ @~ ZOHOk. Jk fHx =m #~~ KiOk. 1967 E<
P~# f= QO_@` #~ @ =~}OzOk. M` ''~~ J<
HO Py~Ok. P" JH# H"x J_y# "~=~ H=@O ^H~O.
''Excuse my dust J<k P" `~K "_ =@. J< [iyOk. `# f
~x =i< ^~HOQ KO^@ K~. HOQ D" =~}O `~` k
< `QqO|__. P" ~K# K~ #~^} O^~.
ZO`=Ok P" rq` Ki` ~~. ZO^~O^~ P" Hq` "H# @`
<@H, \.q. Q" `~K "_`< LO\~. JO> P" HqÒ r=OQ
LOk. [ <Hg^ <@O K< LO^# =@. 1995 ''Mrs. Parker
and the vicious Circle z`x f~. ~~ `# *x~
[< b J^Ò Q
+OzOk. ~~ =# ~~ # q"# f"`.b
86
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
23. ~K~ ` ~K~ ` H î < =<

XHi
OQe #= ~K~` ~`# HO^~ Ja=#

''g ~K# = Q J~==`<~. Hx ~gO^x ~K# J~O KH=@O
H+OQ LOk J<~@. ^xH P = #= ~K~` ''<# g HO ~<#.
\Q~ < =O\" HO ~<~ Jx =^#O K_@. JQ POQ
Ò 19= `| L`~~O Stream of consciousness JO> K`#
=Ou J< H c[O ", J ~K# Z LO_ ~ KOz#
~K~`H ~K~` JxOKH# = ~K~` H`b< =< .
#lO_x O# @O|O 1888 JH|~ <Q# H î < \O k.
z#\ #O_ ~K~` H"< `# LO_k. O_< K^=H#k. OwÒ
_ Q< <iOk. # ~ K ~Ok. P~ "O\
=Y ~K~ `#O^s Kkq riOKHOk. =_ `~` =m #lO_
KiOk. =Oz ~} K o Kx èÔ_ qOK~. Hx P"
u~Q@`#O Z=. Artistic adventurous society` J#|OÔ OKH#k.
Pe =Q*< ~ LO_k. =m O_< KiOk. q$OY` P" H}O
J~Ok. H_ =zO^x è =_ "~ iK O =`" L# *i _<#
o KHOk. P" H_x a_ J`_ Ò_ H^. o ~A# # _
"Hx o KH#k. P ~` J`x =kOk. è D"# iOKH Pi
87
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
^~OQ LOK< HiH` O_# fHx =zOk. [~x '' q<

Pi ^~OQ KiOzOk. J~< P" u~Q =#^. =m H_ =z
~Ok. O_< uiy =z ~K# x=Q=~Ok.
In a German Pension J< H^ OH<x 1911 q_^ KOk.
E< =~ J< J`x` iKO OKHOk. J`# e@~s =Q*< Z_@~.
o J~< P" J~ J_, P ^. W^~ He ''| i= uH #_~.
=_ `~` uH _HOk. _.K ~< O\ =Y` Q
iK"~_Ok. ` ~ _<` q_ Ok =~# o KHOk.
1917 H "k HOk. J~< ~K# K< LOk. Bliss and other
stories KiOzOk. =Oz ~zOk. Garden party and other stories
~ KiOz =Oz P^~} OkOk. P~QO g^ W_ ^ HeyOk. <
KiOk. ~ =~ ^~OQ L<, P" L`~, H^# Ki< L<_.
1923 34 UH Hî< \.a.` J~O` =~}Oz f HxH
f~x @ HeO zOk.
H î < ` H`
Garden
J`^ xH e ` ~ K # K O k. J^ P ` ~ `
''Impressionanistic style of stream of consciouness K`# =OuQ ~
=zOk. D q^#O *i We\, =sx LO\ "~ ~~. `Q
#g< D ^~}< ''JO #= ~ ''JO #g< J~_.
JO` =O^ QKO^ O\" uOK~. POQ ~K~` L, iK~
< _ W< ~~. 1920 Hî< O\ ~K~`, HH~ `
O $u #O_ ^~"~. *f =OuH ^~"# "~OîH '' Generation x J< ~ 1990 =zOk.
=< =YO K ^~O, =u~H =O, =HÒ, P` ~O,
XH "xH H@|_@O, "^< =~O Z"< Hx~. W=h P"
~K## u e~. ~O_ ~ P" "^# "z =~KH"x
u P" = _^. =sx L `# Ò Z=~ \ Hx,
\ Hx ~x J#k. Hx Hî< q+O ''Stank like a ciret cat that has
taken to street walking JO@ ''I suppose her in my own way Jx "zOk.
Hî< ~K# =`" J Jx, P" H^x KOk L. P H,
88
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
H~ HO| Hî< "_# J<H =@< `= ~K# "_~. ~< `#

''women in love #= gudrem J< `# H î <# ^$+ @H< ~_<
JO\~. JO^x Q^< Z=~ H^ =< . W^~ ~K~` ^
< L< XHi P"# ''You are a loathe so me reptile, I hope you will
die Jx OK_@. Hî< `# JÒ g^ #=HO ^. `=x
"~"< P~@" Z=. [< =Q ~~` LO_k. Hx P" HO
JO^~ Z_i< +< LO_"~. "iH D" i q~Ô. PH~}Q
LO_ `H ^# P~~ Wz `~ K~OKH<k. P" ~K#x\
O $u q#` HxOk. ''Life and work are one thing, indivisible J<k
P" ÔÒ. Z LO_^ J< ~k. ~O\H `_ LO__^x qOKk.
q$OY`` g~ q~O Kk. P_, =Q J< `_ O_ uiyOk. ^x
e`= J#qOzOk. ZO` ^ L<, K ^~OQ ''_~ _q ~K#
KOk. P" q=~ ^$+x PHiOz# ~K~` J=@O Q q+O. JO^H
P"# ''~@~ ~@~ Jx q=~H HO Q~qOzOk. P" ~Ok JO` ''Post
modernism =*O` ~Ok. J\H P" ^xH c* "# ~K~u.
P" Kx~#_ P" =Hb# ~K~ Ò^~ ''Our missing cotemporary
Jx H`| WK~.
=sx L Hî<` iKO H`, ''Mrs. Dollway #= ~
LO_k H^ Jx q=~ JaO. ''Process of writing g^ J^`
~K# K =~^~HÒ KOk. P" ~# L`~, <\|H Jh `
~x O^~. JO` =~ ~K~ ` Wk ^H ^ . `# J[`
q^# K# = ~K~u Hî<. WO+< ", P ~O\OQ
P" JkH ~} HeOK~.
1923 Gurdjeff =#H O`` HO KiOk. =# iQ
xK s~ P~QO Q LO@O^x W\H èOk ''=~* =zOk. @O|
_H~ *" OQ K` } q_zOk. `# KOz#O` = ~ =~
`# KOK^x =<=^ KOkOk. `# P#O` `# OQ LO_ =
K# ''W_ H~ WKOk. ~ =~ P" =~}O `~` P" ~K#x
KiOz H+ KH<_. P" =~}xH Ok =~ ''Catherines Love
Survived her own Physical Death J<_.b
89
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
24. Jyx e `
_+< H" J"iHx = K\ L# ["H H~<
<|~ _ 1932 JH|~ 27# [xOzOk e `. è P< J"iH
"^\ `~xH KOk# . Ò_ [~<. P# < =i\ A"l ~Q
xK |O| c g^ HO ~_. =_ = D" @O|O
q<` =iOk. P" ~# "^\ Hq` < ~ _Ok. O\OQ
J"~ Q HOk. Unitreriyan H
<Q LO_k. Zxq^= U@ Ò_ =~}O K_.
Hl KiOk. ''KH O_ qKH#@Q O KO HxOk Jx ~HOk.
k ` i= Z_@~ J~Ok. #~ \ LO_ q+}`H "O ~
J#"# '' *~ J< #= O^ izOk. ~~ ~\ OQ
"xH u u~iOK~.
nx` _+< <Ok. ZH H#e" `~ [i~. ^ iOKH
1953 =O^ qOy P`` Ò KOk. O =m zH`
K~OKH#k. XH H\H H~ LOKe# u U~_Ok. W#e< @
Z= W"e =zOk. HO` #O J~Ok. =m Hl KiOk. 1955
^ q #= g^ ''=lH q~~ J< ~ k =iOzOk. JO` J<~QOQ
L< P" ` $[# PQ^. Q_\ J~Ok. \ ~+`
H Oa_ Hl Ki ~K# H#yOzOk. ''=i\ J< Hl =Q*# qsÒQ
~k.
1960 > J< =l<# o KHOk. W\ #Oz
*u+O g^, Jf` g^ #=HO Q iyOk. 1958 Ô` <
K~~. JH_ H\H Hl ixQ xKOk. D q+O Kkq`
=# ~qh_ f# <= ''z=iH qyk qu ` Q~ =Ok.
H \" ~ \ O Q q<~ Ok. = H uQ ~k. `# J#" x\x
Z\H_ ~k. [O@ H#_ "^#q uiy a@< K~~. 1960 "^\
90
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
Hq` OH#O ''H KiOzOk. `# P`H^# JO` xHO K, ''The

Bell jar #=# i KOk. ~ `<\ Q OHO PH Z=. ^x
Hq` ~ " OkOk. ~ WOH J=~` J~ yOK_. D" H~
=Ô [iyOk. 1962 P" Hq` "O L^$ÒQ LOk. XO@iQ
` O_< uiy =zOk. J^ WO\ H~O. P WO\< XH_ w.a.\
Hq L<_ Jx O|~_Ok. P O=`~O j`HO =O^ Z_ #O`
Ke qs", h\ Q\ h~ Q_ H>Ok. [|. >e< H~O
^. W=h =m _+< î f~ P JQ~eH. =~\ U_k ~
#= q_^ J~Ok. D #=# ''qHi H< J# ~` ~Ok.
_H~ *< ~~ P" ^h ux Q=xOz @ KiOK\xH f=
Ò K_. P" XH^. `xi i` XH #~# `< U~@
K_. _H~# =#=Ò LO@O^x ~A= K_. P" ''PO\ _+<
=Oê "__. JO` ~O P" [iy# zH` _H~ WOH U i` #
P =O^ "__^x WK~. Hh D _H~ P q+O è `bH
"__. 1963 |=i ^HO_#, e ` `# e ~O_ `
|OkOKHx Q " F"< `# LOKHx H~< "<H_ "= e
Kx~Ok. O `<O KO^ P JyxH `b^"?
`# JO^~ ''Symbol of blighted female genius Jx uOK~.
P" HqÒ JO` KO^_, ~HO @ fetues, ~. P" WO\ ~O
H~O L# D\ Hq _ W< ~"_. ''Z" ~ |~_ U_
Q<~. H Hq` P" K= `x\h ~Ok. ''Ariel
Hq` qe< =O LO^x JO\~. `# =#H "kx Tulips, Doddy, Lady,
Lazarus Hq` O^~zOk. P" ~# Hq`x ''Confessional
PoetryQ q~. P"g^ x= f^=x u Zky# P" `~
u~iOzOk. P q+x P" XH Hq` ~O ~Ok. Jk Kkq` =#

Hh =, P Jyx H=~u # u Hey, P" # J<^ # K# O^
^ "e_Òk.
''Now they want to make a film - for any one lacking the ability to imagine the body head in oven - orphaning children
they think- i should give them my mothers words - to fill the mouth of
their mother - their sylvia suicide doll b
91
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
25. =^= <~ < PO^x

[##O qÔ
< < PO^x 15021820 =K\ ~+O P_" \<

[xOzOk. Ò_ _x PO^x. è . Ò_H HH~ L^=O` =Oz
O|OÔ_q.
D L^=O 1600 WOQO_ \ P `~"` J"iH KiOk.
H H~ K x^# , =~^ H". ~# Q\Q _~ . xxH
^#`. ~OQ ^ î OK~ . `" . Q = O`xH x H =^ J#=~O
J< `` O "ik. u "iH "Q LO@O^x, J^ k= `x
"=iO^x #=`~. =#+ P_, =Q `_O_~^h "@"^@
" KOk HH~. ^xH, x`xH g~ =u~. Ò_H u qO_k.
PiH =OÔ =z k" f_. < HH~ Ki Kkq, L^
=$u KiOk. ~ # r` H =<O k. o K H< PK# ~^ . 1848
O@<, =\ J< ` iK"Ok. g~ x` =u~H L^=O L<~.
=\ WOQO_ "o OK x` =u~H #\xH O_< " P"#
O@<# J#=uOK^. =Q"iH ` H uxÔ ^ =<~.
nx` "iH =^=O g^ ^$+ _, Seneca falls womens rights convention J< O# 19071848 ~OaOK~. =lH ~,
=` HO ~_\xH U~_# O Wk. =Q"~ J#q# Jx
92
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
P_"iH aOKx H~~. Declaration of anti sentiments J<

`x q_^ K~. = =Q"i` @ P LO_x,
OkOKH< rÒ "H ^Hx, |~OQ ^ =\_ K H"x,
e `= =^ LOKH< LO_x, =Q"i` =#OQ "@ H"x
ukOz, OKxH è*~. Philadelphia ledger and daily tran-
script
''A women is nobody. a wife is every thing. a pretty girl is equal to ten
thousand men. a mother is next to God all powerful. the women of
philadelphia are resolved to maintain their rights as wives belles, virgins and not as women
Jx "i =@Q ~Ok.
L^= Q=O
H#*i PO^x Daughters of temperence J< L^=H~`
KiOk. g~O` `Q` = @O ^| uO@<x, H#H eH~ g^
Hi# K\ K J= [~x H~H<". 1849 PO^x "@"^\
L<x D "kH g^ #Oz K JOî PHiOzOk. JO^~ PK# ~HuOz
H~= # Ô KOk. H=OQ x` =u~H , ~ =u~H
x QO` qxOzOk, JOî ^$+ _Ok. D" =@, "Q\ , x|~O,
^~O K JO^~ PO^xx ''_ <e< J<~. OH O~} g^
D" ^$+x iO*Ok. q"` = P K@O# Ò `zOk.
^x H~O o J~# _| Q =Ok. J~` ^~^$+O Uq\
JO>, P _|, P P" KuH ~^. ~ L^QO K Ok P ~* r`x
~ K` H$~ }O J#H"eO^. WO\ =< L<~. g\Hx \H
O~} ~O kOKx f=OQ qOzOk. J\H Abolitionism J<k XH\ LOk. g~ x`x ~ =e Jx H~"~. [=#
#O_ ÔQ`#OQ i x g~ JO_Q x|_`~. P ~A
_iH _Q g~ =Y <_. WO\ "~O` PO^x Ò_ WO\
="O J"~. gi` P" iKO HeyOk.
1849 < The lily J< uH O^~ Jge |=~`
iKO OkOk. J^ J"iH "^\ = uH. P uH
=^xH K H$+ KOk. <@<` He OKx =~<
JaO =zOk. XHi ~ =u~H =\_` =Q"~
93
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
=\_x=^. P" HO =z |\H =KOk. Womens state

temperence society J< = O# ~OaOz = #_@ KOk.
< @<# "^\ _O \# KO k. |=~ P_" _ H`~ O WzOk.
Z LOÔ> ''Turkish trousers to the ankle with a skirt reaching four
inches below the knee Wk PH~}OQ LO_@O` îOK@O
~OaOK~. nxH the bloomer J< ~zOk. J~` PO^x Hk ~A
"Hx, `~` W|OkQ LO_@O` =<Ok. W = H` =^~}`
HO` =~ `K~.
1852 H`Q U~_# O ~+ = #~x ~K~
x~OK~. JO^ `Q` Ò_ =*xH J#~O Jx ^ ^H}
=`" K^=H< u ~, J=Q#` K^=H"x PO^x QOc~<O
KOk. 1852 "^\ = ="xH "o Hl "O
HeOKx, =Q"i` =#OQ # Q~qOKx K~ "~^x, K|`
''We do not stand up here to be seen, but to be heard Jx f= ~O`
= i "yOzOk. 1853 Newyork state teachers convention
x `# Ja# x~OQ KOk. ''You chose this teachers
profession that you have no more brains than a women Jx f=~O`
`## J_H# "ix JêOzOk. `# uH = O^# P"^. ^x<
"~ PtOK~^x @Q ~Ok. 1854 February 1415 `n #~x
Px ~+ = ="O [iyOk. #~ JOc <@<
"^\ iQ L#OzOk. P" L<x " H f~Oz PO^x
~+=O`\ OzOk. P `~` #~ ~\Oz L< KOk. [#O
Ò_ Ò_Q =z q<~. 1856 PO^xx #~ \ x`
=u~H OxH uxkx K~. KeHO Ô K O` ~\Oz
= "@ HO K~O KOk. O` _| Y~ KHx uiyOk.
1857 `"i ` @ #"i # HH ~\
KkqOKx HiOk. =~ q=H _^x KOk. Mixed race education
J=~x K~O KOk. Hl q^ LO_x _=O_ KOk. H=OQ
P" =@ =O = #*u "i@ ^+O `yO k. x=i\, Hl
"O HeOK~. 1860 Married womens property act J<H
94
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
L^= e ÒQ =zOk. Judiciary committee <@< =\_ J=HO

=zOk. P" J" " eÒ aOzOk. H` K@O =zOk. ^x
H~O `# r`x `< J#qOK=K. "~ "^g #=K.
H~ "=K. # `= ^Q~ LOKH=K. D K@O = Q
=~". =^= e` W=h.
1862 _O \ eOH< ^x, xx ~HO K\xH x` x~#
`^x qOK_. x` x~# f=OQ Pz<_. = U
x`x H=H=OQ x~e#x è_. PO^xH eOH< =@g^ #=HO
HQ^ . =u~HOzOk. XH =\_ ` P" ''=#Ô Jx ^"iH
K^=H< Ok. Hx #"iH P J=HO H=@O QK@. "iH Lz`
q^ HeOKe. "iH =# HeOKe Jx f=~O` QiOzOk.
1862 E ^=_# _O\ eOH< Emanicipation proclamation# *s
K x` x~# ^~OQ "^\ J_Q"_.
1863 Womens national league x`x K@ =u~H=x
è* \ + < " \xH PO^x, <@ <# OOk. O~ x` q"K#
[~Q#^ PO^x Ô. <Q H O`H` \ +< `~ K Ki`
$+OzOk PO^x. g\ Jx\ eÒQ 1865 December 6# ^=_=
~*OQ =~}` O~ x` x~# [iyOk. x Ò`x
x[OQ< O^~, q= < ~. P `~` P J"iH# "@ aOzOk.
nx< Ki`H~ ''hQ J=~ J<~. Hx x[OQ Jk ''hQ =< J=~
=`"#x `~"` `Hx =^= < =O__~.
= =m O\`" American equal rights association#
U~~z L^qOK~. J\H PO^xH _ U =K~. WO`=~ o
K H^ . O` W U~~K H^ . î W < LO\Ok. Ò_ Kx~#
`~` P# WO\ x=tOzOk. JO`\ JOH` =O` xK# = =}H O
PO^x. `~` Working womens J+< U~~z "ix PÔk.
k#= ~*OQ =~} _ = "@ QiOz Ug H=@O
PQO HeOk. 1869 National womens Suffrage Association
U~~z eOQ, *u q=H O_ JOîH "@ HeOKx f~xOzOk.
H=OQ L^=`, ~ @#` P" rqÒ JO` Q_z ~Ok. J~Ok.
95
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
=`~xH ^` JyOz "#H #O_ K# K L^=xH T~

T^`< LOk. 1872 P" `# î` H~H~` He H~<
_O\ ZxH "@ "Ok. nxH Ò P"# J~ KOk. J~^
=O^ [i=< qkOK~. H@# =Ok. HO =z ^x "~H OK~.
q~ JOk. P" J\s P _| H\ ~ WOK_. `# H O
H~ "O_ J\s K_x =O__Ok. J_`# =OQ ''I could
not see a lady I respected put in jail Jx K P" _ L# Q~"x
è_. P" rq` Ki`# ''I da husted Haarpar ~Ok. 1902 =
"@ HO <\ H Hq\ z=i iQ =\_Ok. JqOÒQ
= ^# HO ~_ J# P =#` = < PO^x.
13031906# Z# P~= U@ `k q_zOk. P" Q$x *f ~H
zOQ Ò KOk. P" t qQx "+OQ@< <He Q~=O
HeOK~.
< a.PO^x ` O=`~O <_ JO> 1920 august 18 O^q^=
~*OQ =~} K J"iH Ò OîH "@ # HeOzOk. ^x
''< a.PO^x J"O_"O\Q Ò ~x P" = h~[<ezOk.
~ O_ ~@ e Ò Wk. 1920 #=O|~ 26 qe# J"iH< =
"@ # qxyOKH<~. ^#rq < < PO^x.b
96
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
26. "~} Zge Z~~

[##O qÔ
P" J\O\H, H = =^ g^Q q=<x #_# "^\

=. J"iH Ô JO` O` q=#O K\ =z# "^\ = \,
PHO JkH Z` iH~ ~ q=<x #_# "^\ =. Wx
iH~# <He, OKO JO` K\ =z# "^\ = H"< Ô`
|i Q=xH H=O =O^ " ^~O LO_Q, P" q=#O HxOKO_
~, qsQ =i, J"iH "~} JxOKH# = \ Jge
Z~~ s Wk.
Jge"s Z~~ 24071897# J"iHx H< ~+O
Pz#< [xOzOk. P" \#_ ^ `# =z "eOk. è Jg
F\ 14,1120 J_Q Z`# ~H ~`x H# Jk~Oz iH~
<He# "^\ =. Ò_ Z_< O@< z#_ `` J== WO\H
"o JH_ Q~# ZH s K@O, HO_ Q u~Q@O J"@ KHOk.
J~` P"# ~~ H~ ZH u~Q\x XH^. \ P_k. _
KHQ #_Kk. Q~ H =^ <~Q _ *~@O <iOk. Ò_ ~
HOh L^y. JO^Hx Q g#_ @O|O` ^ uiy K
97
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
J=HO =zOk. P# L# H~ HK<, [< Qk, =O@"_ LO_"~.

Ò_ Q `Q`. JO^= L^Q ^` LO_k H^. D" J==, ``
Kx=@O` èH P < OHqOzOk. Ò_ q# @ ~ H~Q x
Ke =zOk. @O|O qix q< \ =~_. JH_ #Oz
zHQ "o L<_. JH_ Zge \O Ki P_Ok. @O|O xx
KiOk. JH_ ~_x Ogantz school Ki KkqOk. W\ T u~Q@
"
i~Ok z#`#O JO`. JH_ H <iOk. JH_ Alphaphi \O D"#
`= \OH PxOz P_=<~. D" "^\ #Oz O^ q^<
#Kq H=. xH ~_H H@iQ xKOk.
1917 \~O\x î ^Q~ "oOk. J_ ^ c`x
H~ KOk. ~_H L# Zge x HO @~ Je JO^*Ok.
Q_# x O KOk. WÔ` =## Hz"Ok. JO^Hx
=m Ki K^= \xH =# JOwHiOK^ . XH #~ ^Q~ ~eQ
xKOk. PO|< aQ_~ "O@s KOk. `~` _< qe@i
@ =z Ô J# "iH =OkOzOk. JO^ ''+
H` ^_" LO_"~. "i =#H iu qO`Q LO_k. ~A
<O_ QO@ xKk. LÔ _ #O_ ~u _ =~ P" _\.
î` Mm =x Q_k. JH_ Q~ "sx W^~ Q K P#O^x
O^"~. Jge Q~O ~ ''_#"\. g~# K\H ^Q~ q=< #_
>xOQ O@~ LOk. JH_ P~ D" L`x K q=< ZQ~@O =z
K_=<_. J K q=##O Ja=#O Q OKHOk. D"
# ^ LO_k. ^xH P~ +< K~OKHOk. \~O\ =ke =K\x
<~ PO@< KiOk. JH_ è î L<~. P\"\" "+< >xOQ
OkOk. _H~ H"# PK# HeyOk. #~ "o HOa =i\
KiOk. JH_ Ow` HKs "k. Q~ i Kk. x=i\x Z`#
aeOQ \ ZH JOî P~izOk. JH`Q =i\ K^= =<
Heix èÔ_ ^Q~ KiOk.
q=# #O
Hei J\H q=##O Q K~O OkOk. JH_
OQ cK ^Q~# Daughter field x Z~~ g\ [~Ok. J_ \
98
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
H"e J# PO =# "keOk. JH_ JkH~` =\_ P" Ò_

D"# q=#O ZHOz KH ~ H\O K U~@ K_. Jk J^Ò JxOz<" .
\ tH} fH"#HOk. K Y~` _# x Jk. XH z# L^QO
K <~H"#HOk. = \ J~` Q <~Ò^x qOzOk.
JH_ W~" <Q ''<` H J< P" <~\xH JOwHiOzOk. 1920
December Q<x H<~ Z~~~ K~HOk. H ^Q~O_ <~e
Qe L# u xqxH XH _~ P" W"e. J\H Ô ^K#
Liberty O_# LyOz P" a KeOzOk. 1921 January 3# "^\
<. U~ _#qH g^ Hx `# ^Q~ LOKHOk. =O^ qg^
q+h <iOk. P~ < tH} `~` O` q=<x ~O_ " _~
\ H#H#k. J^ Z H<~ S~~. ^x P" ''k He< HOx _ xKOk. H ^<xH Zx Ò\
_ Jh _Ok. WOH XO@iQ q=#O #_@O Ô H^. O\
~OQ, OH, ~ ~, ^qH q+h <iOk. Jh
<i# `~` "^\ iQ XO@iQ q=#O #_ 5000 J_Q Z` yi
kyOk.
"^\ iH~
Zge <i# H q"O KHx L^QO =<Ok. WH ^`
JO` D"g^ _Ok. P"# QiOz xH uHh ^ ^ \` QQ
~~. 1922 October 22# `# S~~ q=#O ZH XO@iQ PHO
qiOz g#O` Z` ZyiOk. ~Q# K~OzOk. z=iH K
`# 14,000 J_Q Z`# L#@ Q=xOzOk. Wk JO`=O^ =
\ _ K~x Z`. JO> Jge iH~ OzO^# =@. gi @O|O
#"_x lO "xOQ @|_ \# _| uO aOK^. W^ x~.
+e "# Industrial workers of the world q``
[~Ok. JH_ J~" U ^\# "~OîH #<# Ò W"x f~#O
K~. 1923 may16# Zge ~ OQ i H \ KuH =zOk. `# q=<x
J" L^Q ` KOk. XH \Q _ L^QO KiOk.
`~` `< OÒQ \ f@O, J=@O <iOk. =m H` q=<x
H#HOk. =m # P~+< K~OKH"eOk O. q=<x J"
99
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
WOH\ HOk. nxH H* (Z i) Jx ~ \Ok. è` 7000 "

q=#O }O K < KiOk. =m ~s J=~", K~OzOk. `~`
#~ =Q~ u~Q@O` Ku _| Mm. < Ki ~~ =~
H H~ KiOk.
O H " H~H=
q=#O #_ ^x ZH_ L^Q ~^. @ Q_"e. _x<
+ =~~Q xKOk. JH_ Syrian mothers club Oz, i
#Oz =z# =^~ K^=H< g HeOzOk. Kh P_`
\ P_OzOk. P _~H~ J~Ok. < [iQ *f <
\"O\ ="xH Zge uxkQ P<x OkOk. 1927 <
#Q~O q=#O ZQ~` ""i _ # "^[eOk.
"` HO@ =z# J=HO

~ _x< J< P# =K\ XH q=< x <H
PK# HeyOk. Jge# OkOK_. D" x< uH =
@ QiOz =Oz "O ~Ok. WOH Z= =Ok q=< #_\xH
=O^ ~"x HiOk. K~ e<~ ~ "^\ i J\O\H# ^\#\
#O_ Jge `# ^x kOK# HiH iyOk. 1928 april 7#
P"H < =zOk. JO^ P" J\O\H =^x ^> q=#O #_\xH
P#O =zOk. "O@< #~ "o *i @O, _q_ =<# HeOk. P
}xH #~ J~# Amy phipps guest |^ D" }O Ke.
H ~O H~ ~O =z# ^<x Q WKe. Jn XOÔ.
~ #Ok Jge. O _+ J< q=<x #_e. E< =_# < #Oz
# O_O_, H#_ g^Q <" ux eH q=<O KiOk.
JH_ #Oz "x s ~O\ Ki }x q[=OÒQ =yOzOk.
~h q[ wuH _~. P"# ''_ eO_~ ~ Jx K Ok. J\O\H#
^\# "^\ =Q iH~ kOzOk. " KHO L# `~` WOQO_
"oOk. JO^~ `## Q_Ò> ''<# XH }~# =`" Jx
KOk. J"iH uiy =z ZO` Ja=<x OkOzOk. P"# "Lady
Lindy", "the queen of the air" Jx Q~=OQ eK~. _O\ ~* "
P" q~z` QÒ eH_. #~ \ Ò Kqx Wz Q~qOK~.
100
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
P" J"iH< ~~< J~~Ok. Wk Ki``H Ò. J<H

=" =\_ ZOîH i HeyOzOk. ZO` _| KuH =zOk.
Jh f~Ok.
iH~ iH~
@O# q"=_x x~~OzOk. _ ` #O_ q=<x Hx
#~ #Oz J`x` |iOk. Hx \ |~ Jk î~Ok. WOQO_
#Oz `y# iH~ Òz Q K~OK_ @O. 19314 @O# o
KHOk. P `~` 19000 J_Q Z` q=<x #_ iH~ <HeOk.
`# "^\ i J\O\H# ^\< OÒQ O` q=#O ^@^< ^
P" LOk. P HiH 1932 fiOk. XO@iQ J\O\H# <<Q ^\
iH~ kOzOk. J"iH HOQ P" JÒ` q"# The distinguished
flying cross # ^#O K Q~qOzOk. 1932 H = =^x
XO@iQ ^\ iH~ <HeOk. D ~O_ =^# ^\# "i "^\
#O P"^. < #O_ Heix FHO_ KiOk H g^Q.
JO` =O^ J"iH JO` `# q=#O K\=z =~ iH~ <HeOk.
= _ iH~ 2100 "# kOzOk. "HH #O_ "+OQ@< 14
QO@ Ki eO_~ iH~# |^H\Ok. q=## Ki`< u~Q ~Ok
iH~`. J_y# K\H "o L< K "Ò g^ =~ H=Okx
P#OkO*Ok. XH ="xH =_ =O^ _~ = KOk.
O KO K\< f~x HiH

1935 Purdue university = L^Q q+ _~"O\
H~~ L^QO OkOk. ~O_ " _~. P" Z~~ <\H
i~ K< OHO HeyOk. ^xH q~ H"e. [<xH è*Ok.
q~ "" =zOk. ^x` XH q=<x Hx ''Tlying laboratoryQ
=~#HOk. P" ''Ameelia Earhaart fund for aeronautical research
J< O# <HeOk. ''ZH J< ~O_ WO[# q=<x H#k. ^x "QO
QO@ 210 " JÒ` "QO. ^^ 27000 J_Q Z` Zy~ =~O
^xk. J\H JO\ q=< O KO Wî =^< L<~. XH\ Jge
^Q~ ~O_k Uq+< Q~ Jx =|_ Howard hughes ^Q~ =`"
L<~. D q=#O` O K ` K q=#Ox q+ # `HO@,
101
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
^H i` Jk Z x|_Ò^ Q ~@# Kx P" P.

Heix FHO_ 1937 february 12 OK ` NH~O K\Ok.
`~ _=~# Hei #O_ "~H }Oz iH~ <HeOk.
qq #O_ ~O_ ^ ~OaOzOk. WO_ H< S~ ê K\Ok.
H =Ôx ''O_ SO_ Ki` OK` O~O. J+
[#O P" QÒ H\xH P nO K~~. Ò ~ < KOk.
Hh ^~^$+=` WOH =O^ " Q=<xH ^~OQ L# =O
J\^H =z# ~_ OH` Py~. P" q=#O ZH_ LO^
`b^. JO^ HOQ~_~.
ZO` uOz< q=#O *_ aOK^ . J"iH Ò 2,50,000
K^~ " q~O JO` "kHOzOk. 65 q=< ~"H} [i "uH~.
10 <H 4000 =Ok [#O J_Q_Q QeOz [_ \ < q=#O qsQ
J^$"O k. a@<, [< ^ _ HiOK~. 1937 july 18# J<+}#
xe"~. P"# ~" *H K fHx "~< TQ<<~.
Hx Un x~~} H^. OK ` K# Jge Z~~ OHO z=i
H} q"< P" Ki` OHxH, ^~ , @^, " x~uH
P^~ OQ xez~Ok. =[Ox =_# u~ iOz# = P". ''"
~} Jx JOî K` POQ eOKH# QQ# qi}. }"=
J#O` QQ# O He=@O ^H~O .
''Though she may gone from this world, the spirit of Amelia
Earhart lives on in any a person who looks out to the horizon and dreams
that, despite their circumstances, they can fly higher.b
(qOQ = " =uH KiÒ)
102
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
27. Ki`H #= ~K~ u D~ ~

J"iH Hh " HO [iy# J<H O@# OkOz, P
Ki`# <ÔQ fHx Q #= ~# ~K~u D~ ~. P #=
Q Mu Ok# #= ''*x>" <. P" =K\ ~+O < #Q~xH
^Q~ L# " ~ 28061891 [xOzOk. =K\# ''#
WOQO_ JO\~. z#\ #O_ JH_ ^ "`=~}". èÔ_
Q< q^=O`. Ò_ P"~ Hl Q_\. P# H<O\ <,
@s "o Q}Ò kOK"_. P# w #Q~O ''\ "o JH_ `=H
K P q+h =z# `~` WO\ K_. Jk "ig^ ^
=" HeOzOk. P# \ H~ [_ J_. è iZ\ "i
P<\ "^\ q^ O J~# ''Oread academy in worsester K^=HOk.
=Oz Ki`Hi}. ~ O_ =_ H ~ K iOz, ìH ~} HeO zOk.
Hh Ki` ~@O è ` He xK~.
èÔ_ L# O`#O J~^= J=~ D~. "O`
Q K^=H<~. z#\ #O_ D" H^ K K Hì<` HHO
Kk. ZxqH H` He XH =lH "Q*< `~ KOk. è
D"# K^==x, ~=x, = "=x ÒKk. K^=
J~# `~` < x Worester Art Museum# _~ x Ex~
Hl# KkqOk. `# ~K# H#y< LOk. 1912 _~ #O_
103
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
Q_\ J~Ok. =m < ~K~` >~xOQ KiOk. K Hî<

qx =i\ \zOQ Ki` D" _ "oOk. Q~s Kk. P"
H^ |=u =zOk. qx e@~s "Q*< P" H^ _Ok. ^x
".h J"~ O~.
1917 "^\ O K Ô "O@sQ xKO k. " =sxx
XH == H`xH D~# O~. JH_ ~` D"# L`x Q=xOz
Q~# P" JyOK_. "\` Q Q_Ok. qx< K^=`
~K# "~Q k^H Ok. qx< e@~s "Q*< Z_\i ~ xKO k.
JH_ ~eOQ J< = ~K~`` iKO U~_Ok. P# ~# ''Yearling
HO Q K~O OkOk. `# qx< ~=\xH H~}O Q #=
~\xH Jx Kk ~. 1919 WO\H uiy "oOk. JH_ XH a+OQ
HOx JO \ Z_@~ J~Ok. P" eOQ q Z=Q Kk. JO^H<
^ `yO k. H ` p Z_@~ J~ =O_k. JH_ P" ZO` =Ok ~K~ `
O ~`è ^Q Kk"k. JO^ ^~O LO> `H KiOKk. Oz
q= <Ô =z# XH #=# J=~O "~ `yOz Z_\ K uH
KiÒ J@ KOk. Jk ''Rafael sebatini ~# ''Scaramouche P
#= Ki`H <Ô` ~|_ LO_@O` Q ~ J~Ok. x=Q
_ f~. Wk D~ }".
`# xK<, x~O`~O ~< LOk. < D"xOQ \x
`~K ~k. JO^ "K\x ~K~` rq` Ki` P ~+ Ki`
~k. Jq Q ~ O^~. HOa_ J~"O\ qye# = ``
He u"~O _#~ ix KHO@ H` Jukx Px P# KOk
`HO@ LO_k. J_ ~~ Hl qî P~ <` iK "O k.
J~` J^g =Q zQiOz H~Ok. H~}O P" nx
QiOz PzOK =O fiH H=@". Hx 1926 J`< oKHOk.
o J~# `~` Hx < ''o genteel lady J< qHi #x XH
QiOz #= ~Ok. nxH `# ~} ''Goodies ladys books Jx
è*Ok. Z_ WOQO_ [iy# Ki`H q+ <Ô P" JO`
q+ H~} K J^ÒQ ~O^x "K~. Newyork time book review
miss forbes has caught and kept through out the charm of the by gone
days she describes. she has captured the elusive lace and lavender
104
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
element without its mustiness
Jx y_Ok. XH < D HO J=H

qsÒQ iQ~. h=< Ô` ~ "o =K~. #~
x"O. ~ ~O x K<_. D" H` #= ''A mirror for witches
^$+ \Ok. `# è @O|O HiOz# Z< q+# J^#O KOk.
JO^ è K# XH ^~ Q^ P"# Q HkeOzOk. Rebeca chamberlain J< P" XH Ô Jx * qK~} Z^~O@O_Q< Kx~# H^
Jk. nx =O D"g^ Q LOk. HOa_ LO_Q _ ^ H^
K q#k. XH JQ~# =f =Ou~ Jx xO^" # U_= à
''O [iy# H^ P^~OQ 1928 ''A mirror of witch craft #= ~
Ki J^`"# J =zOk. q=~ "K~. JO^ _ ab J<
WOw+ J=~x ~~<# KOk. Wk Q $[<`H #= J<~. W
=O`Q`, ^ H^ z=i^H ~< LOk. ~ ~ `#HO> ~
~ Z=Q ~=@O J HeyOzOk. P"# ~=^ Jx POH \_.
J`# WO\ L#O` ~k H^. P `~` ~k. z=iH W^~ q_
fH<~. D" =m O` T~ "~~ KiOk. `# WO\H Hk^~O<
î Hî< LO_k. P" J_ J~"Ok ~K~` ~H=\xH UHOÒ
J=~O Jx. J= K î Hi L# WO\ =_ ~ UHOÒQ
~H< U~@ KHOk.
~O_ ~#O` "QOQ ~k, =m uiy K^=Hx K@O
J"@. "K\x Hh [<x QiOz #= ~x OHeOzOk.
D< ''q =~ J< #=# H=O k ~A ~Ok. Wk=~
J#H# \ P^~OQ ''Paradise PK# \ P~ < i K 1937
a+ KO k. Wk qsÒQ Ja=#O OkOzOk. `~` U_k ''The
genteel lady q_^ q[O kOzOk. Wk ''` <~ J< P" `#
~# =~ =Qix KO# <~O HO^ Li f|_Ok J< H^. =Oz `,
x~} P" ~ `K~. Li f|_ Pq_ a\+ P~` J<uH
O|OÔ LO^<k `~"` Òk. WO^x Ki`H ^~O JOî
P~~zOk. P" ij< ^$+H ** eH~. e>~ |=u Ok#
< q<O\ <\ J< P" Q i= ~Ok. D #= q_^ J~# `~`
Q s _ WzOk ~.
105
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
''Paul revere and the world he lived in J<k 1943 e>~ |=u
OkOk. <OQ P |=u `# èH KO^x JO@Ok D~. =Oz
q=~` D H O ^~Ok. e>~ kOz# `~` =~ q[=O`" #
#= ~ Ki` ~ #O OkOKx =#iQ H~H#k. J_
J"iH< i=+< <\ ^~ Q^ ''Johney tremain rq`x #=Q
~xOzOk. JO` nHQ ^x i^# K #=# ~OQ O^~OQ
fikkOk. 1943 Ki`" Q q[O kOzOk. nxH # i J"~
OkOk. P `~` <Q << H< ~Ok. 1948 ''The running of the
tide ~Ok. nxH m.g.m." x=Q f~. nxH P" XH H
" _~ i`+HO aOzOk. " _ *h >=<# x=Q f_. nx
=g HO^ P" ^HOk H=O J~^ " _~.
1954 z=i #= ''Rainbow on the road ~ q_^ KOk. Wk
1830 HO<\ *#^ HH~x ^~ H^. k#= `|Ox =K\
''qK H ~x "^ \Ok. Hx i KH~Ok. ''American
Antiquarian Society in worester 1960 ZxH J~# "^\ =
~K~u ~. P O J~^# q+# HiOz ^~z [
JO^@H Òk. _ P~ rqOz J="# Ki``H #= ~#
D~ ~ 12081967 =~}OzOk. P" #= *h >"< kH Q
+H J#=kOK|_Ok. Z< ~ #~^} Ok Hk H J=_
~. P"# QiOz ''newyork time uH Q O# iOzOk.
''Forbes is a novelist who wrote like a historian, and a historian who
wrote like a novelist, achieved a reputation as one of the most exciting
and knowledgeable authors on the revolutionary era.b
106
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
28. Zqe O\
1847
WOQO_ Ô =z# iqH q=O = O^

r=# q^#O ^|u# f~#, O H =~ ^ #, q [=#O =\x
^x= J\^H =z# OH ^ =i~ ^xH O# =~H ^
~=\x "~ ''*O\ "<Q K=} J=\x Zqb O\ J< WOQO_
~K~u ''Wuthering heights J< `# #= J^ÒQ Pq+iOzOk. P"
rq` q# `HOÔ.
1818 Zqe O\ E 30# O_< ^Q~ Thornton - Yarkshire
[xOzOk. Ò_ \H O\, è "i. P~Q~ O`#O J~^=
Zqe. =_ H èx H~# Jyx. P è î Ze[` g~O^s
H, ^" # KO k. U_ `~` K^ =`# JH "i Ze[`
JO@ "k` =~}OK~. Zqbx "~Q =~ LOK~. WH_ P" ^
LOk. Ò_ HO H x = Hx WK_. g\` D"
P_HO@ "\ QiOz T` H^ ~Ok. J" ''QO^ H^Q k
KO^~. Jq P" "^Q JO\~ q+. K~\ J< î \K~Q Ki
Zqex `# t+~eQ KHOk. `~` Zqb _ JO\ \K~ J~Ok.
P"# Q , a_ O Hex `#O, P"# \K~ Q ~}OK\xH L Q_ ^ .
W~" U = Zqe ''=~ uiy "oOk. Ò_ ~O\OQ
K HO` Ok<_. î JO` He XH _^=#H<~.
_| H Py~. W`~ + <i Hx |_ @@O ^~^x è Zqe,
K~@ | "~. JH_ OK, [~< + <~~. gix Oz#
^è Kx~Ok. P" giH HO` ^#O Wz Kx~Ok. ^x Z Q
LyOK Jx Pz Ò_ ^Q~ LOk Zqe. `# Wk =~ ~#
107
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
Hq`h H K ''Q^< "Q ~ \Ok. g ^~_ < iQ

xKH=@O L^QO Q@Hx <u# O\ Q L<_. K~\ O\
~# ''Jane eyre #= Zqb ~# ''Wuthering heights #= XHi
KiÒ J~. K~\ #= Q PH@HOk. Hx Zqe #= P~x
HeOzOk. D" ~O^ J#H<~ JO^~. ^~_ < Kx_.
qye# =Q~ ^~ K PO^# Q~<~. Ò_ _ JO` =O^
_. z=iH Zqb _ H "k` 1948 _O|~ 19# =~}OzOk.
P"# "~ # "\H =k K~. 32 UH P" `#= KeOzOk.
î K~\ Shirley J< Hx Zqb J< JOH`qzOk. 1850
Zqb ~# wuthering heights #=# #~^} K Z_\ K L^Ò
~Ok K~\. D #=# x=Q _ J^ ~` f~. K~\, Zqb
W^~ JHK. #= ` ~K# #==}xOKH<~.
D #= Zqb `# K# O`#, [#e H^ KiOk.
`# T Hx *_OzOk. P"x a_x ` "\Ok. JO^x
Eath cliff ` P" ~}. ^~_ < `# JO^ KOz K_
=[O #O ^x èOk. D #= =~ ~@O LOk. ^x u=OÒQ
zuOzOk. WOQO_x igH~} q= O = =[O =z# H` =lH
JkH~#, ^# igH~} ` =^ `~Q u @O Ok# P@@#
è*Ok. =~ ``# q=iOzOk. =[O nx =O Z LO^,
^x= =z# H` q^<q\ `~. [ q=, =lH q=
=^ L# q^ `H< KOk. XH~HOQ =[ SH`# kOzO^x
K=K. H@e[O ~Q`# f~# KOzOk. =~ ~@O `^#
=i =< Hx O k. =#+ J\^H J#q # ÒÒ Òk
J< =# HeOzOk #=. HO^~ q+ =# _i< Ô`xH D
#= XH "M#O. "~` JkH~ H OnH~} # x~O zOk. c^"~ |`H\ xH
=~=O` Jx K\ KOk Zqb. =x+ D qxH HOÔ H^x KOk
J<~ XH~ . O^# H OnHiOK"ix ZkiOz x"<k ÔÒQ Hx O k.
J<H O H = D #= KiOz `# =< |x ~K< Hx J^ #
"x *_Oz Zqb O\ ~# D #= W\H JO^s Kkq<@ K<
LOk.b
108
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
29. [Qq e Zs
JOìH H\ JOìHx ikOK"ix "=Q= P<@
JO\~. =^ =O\ [<, ikOK"ix [Q= H
PH<@ JO\~. =^<+} J<H K, J~^# iH~ kOz,
Z< J"~, i"~ JO^H# PH<\, J"iH = =}HO e
Zs rqÒ ZOîH P^~O, ~}.
O qÔ
e Pe Zs J"iHx # *s ~+O y|<\<
30081935# [xOzOk. J"iH< X+<Q~, PH<\Q, ~K~`Q P"
z~ Hi<iOzOk. 1955 i_ x=i\ #O_ _w OkOk. =~\
U_k ZO.Z kOzOk. 1966 _H =i\ .K._ KOk. 197986
=^ HO Hei JH_q P < ~@~ ~ H lQ xKO k.
`~ "` Heix ib =i\ i~ J \Q 196981 L^QO
KOk. ~_ Wx@\ ~Q HO`HO LÔW. 196781 =^ HO
~~ x=i\ i~ P J\Q =~ H=O Z^Q` `#
q^ `y# ux O^` ~}OzOk.
J<+}
e "^\ #Oz =Ô D^@O, JH_ [@K~ q+O
`H=@O ~^. 1970 P" Ja~zH `y# x HeyOk. P"x u
109
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
@" QiO aOzOk. K=Ok =Q"i` P"# =^<+} XH

+ O~. JO^x =Q"~O` + P_k LO> ''_ H Jx D_O K~.
~" _ ^q qiz U^^ ~~. P `# ky[O KOk
e. J_ uH J^ <\` P"# ''Ships social ambassador
Jx HiOK~. =@` HH K`` [#O <~ =~Oz# P". P"
P ` H#Q# ''~_ P# ''O _ J< ~` ezOk. Jk
Q_Q PH~O LO@Ok. JO^Hx HOKO =i O Jx ~ \Ok.
nx P" Q~"# ''" J< "` ~ _ He LO_@O q+O.
PHO ''~ _ Jx ~ Ok# _H~ H~` P" =Oz
iK "~_Ok. 1970 ''< O U~@ K# "Ò P_" J<+ Q
L# "@"^\ \= <HÒ =OK ^` e ^HOk. J_
''F< F+< lO \` =^ Q~# Dk J~^# iH~ kOzOk. `
=Ô ''oahu OÒ =^ r=# J<+OzOk. `# i^##
iH~ KOk. D i^# JO` ''*< g =`" u<~. =Ô
381 g@~ `# P" J<+} yOz iH~ <HeOk. W^ J\ =
iH~. P `~` XO@iQ "s< 3,300 J_Q ` qiOz iH~
kOzOk. =^ `[ PH pH\ =`" | =~.
U^< ^xH P~O J rq ^x ^Q~ =z#_ PH ~OQ < H~
#O_ ''|w< =~\x QiOzOk.
x~}`H H~H=
198084 =^ ''National advisory committee on oceans and
Atmosphere xKOk. 1982 ~ QO H<` He _ F+<
WOlhiOQ _*< K x~Oz, H"e# "iH P~Q xez, # WzOk.
nx ~~ H O_ K# Q H~H=O. P" x~O`~ i^ ~.
=^ [ `Q uiQ"iH J=~"# P^xH @# `~ KOk.
_ F+< ~"~ i~ =s< xiOzOk. nx` =Ô 3,300 J_Q
`# ikOK=K. ''O@O J< i"\OQ P~ >_ " H ` ~ KO k.
nx 30 ^ Hx LyOKH<~.
u ~~
1990 J"iH J^_ *i |+ e# ''National oceanic
110
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
and atmospheric administration
p HqQ xqOz JÒ` q"#

Q~"x HeOK_. XH = P ^q x x~OK@O e`< ~O" O k.
J~` JO^ P" Ke#^g HxOK^. Ò i~ K\xH `y#
O_# W=^. e HO =z |+ *| ~ '' +\
\~@ > Y~ _ ''JO_~ "@~ i~ W=@O^x xOkOzOk.
Z< \.q Q= KOk. "\ <, >Hr, ^~} JO
Q L<ez =, z<~ ~}Q xezOk. JÒ` k
Ok# ''>O =Q*< 1998 `H OzH " P"# ''First hero for the
planet Jx O
OzOk. <^~ O_ Ò ''P~~ P k Q< P~` ''knight
a~^xz ìOzOk. google earth J~^= "~< =^ H`
K~# " \Ok. marine conservetive biology institute =O\ Z<
~ P" Q~= <xz Q~qOK~. United nations conference
3500 =Ok, OK ~~, _eQ@ "^# qt+ =# 14
x= =\_ `# ^xH ux^ O =Oz ==} JxOKH#k.
Under water laboratoryH <H` O =Oz# n~ =x` e. P" Q~"~O
i_ P" U ` =^ [ J<+}# Q~=OQ x~Oz

ìOzOk. 2009 ''tedd prize# JO^HOk. gi P~` ''Marine protected areas around the globe HO ''q+< | J< ` K|\ ,
e, QQ n=# K\ =zOk. P" ZH_ LO> JH_ =^ r=
~H}
J< =O U~_Ok. sustainable sea expeditions J~^ xKO k.
JO^ J"iHx =^ ~H} q+O HO ZO` H$+ KOk. Q
Ô O KOk. J<H i~ \# x~OzOk. 1998 ''Explorer in residence at national geo phisics society Q~= <x OkOk.
2011 ` Hl, e# Q~= _H~\` ìOzOk. Harte research
institute for the gulf of mexico studies at texas K~< ^q Ok
~}OzOk. Deep search foundation ==H J^~Ok. Advisory
council for the ocean in google earth K~<Q LOk.
~K#
e Zs =~ 125 H ~Ok. =^ q+, <,
=^<+}` "\x fikkOk. The atlas of the ocean, wild ocean
111
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
americas, parks under the sea, The atlas of the ocean
"^# P"
H ZO` q"# q. q +` `~ H~n H xOKq. J~"^ ~ \Oz
L<ezOk. z# HO Coral reefs, hello fish, devil H#
PH~}OQ ~Ok. Sea change - a message of the ocean Jx P"
1995 ~# HO K q"#kQ q~.
1992 Deep ocean exploration and research J< O# U~~z
"~< WOlhiOQ =iO` =O^ yOk. W_ P O# P" =~
x~Ok. W x~O`~O P" H$+ K< LOk. ZOîH P^~OQ, ~}Q
xezOk. P" rqÒ "Ò g^ 60H Q J<+} H~H=# KOk.
6000 QO@ =^ [ Q_ i^# KOk. =_ HOh \
=^ [<+} ZO` = KOk. ''Diadema sylvia J< ''=^ Pi<,
''Pilina earlie J< ~_ P"< e ~ \ J~^# Q~"x
HeOK~. P" q, =^ L# r=x\x ''Marine world Jx =^Q
eOk. JO^H 1998 O=`~x J"iH J^_ a HO@< ''~~ P k
F+< Jx QiO `K_. x`<+ e sx ''Ocean Everest ZH#
g~ =x`Q q~.b
(qOQ = " =uH KiÒ)
112
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
30. e_ "i K
"i
Q ~K~u. P" Uk ~< K^=~ $^

K~=k. JO^H ^ ^ uHh P"# |u=e ~~OKH<q. x`
x~# ~@O P"k J~Qx `. P q+O P" ~Ok JO`
kH~"#x Ki` H~ `~. JO` J^# je P". _ U P~QO
rqOzOk. Hx P" _@H# P Ug^. O^# P" ^ `=.
" =" P" P. P = [ Wz# H#, `# ~# H
=K ~b P" PiHOQ P~. J~< Oy^. J^ LÒ` P
x KOk. `# ^Q~ Ki# ^<x xÒ #O_ q=H Ok#"i OH=O
HO Y~ K# ^ =# K k . `# O^# D ~HO Q L Q_ `#O^
P" ZO` O`$ KOkOk. z=i ~A ^ ^~xH K~= J~Ok. ^xH
KOk# Z< H# Hx, Kkq `# ~ EOk. P" ~# ''Progress
of religious ideas HxH Wk Q LQ_O^x KOk. W~" UH
P" Q J^#jeQ ~ OkOk. |x =Y q+#x\x Ki
Electic Bible J< O` Hx `~ KH"< P" f= OHO
<~"~O_< =~}OzOk. Aspiration of the world, A chain of opals
J<q P" ~# z=i H . WO^ wH, ~=<, |k[O, E~[O, H
<,
K<~[O, i<, O^ =` P^xH ~K~` ZO^~ ~# ~K##
O^ ~zOk. W=h ''H#lH P~~ ~@O P" Q`#O. P"
113
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
'' Anti Asian Racism H x ~ x Jh H i OK H#k Hx

~H~Ok. Jx H, ^, q`"# P`< L<~ J#k
P" xtàO.
e_ "i K 1802 |=i ^HO_# J"iHx =K\
~+O "_ J< K@ [xOzOk. z#_ <\ " J"iH<` O K,
"i rq` q^<# `H#k. J_ M` ``"`, = ~K~` J~#
Z=~< ~~ qîQ LO_"_. Hobonok, a tale of early times #=#
z# `#O < ~, JOî ^$+ PHiOzOk. JO^ <\ " WO_<
O $u`@ J"iH<, WO_< =~O`~ q"O _ ~, P" HxHO>
=O^Q #ez =~î JxOKHOk. J\H J"iH Ò D =
" [~Q^. P c[O "Ok D". P" ~O_ HO z# HO
~# H^ O\ ''Evenings in New England P" ~# ''k ~ Ki``H
#=. WO^ J"iH q= Ô#, Ô ÒÒ OkOz# "^\
^#, `# q=iOzOk.
P" J"iH z# HO "^\ uH# #_# è =.
^~} PÔ L# @O| = HO WO\O\ q+# ~# ^=
=. x`x =OQ J^#O K Ki`#O` ~# "^\ =.
#Q~ [ HO uH \ HO ~OaOz# "^\ ~K~u. J"iH
KiuH #= ~# Ju Hk=Ok XH~Q xez# =^= <~
P" e_ "i K. P" $[<`H H L# ~K~`. ~ PÔ
JOÒ` =`" J~<, `# ~K# ^~ OkOKH# _|`< @Ox
JO> `##, ~# +OKH# P^~ . ~` H~O JOÒ` =ÒQ<
L<, H_^H J`x` K~O K F~ L^~}Q xezOk. JO`=Ò
K` P" J^~} H ~ =< J#HO> ~>. P" ^~}
=^ `~Qu Q$}. HO iÒzOk. HQH~< [#O `#
# KH#k. K, <HO J~O qOzOk. P" rqÒ
J#H} ~@". _+< <<, =m `## `# ik^Hx r=##O
yOzOk.
e_ ~ J<H "~ K_. Jx\# #+_. D" `#
O^# JO` J`x QHO, Ja=$k HO Y~ KOk. J~< eÒ
114
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
^. J`xk xH_x rqÒ. #+*`_. J`# uH O^_Q

xK_. PiH q+ ~ # HkQ ^~OQ< LOKe =z<" . J~<
~ P" =#~Q=`= `Q^. J`x Q H" P x KOk.
u QO, u "#H_Q, u x~# P" HKHx, ~\O ^~O`
=O^ yOk. =m =m uOzOk. J#H# Hx kOz# n~
=x` "i.
WO_< J"iH# J~# K~H# "i =~ #O_ Ò Mm
K~, "i #~"xH L^=O #_Ok. HO Z< ~Ok. =O\O\
z\ KOk. O^< =~ zOzOk. iq` PÔ` Z
rqOK=K ~K# ^~ è*O k. ''H" ^# O J#k P" x<Ô. 1829
= HO ''The frugal house wife ~K# KO k. x# "i [=#
q^=Oè K x zOzOk. x x~# L^=O K~Q #k.
ZO^~ PH< J"iH< < P" # HiOK"~. x` =u~H
# x~OzOk. "i PiH O HO q~ = K JO^*Ok.
e_ K# = U n~ ~@O `~` x q=H aOzOk.
"i z=i ~A# < iOQ XO@iQ XH Qk Q_ O k.
_|# K *Q`Q Y~ K huH, x*~fH, =H`xH ^#`x
rq`x ^# O K HOk. `# Qk H\ H XH ''[O JO> ''@H O # @Hx,
^x ^~ WO^^# ~OQ# `# Qk Q_g^ _@ KHx P#O^x
J#qOKk. 1880 JH|~ W~"# P" QO_@` =~}OzOk. P"#
=k K# ~A# PHO JO` =O^#_ HxOKx Ju^ J^`"#
WO^^# HxOz, JO^s P~O =OzOk. D WO^^# JO^"#
a#Ò UH`xH fH Jx JO^~ qOK~. D WO^^# P" "
``xH #"# x"o J<~. e_ "i K x[OQ< ^ [ P
WO^#.b
115
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
31. =OK#, q=H Q~ # =x` " ` g @~

=
U `# [~h q*# O H$+ K QÒ`~O x

i` O` Q_# =ke "e =zOk. = "` "@~ =$u
HO q"x KHO_ q*# xH JOH`"Ok. `\ ~+ "`
P\ <` He ''\HO J< =Hx Hx\Ok. WO` [~=h @~
JkH~xH =K_. _O^s Ui ~<~ <r s". JO^~
[~x =ke i`<~. D" =O` =zOk. U H}O UO [~QÒ^
`bx u. Hk =## \ H ~Hx q` O` <^~O_
i~Ok.
"\ #~ Px q< 1878 #=O|~ U_# [xOzOk.
JH_ JO` H~=. u#\xH uO_ ^. "q H~. H =O`"sQ
OKHx _H<"~. [# =~O Z=. =Ozh _ ^~Hx u.
~ "Ò g^ P`` JH_ Z=. PH ~A H*~ OH ^
J=H HeOK_. Ò_ e "^\ E ~. J\ e|~ ~[H
K~H# H~H~. h\ ~~# "~Q~K_. _# #k =~^#
xOuOK_. Ò_H L# Zxqk =Ok O`#O =_=k D". z#\
#Oz <, H Ja=#O. |_ L# @O|O H#H ^ O ^ ~
=z " "~. P HO P
P_ K^ = ` =. <Q =<
116
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
K^= P~. =^ `~Qu P_e "\ |_ Kkq<"~. Jq "ix

\K~ H xH =Kk.
OK \K~ >xOQ OkOk. P_" x=i\ Kkq`
=#H u H`~x, O`#=O` H~x #" ~Aq. "\ @@iOQ
Ok x=i\ KiOk. Zxq^ H~# ~O_ i KOk. wH
\< [~x Ò lH# |\ \ Ok. J_ P J"iH ^
"Ò 700 =Ok l =`" Hr lH kOK"~. q<
=i\ KiOk. JH_ l H ~ . P# P_"ix K~ H=x ÒK"_.
''Your trust, your affection, your love in a word for the most you have the
power to give yourself J<"_. P# lH e*O_ JxOKH<_.
~=} Ô`x J^ÒQ q=iOK"_.
JH_ =_ H~ i KOk . JH_ ~ H~O _H~\
~"O> Hx < i~ Ke. F~ sH _H~\ kOzOk. P<_
= "` L^Q =. ~_ Hq\ Hx\# "_O ~
< |=ux kOz< qKH` Q~Ok. P_" \K~Q KiOk
"\#~. J\H ~_+< H` H. ~^~ ~ ~=}= #H#
Hx\ ~ xO #O_ P c\ Q= H~} L^~O KO^`x Hx\_ .
J\H P q+"n ="` =iH `b^. b ZH ` Q
KOk. i l H"x HiH iyOk. 1907 [~x KiOk. WH_
q=H` Z". P_"~ ` ~ <H iq`=< #qH. P_ L^Q
=s `=. H "e JO> i+< H"e. =H OH A_H D
Ja" LO_k. P`< Hq Y '' Newe field on radio activity
Q K<_. =i\ P_" `H `~= =. XH U_k
`~` qqÔ J=HqK~. P\<` He c\ ~ _ +<
H$+ KOk. #H tkO KOk` ~_+< U~_Òk. P@O
#H \# LO\x, " ZH# u~QÒ\x èOk.
i_# Hx> q+O è~ gi^~. ~^~ ~ ~` =z WH_
[iQ i^# K~. P# ''Oh! I thought you are a man Jx "K_.
ZO` xK< r` =. PiH ~ HO` OkOk.
1905 Kaiser wilham institute for physical chemistry and electro
117
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
chemistry
xiOK~. JO^ HO`QO ~_ Hq\H H\~OK~.

W K@O [~x W^ "^. P\ Q ^g rÒ aOK~. D"#
\ OKH^. J`x` P< _ QQ xKOk O. =H OH D" `#
JO\Q L^QO WK_. nx` ~ J î U~_Ok. rÒ _
W<~. 1919 ~ J~Ok. P" [~x "^\ = ~.
J~` ^# K g HeOK^. O_ =i\ KiOk. P" kOz# ^xH
QiO ~^. P\ Zq+~ "_ J< J`#` ~~xz D"
^x H =Ò O~. JO> qKH` Q~Ok. J`# Ug K^.
<ri JkH~xH =z D" kOK J=Hx f~. [~x
iu ^~~"#k. JO`\ x. 1938 _<~ Ki H< O "x
x~~OKHOk. JH_ Ug Jz ~^. P\, _ J< J`x` He ~_
H" tkO U~_# ^~O S\ Jx x~~OK~. Wk ` Jx "\
#~ KOk. z=iH =Kk iO Jx èOk. "i^~ XH<~. ''Lise
is intellectual leader of our team Jx "K_ P\. P `~` "i^~
~= }=# qK^ O K=x H\ O K~. P"H g ^#` x=^ . H Ò
K_ P\. "i Pq+~} `# ~ H ~< "ix Ja#OkxOk. P\
Hi iyOk. << a~^ =K~. ZH_ D" ~ qOK^.
P\ _ <r Oy~ xK_. J`xk ''=< =< J~Ok.
P\ < WK~. D" JO^ Q=O LO@O^x JO^~
J#H<~ Hx J [~Q^. P\ ^Q~ HO> WOH "` ^Q~ xK<
P" < =K^x qye# "` qOK~. 1946 J"iH ql\OQ
~Q "oOk. JH_ q=#O kQQ< ''h~ P k P\qH O Jx
P"# HiOK~. P"# ''==HrH _~H~ J~Ok.
[~xH ~=x P\ "^# "~ PxOz< uiy " ^ . P`Q~=O ^|u#^x
qOzOk. P `~` [~< HqH \ =H OH "_ ^#O KOk.
_< "^\ #H
~ iH~ U~@ K~OzOk. Z< ~K# K =YO
OkOk. P\ < *# 1955 OkOk.
75 U = WOQO_x `# "#_ WO\H Ki JH_ LOk.
P\|Qx ~=x zOz# "iH ''Either in science or tactics or
118
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
both
`#Hg `b^x =~^Q u~iOzOk. #H~ +< ZO`

Q=O D" L< P\ h_Q LO_"e =zOk. = D"k ~,
M` J`xq J~~. = U `~` [<xH èOk. =xK XH
=lO P" ~# Ju z# JH~ ~~OK_ P\. J`_ uÒ
J_ |@_Ok. _ Zxq^ = _ = "` Pq~x
`H<k. ÒKk. ZxH i J"~xK~. J_ _ P\
_=i Hq `#^#x "kOK_. W=H~^x "kOK_. W`x =@
q#O_ P"H JO^*~. i_H >| 109= =HxH ''Meitrium
Jx ~ \ Q~qOK~. Ò= \#~A# 1968 july 28# D =
"` =~}OzOk. P" =k ''Lise Meitner - a physicist who never
lost her humanity Jx ~ P"x =#=`x K\~.b
(qOQ = " =uH KiÒ)
119
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
32. Si+ J` ~K~ u "i Z_= ~

Q =OO [xOz Ò_ O<xH "~ ~# Si+ ^ L` $+` # ,
JO^x # è* `x $+O z, J #u HO ~K#
K #= `xH Tik# Hk=Ok è`~O Si+ ~K~` XH~Q
xe WOQO_, Si+ Ô# f^x x~Oz, P ^ ` O $`#
i+O K, ~`, c^ [# Hu# ^xq^ `| Si+ ~K~u "i
Z_=~.
"i 1768 [#=i XH\ # S~O_ PH~x H~<
[xOzOk. Ò_ iK~ " Z_=~. è "i. z#`#O J~^= U@<
èx H~# JQ~. x J==QiO\ WOQO_ Q_Ok. Ò_
~ O_ o K H<_. J_ =m Ò_ Z\ Z_= ~ uiy =zOk. 1775
S~O_x _i< Ki KkqOk. =~\ è _ =~}, P" Ke<
Ò_ =m o KH<_. `~` O_< K^=HOk. Ò_ D" ^
< fH<_. D" H# W<H< Q~ K =O^yOzOk. Ò_ "O@
LO_ Jh `< ==iOK_. L^# xqOz WO\< Jh K OK_.
PiH, ~[H, q*# #, `x }OQ <iOk. Ò_ Jx\x
OQ P" kOz "~Q k^_ . Ò_Qi <~ \ ^ =#+
WO\H =K"~. "i` iK OKHx `## `# =KHOk.
Ò_H L# Z\ ==~ _k Z_=~. JH_ ~ LO_k.
<H~, KH~ _ |Ok. JOî P< < OQ ~"HOKk. Z\
[ x` rq` ==~# ijeOz QOÔ KOk. Wq `~"` P"
~zOz# #= ZO`Q< `__~. POQ Si+"i` xÒ OKH#k.
120
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
JO^ =YOQ "^\ _H P "eOQ<` Q iK"~_@O P"

=~" O k. O JO` WOQO_ Q_ @ O = +, O $u, PK# q+
P" =O K~. q"^^ q+ P" `# "# q+OQ
H\ O z HO` JH~xH Q~ O k. `# Ja# ''Castle rackrent i#<
#= ~Ok.
Si+ _ ==x # ZO_Q\ Ok. Si+"~ WOQO_"iH
^x# f~< q+# P" `# ~K# q+OQ è|~z, Si+
J` "^xH =OOQ x|_Ok. "ix *Q$Ò K "i Ja=<x
OkOzOk. ~O_ ^ + L# ^# uHOQ KOk. POQ
Si+ He\H# q=i "^\ H< H^ ~Ok. Si+ *f J`x,
*f j "x "\ uaOaO* O k. P" Hx +" # "<~.
=Q"i` =#OQ P_"~ LO_x, =YOQ ~ q+O "~ U=Ò
##=O` LO_~^h KOk. P" " ~ =O Q LO_k.
JO`H^ q+O J=Q# L#"i< ~#Q HiOKx =
`= KOk.
P" ~# ''eq<, +#| JO_ \<* 18= `|
Si+ qQ ` Jqhu, ux^# Zu KOk. ''< Q
O $fH~}O KO^x, = ~[HH ~"x, PK<, q"HO
H"~x KOk. Hê #ux H\ OzOk. P" ~# è H^
"_= Q LO_k. "qH` LO_k H^. `x q $ÒQ
~Ok. "iHO Z< hu H^ ~Ok. XH H^ =x+ =O K~O` =
"Hx XH qî =\_#@ KOk. P" Letters for literary ladies
"^\Q KiOz# HO. An essay on the noble science of self
justification Hx QiO*, =Q"i JO^< ~ ^+Hx OK=^x
KiOzOk. '' Parents assistance HO ~Ok. q^
`qzOk.
"i Ò_ =Oz =O^K#"_. Q W<O@~ Jx
~Ok#"_. ì Ja=$kH Jx ~H `___. M` "Ô` H,
~ =O` ''Praactical education# q^ HO ~Ok. JOî`
He " LO_`` O q^~ LO_x HiOk. 1800 "^\ #= Castle
121
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
racknet
Ò_H èO_< ~ Q q[O kOzOk. Wk POQ Si+

= OkOz# =OQO. Irish land lording families <Q
`~"i Ki`# OîzOk. 1801 =_ Q ''Belinda #=#
O_< K iOzOk. WO^ =, P~^# , q"O, O ~}# Oîz
i q $` ~ #=Q ~Ok. WO^ JO`~f q"x Òz,
PH < x WOy+ = J=~` q"x K~Oz OK#O $+O zOk.
Wk P HxH K =O^_Q. 1809 Tales of fashionable life# z#
H^#, QiOz, "iH" ~Ok. =Hb# #= ~K~` JQ}
~K~`Q QiO OkOk. XH #= ^# HOKiK qÔQ ~O^x
J"iH< = ~K~u q=~, "iH H=} K|` 1817 Hamington
~Ok. P" H=OQ i=~# =zOk. <u H x~
kH~x, O H J` x
kOz P" JOîH P^~"Ok. P" ~K# =OQxH ^ @"Ok.
x c ~# q"=_Ok. Ô` WOQ_ JO`\ ~ \OK~.
JH_ Hq ~ ~<` =""Ok. Hx ~< Ja` UHqOK^.
O _q, =Y #=H~_ ~ "~ \` L`~ ``~ [iOk.
Ò_ =~}O `~` Z\ "~ ~O k. 184549 ''Si+ \\ q<
=zOk. J_ ~` JO_Q xez " ^ x"~} HO Oriandino
~Ok. HH~ L^= < OHO ib O_ = K JOkOzOk.
J"iH #O_ "iH H#H ~O O ~|\Ok. `# O#Ox
~` ~} = KOk.
~ Si+ JH_gH qeO ~=< q< ZxH~# `~` P#
=Y ^~ J~Ok. S~O_ ` q+O P" Z< K# K
J= ~K@ KOk. JH_q Q= H"x f~xOz, "ix
KiOz K~Q xK@ KQeyOk. q< "i Q~= Ò Wz
J~ Q~=O HeyOK_. Z# XH U xO_Q, Q~=OQ rqOz,
Ja=$kH, qâ=$kH, Si+ O $u, J` H$+ K, =H
Q H # ~zOz# "i Z_= ~ 22051849 Z_= ~ \< QO_@`
=~}OzOk.b
(qOQ = " =uH KiÒ)
122
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
33. = q^"` Z<x J_O ?

b< H~\
=#Ô ~HO = q^ =Y=O_k H^x =#
è# q+". =i P = XH q^"` J~`. P" Z^~
P@OH Wh Jh H=. h W`~ ^ PHO WO`HO> a#OQ U"<
LO^ JO> ^< Ke. =s P^xHO, <QiH` xO Jx J#H#
~# W^ iu. XHi P H^, Q^# `HOÔ. =~
350 U HO^@ W@bx ''_" H^_ x=i\ #Oz Ji\
=O_eH g^ O KO< "@" ^\ _H~ \# O^ xqÒ sH [~~#
= ''b< H~\ LÔ`x qO> P~"Ok.
P" "h #Q~O< = ^x_# = ~O_ =HH [xOz# UHH
=~. K~H# è`@ Q qîxQ ~OkOk. U_ O=`~O #OK
``"` Ji\ # J^#O K@O ~OaOzOk. P" q^ q+O
K K~= Ò_ K O`+Oz Jx q^ `___. qqÔ
K~H=O^ P" Ju =~# @@~# xqOz WO\ =^< q^ <iOK_.
J\H P" w, OK, WOw+, x+ |, J~aH, KH + iQ
J=_~. D J^~} UHH = q^"`# QiOz q# "~O^~
P~~. P" Z sH ["| K|Ò^ `HOQ K_#Hx,
Hx =O^=Ok [#O K~H<~. H#H sH "kH# qq^ OQ}O
#Oz H^_ =~e =zOk.
123
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
Zb< =O^Q kr _H~\ HO ^~M @HOk. kr

qQO K<~, Pia+< J~# Hi# QQi a+ x~HiOK_. ''P_"
e H#\xH =`" J~. K^= O^ H^ Jx Ja__. D
q+< P# OK Hi# Ka` P# Q|_ #"_@. P" @^#
K a+ ''H"O> _H~\ sHx=K#x è K_. ^xH<
~_ JOk P". ^xH `~Ok. sHkH~ P" Jx U =Ò *e
`K O_ Hi# OQ< tOKx x~~ OK~. H ` x=i\ ~ = QOQ
HO^x qOK~.
Zb< JÒ` =~O Q, |k `` J_y# "\Hx \H \< +<
=^< K, "ix Ju# KOk. XH J~QO@ sH< P" u
J|~_, P" _H~\# ^#O K~. ''_H~ iOQ# P"
"eH `_y J~^# Q~"x HeOK~. JH_H Ki# J+ [# =O
XHi Q~=OQ z x|_ ~^< K~. Q=O`_x uOK ''>
_" POK~. P#O^ ~~. Wn "^\ = q^"`
[iy# sH, P" kOz# J~ q[Q^.
` =i< iu =~g ^Q ~^. WH_ q^"`,
=lH " ` q^ <~ \xH <Q =Y q+ H"x zOK~.
"^\ k P" rqOK\xH `y# P^~O LO_e. k_= `xH =
rq`HO 1750 = ~O_ =`". O^q^ `|O Wk # ~O_
K~H#k. H q"O KH=@O, O`#O H#@O` i~, U^ "<HO
K^" Jk. q^"`Q ZkQ J=HO `". # KH# Zb< ^HO_=
U@< q"O P_~^< ~ u[ fHx xHOk. P" rq` Ô
''<_H< P~~ "tOK@".
~O_=k q^=O`~ H"O> P" =eH q^ èe
JO> K^=@O ~@O è LO_e. 1650 O_< #Q~O L# =
k Ò =OkH =`" O`HO K @O =K Jx è P~"O k. =Q"~
Ki L^Q, qye# L^Q xK =O^ Ò JH~Q LO_@O
=s qO`. HOk `~Qu ~+ L^Q =Ò k# Ò =Ok =`"
JH~. 1700 HO<\H = QO =Ok O`H K@O <~~.
qye# O` = JH~` =s `=Q< LOk.
124
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
=_= q+xH = q^"` H"O> P" PiH iu Q

LO_<k, ^#=O` @O \# "iH D J^$+O ^Hk. "iH WO\
O` |i LO_k. " \ Q K^ =H=\xH @@~# @H< =~ O LO_k.
Hx c^ aH Hh q^ JO> K^=@O ~@O _ QQ# =".
Ki, H @ O_< x~OK q^ ~ =`" K~"~.
îH q^ Kk" P_ @x, JeH "^# WO\ #
LQ_ q^ <~"~.
q^=O`~# H H=# <Q= =Y q+O P" K~O
=OÔQ LO_@. P" |~OQOQ "kH HO> ^~ LO_e.
18= `| WOQO_ k KOk# = ~K~u ''_ =O>Q ~ `#
=#=~ XO@iQ O\, Q_Q< Q_e =O^x J#k. Wn P<\
q^=O`~# n# iu. Hk=Ok =Q "^= ^~ `|
''iK~ =e~, k_ `xH KOk# ''e< _ s =
q^#, q^"`# ÒK~. JQ ''" "H<, ''"s "< <
H =O\ =^ = ~K~` = "^q`<x QiOz i
=^` xK~. Ki` J<H =$` = " O HeOKx L^qOK~.
Q=~ _ eH "O HeOKx Xu_ `K~. =Q"iH,
^x# = `= H^x x~OK~. q^"` J=\xH =
Jx ~H =~O, èq`@ L<x OKxH =H HO~O` K\K~.
= q^, P" q^ <`$`xH J_ xe Y|_~ Jx H\ OK~. =
W_ g@x\h JkQqOz Jx\ =O^ ^Hx "@O ^HO.b
(qOQ = " =uH KiÒ)
125
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
34. Pk" "} E_` ~ \

''P" HqQ Q = KO k.
huH x|^~ # <~. q=#

KOk, q"# rq`x Q_Ok. |H~ #O_ qx #=#"ix
H_Ok. [ H#, ##, Hh\ Q^# H H\ OzOk J<_
Pe Hq ~|~ w E_` ~\ QiOz. Hq< ~ J< Q q=~_
''P" ` ^ Hx, P" Hq` =#O rq<O Jx OOK_.
JO`\ = ~K~`, Pe ^ Pk= OùH "}Q, uxkQ Hi u+
Ok#k E_`.
J ~ E_` J~O_ ~\. 1915 " 30# # ` "x
Pi_ ^Q~ ''` Q~ [xOzOk. = OHO^~ =~. z#\
#OK O, \, =, _O @, , Q~, h JO> Ja=#O.
WO\ =^ K^ =HOk. è z#_ Kx~Ok. "#` ^Q~ iyOk. Pi_x
# WOQO_ Q~ KiOk. P "`=~}O K ''`# `H Hqx
J=`# Jx J#H#k. `~` WOw+, # _ x=i\ KkqOk.
25 UH "^\ Hq` Ki`"Ok.
~O_= OK Ô `~` Ò_H O K\xH Q=O KiOk.
`~"` H< O_ =i\ i~ P~ J~Ok. J_ "Ol< J< `
=uH O^~Ok.
1946 ''The morning image J< "^\ Hq` OH<x `zOk.
P `~` P O_ ^^ H# ~ KiOzOk. JO^ 15
Hq` OH<<~. qye# ` q=~, rq` Ki`, Ki`, ",
126
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
~=~} q+ L<~. O^ Pe =Q LO_\xH W+_k

H^. 1950 #= ~K~`, ~ J~# *H "Hh` a < #Oz
Ô JO` ~=~} ij# HO uiyOk. `~ \Ok. "iîH 1962
=~ o H^. ~ 1966 =~}OK_.
^HO _` f, OH ` P O_ yOk.
P" * HqQ =iOk. The morning image ` ~OaOz Pe
JO^KO^#, H$ux, ~`#, #, O@# + *`# HqÒ
kOKOk. P" H$ux K ~=". `# ''=^~ WOQO_# JO^x
xQ_` # `q fOk. JH_ qa# *` ~ "#, "i O $`#,
HqfHiOzOk. "\ "x K\ K Ok. South of my days, meth
drinker, country town Hq` g\x O^ ~zOk.
1949 =z# ''Women to Man J< ~O_= Hq` O\
H q+, HiH QiOz ~Ok. "i J=Q# HeOzOk. Hx
~=~x, PûH J#uh q=iOzOk. g\x Ò ~ QO^
KiOÔ> P" ~K< =O Uq\ Òk. P `~u Hq`h O_
~Ok. ''The true fires OH#O WOw+"~ Pk= *`#
J}Qi# q^#O, "i O $uH [iy# J<O, POQ
=#H u Q` #
QQ KOzOk. ''~ iOQ OH#O Pk= " O $uH JÔ
\ Ok. =#} L# Ja=<x ''Astreliyan birds xHO KOk.
g\ =O Pe " Q _Ok. qx, ~=~}x J~^#
*è O~HOKH"# ^$_"# JaO "i HeOzOk. #H~ =~
*H#, "\ = =K W|O^# * ^$+H fHx "oOk. Ò,
|_ iqH "` =H ~=~}x H|o<~x Qu K\Ok.
Pe " QO_K_Q, "i q Qq^`Q P"# JO^~
qOK~. Ò, ~=~}O, OH ~OQ P" u"} OQ=OQ
yOk. *f ~[H# qÒ K# JuHk =Ok P" XH~Q
xezOk. HqÒ, W`~ ~K# ^~ Pe ^ iê, JH_ =#
}#, Pk= =#= *ux, "i Ki`# ikkOk. ''Q\ i~ s#
P~ _eO Q #O_ ~HO KQe yOk. ''[ ~ SO_# H_Ok. "\ J` #
Ò KQeyOk. J\ =~ =Q"i QiOz, Q~, ~\H
127
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
iq`"# Pe `x XH T T H` Oè `HOzOk E_`.

~+ O|O^# H` H}O è*Ok. P_"iH H q+
=Oz J=Q# HeOzOk. XH ~HO Q *ux *Q$Ò K# ^x K =K. =
g^ _`< Hq` "OQO `Q^. 1963 Five senses J< Hq`
O\ `zOk. =~^~ J_= q<#O J=\x K T~HH
u\OK\xH Wild life society for queens land U~~z, J^~Ok.
[ Z^~O@# Z< = ^# #_O ayOz ` ^$+H fHx
"oOk. WO` K< Hq` ^~ WOH^. `x =< LOk.
''The other half , ''Alive poems, ''human pattern "^# H#
=kOzOk. g\H `_ U_ HQ ` Ki`, q=~ QO^# _
"=iOzOk.
=#} O~H} HO_ ''National park association of New south
vels, ''south coast coservation council,amnesty internation Aastreliyan society
of authors
=O\ J<H O ~Q ZxHOk. 1975 Pe<

<+# =i\ Hx ZxH# "^\ =Q iH~ $+OzOk. Pk"
[iy# J<# ik^\ xH Aborginal treaty council "O|~ J~Ok.
1981 <\ " [ e H< O_ \~ H ~O> P q+h The
cry of the dead q=iOz 1985 We call for a treaty Jh UH~= \Ok.
ZO` HO L<, Hq`x Kkq qxOK@O` Q_Ok. H#x
|=`, ~~ OkOk. P"# <xOKx O Ô> P~O
^. 1992 P" Hq`xH J``="# ''H< Q "_ aOzOk.
Kx=\xH XH < =O^ H< ~ #Q~O ''i Hxe+< =~ x
^^ `k ^H *"}x qx< L# = ~K~`. 2000 E<
25# E_` ~\ =~}OzOk. P" rq`Ki`# "~xH _ ~_. JO^
P" Ki`# _ K~~. H~} [#~, =~^ i , L^= ~k, Pk"
"} E_` ~\.b
(qOQ = " =uH KiÒ)
128
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
35. WOQO_ H# Q _iOQ

JO L#"ix ~HOK@O Hh =#=^~O.
^xH P_, =Q
`_ ^. O JO^H<"~ `# "~, ~~"~ J# Ô LO_^.
P~# H_@" Ô. nxH O, ^~O H"e. P ~O_ J^x
Ô K~. OHO Q\ ^` H$+ `H eOk. JO\ O K
f= =Ô zH# <qH }# J~^# ^~ ` ~HOz#
=#g =i WOQO_ ^xH KOk# Q _iOQ J< H#. P q#
`Hx L`l`==Ô.
WOQO_ Ô <~ POa ^Q~ L# `~ =Ôx ~<
n XH># OQ < nO \ ~H_Q L# qeO _iOQ
U_= O`#OQ Q _iOQ 1815 [xOzOk. D ~< n P HO
x~#+OQ LO_q. [O` =$H Où ZH_ LO_k H^. JO` HO_, ~
=O. =Ô Z_ JHOQ LO_ J L"`# ZQ _@O WH_
[ H}O. " "QO Z=. =^ i` OÒQ ~ OkOk.
J\H J<H <HeH_ =xy~ "k =Okx @# @H# O`qk.
1782 J"iH #O_ uiy =# F_ WH_ J `H_H =H =^
Q~O He~Ok. 1823 J~^ F_eH_ [ =k KO^~. JO^Hx
WH_ \ xiOz ^xH Q~Q qeO# xqOzOk WOQO_ Ò.
P# K F~Q, <~ Q H=e H< _. J`x =~` # Ò QiOzOk
_.
129
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
`# x K H+O ` _#^# O^# `# =Oz q^ |^ #

<iOKx qeO `# KO^"_. Q _iOQ K O` =O Hk.
P" H |kH^ #O^# K~Q K^=@O ~@O <~H#k. Ò_H
_= #_@O Z_ O KOk H^. WO\ #h ` KH<k.
Q W~" ~O_ = 1838 O|~ U_= `k P" rqÒ XH
J^`"# O@# [iy, P" Ki` OK ^"Ok.
1838 O|~ J~^= `n# ''~ ~ ~ J< Q F_ #Q~O
#Oz |iOk. ^x H< *< O|. JO^ q"# ==# =~HO
HO fHx "~<~. F_ |Ok` He J~" ~O_ =Ok
}<~. ZO` Ò\ _ JO^ h x=K ` K<
eÒ #O. P~A J~~u <O_ QO@ Qe f="#k. =^
J ZO` Z` z yi _`<~. "O@< ^ Qe"# ~O"Ok.
Q_O^H~O. H$u HO, =#= x`. JO^~ H= _`<~.
} J~Ku @Hx H}"H QOQ Q_`<~O^~. O ~~
h~ x=@O ^. KH x K@O Py~Ok. Qe "QxH F_ J@
W@ XH k x~O O_ f=OQ TyÒk. } }#
J~Ku @Hx Q_`<~. PO^#` k `K@O ^. PHO^#
K<~. H$u =O^ =#=x x` @OQ HxOzOk.
F_ U^ XH Q@" H@`#@ JxOz ^~O _nHx
H< `~K ZuOK_. Hx J`x H$+ eOK^. "O |OQ ^H}
k iQ @Òk. ^x` @ <H J< yÒk Q=O O_. ^~OQ
~< n \ HOu HxOk. JOîH `= F_ ZO` JH~
O LO^ J~"~Ok. H< O| F_# P nO =^H #_
~H^=x f=OQ uOK_ Hx eÒ O_~Ok. `"~~=#
<yO\H F_ ''~~ ~H J< HO_ _Hx =O^QO =HOk. "#H
QO J `H_H JH"Ok. Z=iH "~ `= }# ^HOKH"<
Ò L<~. P` ~H}~O Z=i ` " ~OaOK~.
~~# HO^~ <q <H L# XH z# '' \# =ÔH
kO ^x ZH i=\xH uOK~. } }# H_e#
<q ~ |k` P`~H} JO^s #>@ =Oz #O z`yOz =$uH,
130
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
^xH J==#O `K~. ~O ZO`\ hKxH< kQ*~O^x è*

O@# Wk.
<q _= i`<~x JeH_ ^~ `H# XHi^~ `=
P _=H ^H~. HO^~ ^H Ò =Ô _ =xy JH_HH_
Kx~. H=O^ " KxÒ> F_ L#"i P~<^`,
~"` P Ô JO` H =^" J~Ok. Q=O`x iOK@O `
"iOHg K x x u . F_ q~Q`# ^ #, ~^# q# =\~.
D ^|` <H =^ ~O_ =HOk. "^\ QO JQ^ =^ [
=xy HO\H HxOKO_ =xy J^$"Ok. <Hx Q^h =xy# D
QO< L<~. F_ <_, ~ _ WO^< L<~ O.
`~K H, KH L# =O^QO =Ò HO_ zHx
LO_~Ok. WO^ `qk=Ok =Ò } LQ|@Hx |uH L<~.
gi J~^Q~ }, #Q~ =Ò <q, } ''~
_< J< P" `# W^~ e ~=# `Hx c`= LOk. O
HO JO^~ J~<~. P" e^~ P KeH, QeH, h\H a~ aQHx
P" K`< =~}OK~. P" Hh~ =h~Q qOk. P" =Ò H#
Ti` LOk. Qe"# H=OQ `Q=YO \ Ok. Hx =Ô =Ò
OH~OQ Qi< LOk. `"~Òk. pH@ WOH qKH^. Z=~<
=z ~H~x P `qk=Ok Z^~ K<~.
=# H^<H Q _iOQ <=x "i P~<^ qxOK~.
P" x~^ eH. "O@< Ò_x xÔk. Z "iH =OkOKQ=x
`b `~ PzOK~. WO` `"iOk. ye# F_ QO HxOzOk.
Hx =Ô WOH JHOQ LOk. "\xH Z=iH ^~O K@O ^.
J=H= HxOK@O ^. ''k J< ^#=O`_ =Ô K >"iH
J~^ # _| W#x P \ ez< " _ =ÔH _=`
" \xH O K H ~. =ÔH " @O }O`HO JxOzOk
JOîH. Z=i }O "iH f H^. h\ xÒ K D^" _`
=# " ^~O ZH_O@Ok?
\ Q~ J~# _iOQ "^@ O~Oz< `~ Q K~=
fH#@O` ^~OQ =O^_Q " F_x "ix ~HOKx |^~_.
131
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
XH '' \# =ÔH kO K~H `_ @Hx #_@O OaOK~.

J~` P" _= #_@O WO` =O^_ K^x =O^ KH<O.
Hx J=è "ix ~HOK# `Ò P" P q^# J\H_ <~H<@
KOk. JÒ` "QOQ, =~OQ _=# #_ Ò_H P~x HeyOzOk.
~HOKe# "~O` HO_g^ zH<~. "i ^Q~ K~O> P HO_ ZHe.
_= Q O_ KH"e H ~\ `H_H , "QxH _= HO_ _H O> "^\H
"O. <=kQ _=# HO_ ^QiH K~~ Ò_ `#. Q|# Ò_
XHi HO_H ^H_. `~ Q =OQ _=# ` h\H #_
h\ `@ KOk. XHHi Ju *Q`Q _=H K~_. `qk=Okx
ZHOKHx ~HÒQ `= \H K~~. gi }# H_\xH Q
ZO` P`` _O^ JO` P``# =~ =_ ~A KOz "iH Jx
H~ HeOz èH K^_Q LOk. "i =<"^## O` ~K\xH Q
@O|O H=OK# O_ K =#=`x îOzOk. `# _H< ~#
W^~ # H~# JQ~ _< ^~xH Wz Q |g^ x^~Ok.
P `~` F_ =z WH_ z_"ix _ WO\H `z "Ò W~" =OkH
Ò_ `~ "i P< < K~. =#=Ò qHtOz# =^` x"O
Wk. Ki` xez~Ok.
Q Ò_ rÒg^ P^~_ |uH ^ L^y. J~< P# `~
Q XH H~O` JOî ^$+x PHiOzOk. ~ @H` ~^. K
#= =O^x ~A= KOk OKxH. Q K# K~ P<\
P<\ _ JOî ^$+H KiOk. ZH_H_ #OK [#O P"# K_\xH f~
[Q =K"~. ^x, JkH~, =# JO^~ =z P"#
Ja#OkOK~. ~}, ~A D Ò_ `~# eOz ìOK~. |OQ~
Q_~x Q H#HQ WK~. ^x P" `## K_\xH =z#"~OîH
K =ik. J<H =Ok Z< q"# H#H# Q O~.
P" PiH O K< OHO` KO^ = K 700 # ^<x
P" JOkOK~. Q O <@H ~ îOK~. P" Hk
_= ~x <@HO K _ ^xq=x P\~. Hx P" ^xH
_^. g\x `$}OQ qOz u~iOzOk. `QxH uO
H~Hx =x+ JxOz, x[OQ< Q JxOKHOk. `<^ Q #H~O
132
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
K#x P" Z_ Q H=. D O@# `~` =_

èÔ_`< LOk. "~ |uH LO_Q "~Q LO_#x KOk. " q"
` K< q"O _ KHO_ rqOz H#Q< qye~Ok.
1841 Q H# H ~QO HOk. g# =Oz "Ô K~Oz<,
Q}O H#_ ^ . H=OQ H}
O z~Ok. =~} =O P" |O^ =O^s
eOKHx `# =^ L# J= ==# `# $`~O H#HQ JO^*#
`Qje Q. rq`x ''Q` rqOz JOîH ''_iOQ H# J~# Q _iOQ
1842 JH|~ 20# O|~ #Q~O Hi+~Ok. P" =` J+
[#O x P" Ô[e \Oz Ki` $+OK~. P"# ''~O\ S_<
Ki ~ P" èÔ_ =^ H< =k K~.
P" rqÒ Z< H^, <\H, @ =K~. ''Grece
Darling or Maid of the islesi@ *~ "~< 1839 XH <@HO ~
îOK_. M` H$u Hq qeO =~ =~ 1843 ''Q _iOQ J<
J^` Hq` ~ P" `Qx uOK_. Ò Q ~g^ XH
\# b SO_ U~@ KOk. qeO \ J< =Y z`H~_
_iOQ rqÒ zuOz# J<H z`# <~ JO|~O_x ''"+OQ @<
îOK_. =~ XH =lO P" # ^~K~.
^" Hl< P" XH Q "`H =w`x ~~. " Q\ Q rqÒx
J~ \ XH Ow` ~Hx =i îOK_. P" ~H~
s}` JOîH P^~". z~~}~ Q _iOQ.b
(qOQ = " =uH KiÒ)
133
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
36. q=H wÒ (i_O< OQ)

Bertice Berry J< PH< J"iH< J=~ ~# #= i_O<
OQ. #*u "~, "i _ ^, `" g Hq`x Z _
Kn "^# "\#x\x WO^ =# ^qOK@ ~Ok. J~` Z=i<
^+O =^x, =`< JO` [~OKx H =@< P" KOk.
WO^ Fina J< J=~, Ross J< J~ XH H ''H
W"* "~. P [=x Miss Cojy J< #*u , #*u"
J~^# Hh D" =^ L<~. JO^ `# è " Wz# ''Children
of grace J< ''"=i |H P" =^ LOk. P HO ZO` =iOk.
[~Q^x q=iOk P QOÔ. =` =z# " U HO H"
zO k P". Jk Kkq " `= =~x `HO\~. = i~O
O^`~. ~ XH ''anthropologist (=#H "`). P" XH qîx.
W^~ z< P Q K^"x JH_H =~. Wîh =^# ~z `< P
HO Kkq qxOk Hr. Hr` @, go^~ _ rqÒ o
^| u#". JOî ~ rq` `H"< `Ò D Wîh
HÒk. " rq`HH ~H` HeOk Hr. PH< J"iH# Z
O+OKHO\~ JKOQ J< O+} ~Ok ~K~`.
D #= ~K~ u Z< rq` `# K|Òk. Jx\x ``<
K OzOk. XHK@ XH " F#~ `# ^Q~ xK ''< J<"_ `# #*u"i
u~Q@# =O^ `Hx [=xH è*_. "_ ^x J}z",
g_h g_ #, e _ x~H}OQ KO_. J_ "_ ''Anybody who will turn on their own is lowewr than a dog. someday that
dog is gonna turn on you too
Jx rq` `x KOk ~K~`. ~

JO\_ `= ÒÒ uH` =i~Ok. ^"xH P# "xH
134
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
^~"~Ok Jx. H< D q` ''You have been charged to set
these families right. you have to teach the recipe of life. the key ingredient is love.
J< J< J=~ ''joe J< J~ = H^ Wk. D

H^ " `~`~ Q^Q `Hx P^~=OÒQ q~.
D #= ~ < q_q_ = "\ ", Hr = H^,
J< *= H^ <Q @` Je# #=. ZH_ qQ JxOK^.
u ` `# rq`x `~z# HO Pq+iOK@O WO^ q+O. ~K~u
z# J=. Hx K J#=O L# _ ~Ok. `# *u |}O
f~HOk. ''A sparkling heart felt debut and a compelling read J# Hh
a =@ x[O. ''The story is about love, the importance of understanding ones history and the power of books, and how they can influence your life
Jx HO H=~ l g^ L# =@ `".
D #= Hr ` K qt+"Ok. J|i ~=H$ ~=Q~
PO^ qqÔ i<Q L#_ NN |^~A, P~^ =Q~
~K~` U H K^" Uq H`Q q_^ è* KkqOK
"~x "i =@ = Òk. JQ Hr _ K@O "K^y# q+O.
WO^ O+} K `=Q LO\~. =# JO` ''Q=\H qH
Jx~ Hx J^ " "_H + Jx è P~_O. L^~} ''He
say I his freedom. cause when he think of me he free in his head.
Hr J< [=# P [O@ J< H^ K|` ''Her love
and her love of her people needed were connected to a revolution that
was already happening. it crossed generations and found its way to
her. but this was not about her. it was about generations of people
who needed to be set free
She and Ross were simply a part of large picture
J# Q
O^xz i HeyOK@O q+O.

J< `# H^ z=iH `# O^x K QQ JO^*Ok. `#
*u"~O` `~`~Q xQ |``<~x "OîH f~x J<O
[iy`< LO^x Jk J~O KH"x, # fi k^H=x, `x
îOK=x [=## JOKHx "iQ JkH~x OkOKHx `
Z` u~Qx, `=H" HH W`~ QiOz PzOz =O^ "x `=
Ki`#, =# J^#O Kx =`, H=` LO_=x Hx ^h
135
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
=i=^x (forgive never forget) OÔ WOk. "This is the Recipe of
life, the road to freedom. Freedom just is not as strong as the ones on
our mind. The only thing that can win over evil is love. learn to love
because we donot get time for nothing else"Jn
P" = OÔ `Q
OÔ P^~wÒ q=H wÒ.

J<# < J< [=x H_ =m =m ''~ K_.
D"# * q_. _| H\ D"# xÒ #O_ q=H K_. <,
"_ =#+ Qe K #=`#O\~. J_ * aQ~Q ''Iona I own her
JO@ ^ ^ O`$Q O`+OQ JO\_. JO`\ = J`xk. P J=~
=< H^Q fHx PÔÒ ~} xK #=Q =iOk. ~K~` i
''i_O< OQ x[OQ< H=x @ yOk. H~= ^ KOk. *u
q=HH =~O KOk. #*u"iH ''q=H wÒ J~ `~`~# qÒ
KOk.
~K~` QiOz iKO i s 1906 J"iH [xOzOk.
k~x qeOQ `# iyOk. i_x *H< x=i\ Q_+<
KOk. Xx HO\ =i\ #O_ +r .K._x 26 UH
kOzOk. ''I am on my way. But yout foot is on my head =O\ #=
~Ok. Ò *ix =< ~` LO\Ok. ''i_O< OQ` Q
~zOk.b
136
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
37. =O^=Ok eH è (one hundred girls mother))

`=<
Lenore Carole J< P" ~# #= # HO. J"iHx
Hei x[OQ [iy# H^ H# *_Oz ~# #=. Thomasina Mc
intyre J< Pq_ Heix ''\ K< K< J< K@ LO\Ok. P
~A K< #Oz P_e `z K< \< J"O_"~. gi` =aK~O
K~, xQ K, e HO> \ H q~, W Q_ KHs K~,
g` J" LO_"~. D =~ =u~HOQ, x, k` P~Q
''>i< q+< x Kk. ''`=< D q+< 1895 #O_ xK
z~~}"Ok. Dq_ =O^ q =~~\ < xKOk. D"
OQ K< g LO_k. Dq_ = g^ _@O` `=< tH} xz
\K~Q "HOk. g~O` He ~ ~[H#, xH~x <,
K\# ZkiOK~. K< #Oz `~eOK|_ P_e ~HOK\xH, D q+<
K *Q`Q ==iOz, P P_ e JQ# Q~ = è, b O`,
K@O ~H} D q+< KiOz, |`H\xH `y# qÔQ fi k^`<~.
g~ ^"~# `~` `= W+O "~ èÔ_ ^Q~ K< "\xH O
K<~. H` WH_ H, ZO~_s "^#q <~Hx LO_=K.
g x <|ÔQ ^s^~ #O_ =`# q=H K@".
137
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
D q^"# = KO> < f= J<~QxH Q~ Hk HxH

=~}OzOk. J_ D q+< x~} ^` `=< _Ok. P" JÒ`
"=O`, JOH` =#`, P è ^~OQ x|_, J=~"`
~_ z=i ^H x|_Ok. nxH `_ P" H^ =^ =Qi` =
_Òk. Hx H~=O |bO H#H Z_ ^ ^@^. z=iH ''~
J< =# o K HO\#<_"#. ~ J#k. WO` J`# JH`Q
Kx`_. =m XO@iQ< LO_Òk. q+< ==~ ~ O =i~Ok.
`# rq`x D JQ HO `QO K Ki`~~Ok. JO\ `Q=i
rqÒ QiOz Kkq# Q O`$ =# qyeÒk. "=O JO> èH # ^g
H^x Hug^ #_H#x D #= Kkq` J=Q# ==Òk.
1906 Hei f= HOO =zOk. ~O < =@"Ok.
P q+#s _ e u LOk. J_ =~ =Ok `
"~H K\H =i, ` ^KH<~ g~O`. P `~` ^` H~O` H
^# =O^ Q^ =<x J^ O xiO* `# L^` PxH
}O Ok. OHO, nH LO> kOKx^g LO_^ Jx ~A= K#
"=i `=<. =`$=iQ OzOk. JO^H =#"~ ''=k`
<~Q ~x q^ Q^ =^~ <iOz#< J<~.
D #= Hx ^ ~K~ u Q J~xzOk. Prostitute JO>
=O^=Ok =Q ~. JQ " "xH P =iH x XH ix O k.
''Ask and it shall be given - seek and ye shall fine - love and help are
always here - if tou remember to ask.
q"O Hx K< J=~ ^~^$+=O`~. JQ `=< `#
=# QiOz ''If tou donat know me well, enough to know that then you
have not been paying . i suggest you find another girl who does not
mind finding out if you are compatible
JO@Ok. q+#s L# P_
QiOz ''g~O` O` = zH~. g~ QO ^ QO z#
=#` O " Jx =^~O k. `=<# JO^~ ''" Jx POQ
~ JO> ''RESPECTED MOTHER.
P" `~KQ `## QiOz ''It is better to be one hundred girls
mother than to be one hundred mens wife J#H<k. 27 U =<
138
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
D" WO`\ q+< H~O g^ "Hx =~=OÒQ x~Oz JOîH è

JxOKHOk. P" ^$+ xx qO #O (faith without work is
empty). _| H~` U~__ ~ g\OQ > =\_` ''We have to
change water into wine, when the budget is low Jx ÒKk. `#
=O^ xK# ~< K# ''Take heart and call on the Lord J#k
`=H "^ "H. ^xU J#iOz b`~Ok. D =@< #q ZH_
L# K< ^ P_ HO `# rq`x JOHÒ K Hx ^# =` JxOKHOk.
`=< ^^ ''TomsenJ~Ok. JO> ''^= Q~ J~Ok. J=Q#
= JxOKHOk. ~K~u H~ WO`\ `Q=i H^# #=Q ~
=H~" K#O^ Ja=#`~Ok.b
139
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
38. <~ =u x=$uH JOH`" # _ H~O@~

UH ~ H = L _# _H~ O@ H~O@~ ^ =~ "s H~O@~.
è <. 1807 WOQO_x ZH@~ @O [xOzOk. Ò_ L^
=$u#, ^~ ^# =Oz ~ O^_. Ò_ =^ "s q^ <iOk. wH,
\<, WOy+ =Oz g}O OkOzOk. Ò_ P" hu ~#
^Q kOK_. [OÒ, H$u ^#= KOk "s. P" ^~
^s _ =# u K~. K^=H=@O " Q$ H$`H_
W|Ok HQ^.
"sH ^ = Ò_ H~x a =i `# ^~ ^
K<_. WH_ = "^q J~# *= =i< J< P# t+_Q K~Q
"sH H" \ J_. H=OQ "s` q^^# K~OK_ Ò_. Pk"~
`H tH} _ Ò_H HiOKk. q^~ ^~, hu ^ K@"
HH "i W "o "ix qÒ KOk.
"s W~" XH= U@ Ò_ P" H= ^< =$u "=$uQ KH=x
H~_. 1829 Ò_ J<~QO = `# |_ =_. ~ =Q~
He P_"iHO XH \~. H=# Jx q^ <~@O
~OaOK~. wH, \< +# <~~. @x, JeH "^# WO\
=$`# <~~. D q^ <i# "~O^~ c^ q^^#O K
Q_~. HO^~ q"O KHx L`= Q$}Q ~_~.
1832 a< #Q~O H~ "OzOk. J_ "s H~O@~ "
=O` ~Q =OkOz P^H#k. 1833 ~* ~="#~ WOQO_
"o _H~ H~O@~# He q`_~. _H~QiO\ HO`HO L<_
~. J_ "s _ ~="<` [iQ K~ <k. _H~Q~
J`~.
140
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
JOu J=\# P" J"iH #O_ =z# _H~ @H~ =< J<
L`= q^"`` iKO HeyOk. P# =# ~`Ôx ûx,
q^ #`# `H#k. =#O` ~`Ôx n# PHqOK~. "i
= rqÒ ^#O KH"x x~~OKHOk. J~< `# Ôx "ix
Qi# zO` P"# J_Q =O^ "x=^. a 1835 ''=iOQ
JO_ ql\OQ \ U~~z W~" U H@iQ =OkOzOk. D =[Ox
^ [ LxHx QiOz XHH QO HO`=Ok xK "iH q^|^
<iOK~. W K U Q_K~.
1839 _H~ Qi P~QO =iO` H}OK@O` _H~ ` ~
^` "~. `~ =^ f~O` ~\ 1840 F_ #O_
=ÔH ^H Kx_. Ò_ =~}O kOz< `# " ^~x "s
=#^. <~ =^ "o "iH ^~O hu kOz "i Q i=~#
`zOk. îH =# Ò_ =~}O `~` K|\Ok. 1846 ''~Q_
OzOk. =r= H~Q~ "O L# <~# Mn `# W`kH =
K< Q_ OHO P" =# _Ok. ^xHO f=OQ PzOzOk.
^ K # L#` KOk#"iH <~ L Q_ ~ q+ "
1851 ''Reformatory schools for the children of perishing and dangerous classes and for juvine offenders ane HO ~ KiOzOk. nx
OkOz# Ò H~Q~ ^+ x"~H q^x OK\xH
J#=uxzOk. 1853 ''Juvenile delinquents, their condition and
treatment HO ~ KiOzOk.
* xK U~@ _ "s K JOî Ja=#O OkOk.
<~ `Q=YO \~. WOQO_ JO`=~ Z=~ Kx H~O
K, "s H~O@~ JOî ^$+x PHiOzOk. P" ^# = q`
ZO^~ eH `= rq` ~ox Q}hOQ =~ `KH<~. P"HO`
~}_ L<~ g~O^~. "s =O` 1846 < g_ J< P#
P~ ~ \ HOQ _ ^ |_x <H~. J" c^ ~Q
=OkOK~.
1854 a\+ ~A ~ ~ a #Q~O XH <~ ^+
x"~} HO U~@ K Q$xH q =Ok~x Hx WK_. "^\
141
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
k=Ok` ~O"# Q$O XH U_kH =OkH P"OQ =iOk.

=~= O` L# ` =y`# ZO^~ x~Q WO^ Ki
r=# ex =~H<~. g~Oî QQ OQ fikk# #` "s
H~O@~^. ZO` hK u L# #~< P" J# K~Hx "i rq`#
QKOk. K# W< "iH @O| == Q=O He =`
Pî "ix =Oz =~OH =oOKx "s =#. P" H$+ e`
1854 =z# ''` JO _~ H =i 1857 U~># ''WO_

=i =~~ P" Ô. x` _# q^ =i x<
q~=#OÔ.
"sH U = è =~}OzOk. rq` H=O` =<
Q_x q"O KH~^x H#Q< LO_"x x~~OKHOk. QO
[#O`< P" =Q~ =#+ xKOk Jx ~ OkOk. `# K^_
"^_Q LO_\xH XH c^ eH# K~n OKOk. 1861 S~O_ Ô
"o JH_ * i`# J^#O K ''=# Mn J< ~ ~O_ O\
~ KiOzOk. J~= =KiH ~`Ô =z JH_"iH `#
=OkOKx x~OKH#k.
1866 WO_ Ki O~, J=^^, ~`# OîOz
q^ eH q^ ^# QiOz Jh `H#k. `~` <, =^
#Q~# K HH` Ki ~ ~< JukQ LOk. =m O~ Ki ~
<#O JO^H#k. 1867 Ô WOQO_ KiOk. `# WO_ ~@#
q# WH_ q^# QiOz Hx K# K HO ~Ok.
=~\ U_k ''WO_ P~ < HO ~ ~="# ~H
JOH`qzOk. WO_x =Y` L`~ ``~ #_Ok. O~
p [ Q~= i ^=M ~# Y= P" O~ HO
^<# ~ U~@ Kx qOzOk. Ò` K~ [i
O=`~xH < O_ " ~ K# J~^ Ò QO@ WK U~@
KOk. 1868 =m ~O_=i WO_ =zOk. ^<^# ~
JO> _ >xOQ J^~Q xK ^x fik^@O x=Q"Ok.
rÒ Ug fHO_ KOÔQ xK# P^~=O`~ "s H~O@~. =m
Ô KiOk.
142
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
1870 H= KO^< WOQO_ "o "s H~O@~# He WO_

OH ^~K~# ~=\xH *<x =$k K\xH XH =[O
O K=x H~_. J_ a #Q~O ''<+# WO_ < J +< U~_Ok.
"# H\ OK\xH ''WO_< Q*\ J< uH<~~z `~` P ^`#
q =xOQ J< =~~eH JyOzOk. 187576 <i WO_
OîOzOk "s. * rq`x QiOz, =$u q^# QiOz Q J^#O
K ~ e iH XH L`~ O ~Ok. 1877 U =_# _ = [#k<`=O
<_ P"# Pj~k, Ja#Ok J< |=Ò^*~. E< 14#
P" J< =~}O OkOk. P" =~}xH HOKx"~ ~ . O K"O Q
P" =# Hx_~. P" JO`H "k [#O x Ô[e
\OK~. c^, <~, # H= =~O #_=\xH =, `QO, nH,
JOH` =O` H$+ K"i e\ ~= H$= JxOKOk "s H~O@~.b
(qOQ = " =uH KiÒ)
143
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
39. JQ` H
D ~ q#Q< _>H" #= ~} *HO =Ok.
JQ` H ~#
J~^ i^H #= a , +H ~ ~K
`~` JO`Q ae # OY
J=_~. P" "^@ #~Q xKOk. ^ ~Ok. ==
#= ~Ok. P" `# |~@i L# =O^ QiOz D HOk O#
~H#k. ''Beware of the power that never die through men may go
their way-the power of the drug for good or evil shall itever pass away
1926 ''Amnesisia [| =z x^< "ok. "^@ H J< J`x
_ 14 U `~` q_ Ok, "< J< "_x o KHx rqÒÒ
H~O KOk. x` rqÒx u Ki`# ~HOk. J~` `## QiOz
=Ò K~O KH^. K =~^Q, a_OQ LO_k. ''The older you
get, the more interesting you become to an Archeologist JO@Ok H.
U #= J~< P" > K P~ "~ WKk K~} HO. JO` _ L#
~K~u. `# rqÒ `< *H "HO@ ''A sausage machine, a perfect
sausage machine J#H=@O P"H KeOk. (=OO ~ `~ K
OÒ). HhO U_kH ~O_ H ~ KiOKk. P"# ''P~ H
~K~uQ QiOK~. `# z#`<x Qi P" XH Ô ~HOk. ''Agatha
pagatha may black hen - she lays eggs for gentlemen - she laid six
and she laid seven - and she laid eleven
Jx ~ Ò_H, JH K
Kkq qxOz JO^s #qOKk. x[OQ< ''JQ` H_ J<H #= Q_ \O k.
144
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
85 U xO_ rqÒ Q_ 1976 [#=i 12# =~}O zOk.

J ~ ''_O PQ` "s Hi H. 15091890 [xOzOk.
_>H" #=` @ J<H H^, <@H ~Ok. ''"s " H\ J<
=~ ~` P~ ~=O\H #= ~# #= =} P". 66 _>H" #=,
15 z# H^ O\ P" ~ "=iOzOk. P" ~# ''=~~ P< k
FiO@ ZH, ''_` P< k < =Oz~ `KH<~. OKO<
n~HO P_`# <@HO ''= \ ~# #` Hk. ZQ= =^ `~Qu
O# @O|O [xOzOk. "^\ OK Ô #~Q xKOk.
Jx H# P" #= \ HHQ J=_x yh |H iH~
LOk. P" ~K# 103 +H J#=kO|_~ JO> P" =O ZO`
q $`" Òk. P" #= ''And there were none W\H 100 qe#
H J=_ iH~ $+O zOk. 1971 Ze[` =~} P"# ''DaneQ
H\ Oz ~[=#O |HOQ O <xOzOk. H ~# ''= \
<@HO O_<x ''JO_~ k@~ 1952 #=O|~ 25# ^~# ~O"
D<\ =~ JO> 60 U @ x~O`~O << Q î O|_Òk. 25,000
^~# ^\Ok. 1955 ''qi ~@~ P J"iH J"~# Ok# "^\
~K~` JxOKH#k. Wk K J`#` Q~=O. QO_ ~ J"~#,
''Witness for prosecution J"~# JO^H#k. P" ~# Z< #=,
H^ x=Q \.q. Q =K~. ~_, g_ Q"#
îO|_~. Z#x Hi, u+, Q~=O, ^#O OkOz# |OQ~ `,
J~^ #= ~} PQ` H.b
145
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
40. =#= = =~ ~ =^~ Hax

=#=
Jx ^ LO\~. `= " H~H=`

O KOx [O^s `="iQ q~ . `= K # k ^= H~=< qOz
K~. Q`<x `= PkOKH~. `=# #_Oz, K~# ^"xH P
H$`[`, O ^Hx J#HO\~. "i = XH Ô iqÒ H^.
OK=O` qiOz * $^# QKHO\~. `= Q=O`x
iH~"#x "i =#. JO\ =#= " ``~~ W@b ^xH KOk#
=^~ < Hax. P" QiOK =#O W_ `HO@<O.
"i < Hax 1850 A 15# W@b Ô x q< ^Q~
_l< [xOzOk. Ò_ J@<. è Hax. ^HO_ =Ok
O`#O U_Q~ z#`#O< Kx~. èH 41 U= Hax
Q~ =O HO> ~O_ < =O^Q< |#OQ \Ok. P"# ZO`
*Q`Q P Ô` OK~. @O|O JO` HêH =`xH JOH`"#k.
WO\ #h Ha< K èH _k. JO^Hx K^= JO`Q J|^.
P@@ XO@|@^. J~~. P<_# OÔ H~O D"
U_= U@< HêH =` nHxK~. P nH =O P" Q J#=O
HeyOk. ^xx =@ K H ~Ok. P<_ W@b JO` " H ==\xH
146
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
^==Òk. D"# ^=_= U@ q< _=~ L# ''_@~ P H_

~ x~# H<O\ O~. P"# K~H=\xH i~
u~iOK_. ^xH P" J<~QO XH H~}O. ~O_k D" Hx U
OÒQ XH =` O# U~~O^"#< J#=#O.
=O^ Ò_, P `~` `b =~}OK~. PîOK ~ _
Kx_. J<^Q qye~Ok. D ^h =iz=\xH x~O`~O ^=
xÔ Q_@O ~OaOzOk Hax. hu, =`^~#
kOKk. ^` L#"i #u KOk. TiH ^~OQ LO@ Z=~
\ OKHx XH H#~ k`_H = K #O KOk. =zHO P OÒ
qAqOz# =O ^x i# _# =O^k =OkH =OkOz `# P
"kH Q~Ok. P" `_Q L# ~ =` =m == =x+ J~Ok.
J J<~QO. nxH `_ D "k H `yOk. JO^Hx U # P"#
K~H^. nxH H~}O P #Q~ "~# HêH =ÒH =~@O. HaxH
H=OQ q+#s ''#<Q =~< OHO |b"Ok. P q_<
Ki ''~ "i Hax J~Ok. JH_ ~O_= #O OkOk. P"
J<^ q^ <~@O =` nHx=@O JyOK~.
a+ *ex D"x nH, "``~` J|~_ Hax 1877
'=^~ i~ P P q_< J< JÒ` Q~=h"# ^qx
WK_. Hk=OkH Wk J H~}O J~Ok. P" rq`x #~HO
K~ _. J\H P O PûH H~H= =`" iq`"Ok.
^x x~_ ''Ò_x O x^h K_. D i` =^~
Hax `# O` O# `# " ^~ J#Q}OQ U~@ Ke# iu
HeyOk. "O@< ''t< q+#s P H_ ~ Wx@\# OzOk.
nx< P `~` ''k q+#s ~ P k H_ ~ P rQ =iOk.
< HaxH ''=^~ "s J#H}O ixO_k. 1887 ~"
#Q~xH "o JH_ XH O# U~@ K\xH Qi J#=u OkOk.
P"# Z< O Òz P" " O# ^=O` qi*=x
J iOK~. J\H P" O Ki XH# = O ~ O_=k J~Ok.
P HO P_"~ H< =` K~xH `y#"~ H~< Ja~ |OQ
LO_k. P Jax Hax ` Jx ~A= KOk. =Q"~ x~OK
147
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
H~H=HO> = x~OK" L`"`="#=x ~A= KOk. Wk

P" XH "Q xezOk. Zx J_O^~< `# x `# ^= H$`
K Hx =O^ yOk. Z< =` O P" @Q x|_~. J=~" #
_|, iH~, O Jh =i<~. P" = `= `__~.
Hk~AH JH_ Hi# c^ XH #, Ô`@ XH HO_~ Q~<
# ~OaOK=x H~_. P" P x ky[OQ x~Oz JOî Ja=#O
OkOzOk. H=OQ =^~ H~H= q+ O^# q"OQ aOzOk.
J"iH, ~ ^"~ `= ^ P"# Ki@| O#
<H=x J iOK~. P" =# KHO #O_ K< U~@ K x
J#H#k Hx ^"K. J"iH `# " H~H=# qiOK\xH
x~~OKHOk. J\H P" qsÒQ xK J~Ok. P~Q=
Q^. J"iHx #~ \ ^x i~ W\e< WqQO\
K W|O^ Qi J=`<~. ~# q^, "^ H~ "iH =. "iH
=OkOK# ^ O` Hax 1889 J"iH Hk=Ok ~ ` K~ H#k.
PxOz# "~ "O K>~. JO` H`. Hx P" J^~_^. `# x
`# ~OaOzOk. <=kQ JH_ O H~O JOkOK@O ~OaOK~.
e _ P" @Q xeK_.
~ gk uiy J_HO@ O ~|\~. gix K qye#
"~ =O^HK~. XHK@ =Oz "`=~}O O <~~K~. LÔ
J~kO\H H~H= "^. P `~` ~#. `~` q^^<, P~Q
` è*@O. W\e< WqQO` Q T~@ HeyOk. HkHk
"`# P~ ^~# HiOK"~.
`~"` P" J<^=O OzOk. Jk J<^H HH k`,
J, JO_Q xezOk. ~O\ *z" Ki ^~ ~O_ =O^ =Ok
=OkOzOk. P `~` |H< \Ok. x ^x#
W\e# f~x ~A= K~OzOk. # Pi<, , _#~, PO*,
_e, #~, \ Lz` q^# <HeOk. q^`
@ "Ô, PûH zO`## JOkOzOk. Pk"~O |_ x~OzOk.
=$u q^# <HeOk. =[# q^, <~Q q^^< _
P" x~Oz# "\ =Y"#q. P" " O J#OQ ^`
148
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
i q~# =iOz [# ^#O KH<"~. _| H~` J<k =^~

O Z_ HQ^. J=~"` ~ g^ aKO Zu q~
HiOK"~.
=^~ Hax xH~Q, |#, <=, |# S~, J~O\<
` [iOk. HOK~ Q_^ PO_ ~` OKiOzOk. "o#
uK\ J=~"# HO^# Oz _Ok. OKO JO` P"# ''
=^~ JO> ''=`$^=` Jx POQ KH<"~. JOî J~"#
H~}, = P" Kk. k` #u P" <[O. H } g^
P" J~"# H~} LO_k. `# H~H=# ''$^xH K q^Q
qOKk. q^ JO> =# iOK@" J<k P".
|l Ô ~\Oz#_ =^~ =i H KHO
^_Ok. 1912 =m " H~H= HO J"iH "oOk. "^\
OK ^ =O J"iH #Oz |\ ^ " J=HO P"
aOK^ . 1938< P" Beatified (declared sacred) aOzOk. 1946
E 7# =^~ Haxx P"iH "^\ ~~Q ~=< Hê H K~ ''~O\
^xzOk. 1917 _O|~ 22# 67= U@ =^~ Hax `k q_zOk.
Kx~# `~` _ P" =O W=O` _ `Q^. P" ~ Z<
, P` "e~. Ki# _ P" ~ \ Q~qOK~. P"#
=^~ < H q~ Qax Jx PfOQ O K=O` KHO\~. ZOîH
P" " ``~` P^~h"Ok. =HO> U `Q= Qk H^x Hax
qOzOk. Q = O`_ =# K` J=~" # H~H= x~_ Jx Kk.b
(qOQ = " =uH KiÒ)
149
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
41. \< J"iH ~K~ u W JO_

L`~
J"iHx "HH, O_~, xH~Q, HiH, <=,

^H} J"iHx "xA, HOa, DH_~, ~, l, bq, ~Q,
J~O \<, zb, L~Q ^# \< J"iH ^x JO\~. D ^ ~K~ `
1960 #O_ O K ^$+x PHiOK~. WO^ x+, ~w + =\_" ~
Z=. g\x ~< ~w ^ PHqOK@O =< D + xez<~.
H..1500 OÒ 300 U ~< HhQ L# êq. 19=
`|O< q=H O^~. ~ x Jx O` [<"~ = ~=@O`
P" =~. Z= =OkH x+ =`+. l =Ò WOw+,
OK, _K + =\_`~.
D ^h ^`, JO`~ ^` J` `" ~. xH_Q
U `= ^. g ~K# ''=lH ie[O Z=Q LO@Ok.
JO`~^ = ~K~` W`~ ^ ` ^KH<"~. WO^ HO^~
Ò < * kOz#"~ _ L<~. "i HOî QiOz
OHOQ `HOÔ.
W JO_ ze ^ ~K~ u. 1942 [##O. ze J^ _ JO_H
|O^". k< =~ J<H ^ u~Qe =zOk. J<H + <~H"e
=zOk. J<H=Ok `~_~. nxH H~}O ze ~[H J~`".
150
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
U `= xH_Q ^. xH # [#O LHiaHi. JO_ ``

=s kQ*i~Ok Ô. 1970 _~ KiOk. JO_ ^^__.
Hx qe@s =O = 1973 ` QqO|__. nxH J"iH _
H~}"#x J<~O^~. JO_H +e " Z". ^x` < ~"#
=~ `z [ =x+Q xeK_. P# _O\Q L#_ W
P#` qO^ P~yOzOk _. ~ q Q~<. ''The house of the spirits,
city of the beasts, eeva luna daughter of fortune "^# #= ~Ok.
P" ~K# =lH ie[O LO@Ok. P" <+# * ~ e@~K~, H=<
" J"~, J"iH< |H J"~ aOK~. <>_ <+< KOk# _
JO_ JyH~ ze xKOk. Kx~# `# `~ ~ i@ W
JO_ O_+< Oz " H~H= KOk.b
151
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
42. f # =[O = UO*

All my work is meant to say You may encounter many defeats, but you must not be defeated J<k #*u =~K~u =
UO* x<Ô. P i`< Ô`< Q_Ok. JO`H^ J_ J u
= XH ", XH J#=" rq` ~QuH `__Ò^x KOk. nx=
"q ^ ^$HÔ H +` = x #qOk. `# rq` ~ Y# ''fighting defeatQ
Ja=iOzOk. P~_Q JO^#~ UO*. Hq, ~K~u, <@H ~K~`,
Z_@~, ~~~, OQ~, eO "H~, _#~, \.q.~<e\, q^"`, OK
^# qÒ K# H ~u. XH ~HOQ HO`=~ =# #=u
J#=K.
J"iHx qi 1928 U <Q# [xOzOk. Ò_ =k
_. è WOH_` O|OÔ @HOk. J_ HH L^=O f=OQ
LO_k. x~= rqÒ. JO`H` Q~=OQ rqOKx x~OKHOk.
Hx qk =Oz` J~Ok. è O_ D"# Zxq^ = ~ K_.
Jk P" k`Kx u, J==#H~O. ``= ^Q~ KiOk QÒ`~O H.
[iy# K_ J#"xH <Q =#=Ò \ Ok. ''~ =~ J< P"`
iKO HeyOk. H^, H K^==x P" K# `^ xK x~O`~
152
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
H "OQO =xyOk.
1941 Ke` =m èx KiOk. Ki _< _= H
Kk. XH J<^ ~}O HO`HO LOk. WH_ LO_@" `# rqÒ
<xH <Ok eHO^x Q=O U~~K H=\xH =~" ~_O^x K Ok. \|
HO_H~ Q ZOH O k. D" "@" ^\ _ | HO_H~ . `# i}u KO^^ x ,
` O iQ ~^x Q OzOk. '' <Q L<<" J< O^ = HeyOk.
D OÔ f~H=\xH `#` Kk" ~_x ez H Ok. H_z
_ \_. "_H Q *#< Jx ~ \Ok. è ^Q~ `# H_# =ke
L^Q<+} KOk =. =O@x "> x KOk. H HO " =$uh
K|\Ok. =m èx KiOk. =^H ^" J=H= KOk. `xx #
K < KO^x HOu K" # ^x<#x |`H\ xH K# # W=x JO@Ok.
` ~ ` H ~ Q x K O k < x. JH _ ` * u "i`
iK"~_Ok. `+ J< J"iH< wH` iKO, o J~. "_
D"# =O\O\H iqÒ H"x OK_. "_H ^=_ #=H= ^.
Dq_ KiH "O> =^<"_. H H~O. ~O_ `~` q_.
<\ H _#~Q, OQ~Q KiOk. ~# = < #Oz
''= UO*Q =~HOk. D ~ HH J~Ok. H^ ~@O
~OaOzOk. #~ KiOk. JH_ ~@~ y KiOk. '' The heart of a
woman ~Ok. =~Q k, ~, <H >O ~ =Oz `" aOzOk.
k@~ xKO k. JH_ #*u ~@ <_ =i< ^~ H O Q`
iK"~_Ok. P# L^=O f= PH K ^xHO XH x\
x~OzOk. 1960 ''Make J< ` PH<` iK" ^H}H
J`x` "o, "o KHOk. JH_ <@H " " =Oz~, Mu
OkOk. Wk "_H #K^. "_ WOH J=~` O|OÔ @H<_.
W^q\ Jx D" t Jk `= PK~O =<_. p, q_.
Dl K ~ HOk. ''J~ J|~ ~ x K O k. ~ _
L<ezOk. 1961 H_` < KiOk. <Q J<H uH
PiH ~Ok. QiO aOzOk. < J^_ ''#=` iKO
HeyOk. < " H J"iH# JO> W+O ^. =m Hei KiOk.
H^, @, ^ ~Ok. \.q.i Ok. 1969 ''The po153
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
etry of Mayo
q_^ KOk. H< x"i\ + kOzOk. ''I

know how the caged bird sings J< `# rq` Ki` ~HOk. "^\
Qx Kkq# e< J< q=~_ ''Her portrait is biblical study of life in
the midst of death Jx QQ OOK_.
1971 ''Give me a cool drink before I die e@~ |=u
=zOk. 1972 ''*i *i x= < ~Ok. J"iH `
Ki` "^\ #*u ~# Jk. =_i ''O\ J< "_` o.
1974 ql\OQ ~ J~Ok. 1976 ''All day long ~Ok, ''Roots
x= ''H\ HO> ` QO_ =^~Q #\OzOk. 1981 ''The heart of
a woman =Oz ~zOk. `# rq` Ki` J~^= QxH ''All gods
children need travelling shoes Jx ~ \Ok. Wk Q HH J~Ok.
1993 J"iH J^_Q a HO@< ^g H~ =}O K#_
=# PxOz Hq` K^==x H~_. ''On the pulse of morning J<
Hq`# Kkq ~H` `zOk. W\H W~== `| Q HqQ =
O* QiO LOk. P" ~K## q+ ''Though Mayas work is
personal, she aspires to be universal Jx ~. PH< J"iH<
=Q [xOz Z< J"O`~# Z^~x [O O_ ^~O` `# ^x
kOz qq^ ~OQ `# |=Y g}`# x~Oz# #*u =[O
= O*.b
154
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
43. Z_` "~<

J"iHx # WOQO_ \ =#= x~ x $#, P#OÔx
rq`#, "i HiH#, "i =# K~Q = O~}# J`^ÒQ
zuOz# ~K~ u Z_` "~< . P" #=, ~K# QuH Ze"O\, "q H`,
q[O LOk. HO@ h~ `~.
1892 [#=i 24# "~< O# @O|O \Ok. J ~
''Edith Newbold jones. P =O @O h\ |_Q La ~#
e u LO_q. g~ ''The 400 J< ` `~O KOk#". ''The
house of mirth, the custom of the country, the innocence Jh gi O H
r=# ~\# è". 1870 >~_ [~O =z Z_` K= Hk
`~Ok. [~x, WOQO_ "o S~ `x =kOzOk. Ò_ ^Q~
L# J= H O_Q~x kxQO KHOk. <O_ =<
''Fast and loose #= ~Ok. Q K~ uiy# ~K~` ~# ~K< Jx
JO^s P~~zOk P #=.
16= U@ Hq` "OQO "^\Ok. ''New money familyH
KOk# ''s` o x"Ok. Hx oH_ èH #K#O^# o Hx
J~Ok. `~` ''s J< J`x` O KOk. D O rqÒÒ
155
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
H#yOk. `_ "~<# q"=_Ok. H` Ô` < #Q~O H~O

\~. D" `y# ~ H^ >_. J\H D" "^ O_# Q ==iOKk.
JO> ''Mature intellect. 188990 #~ #Q~O H~=<~.
1894 <~ H _<` W|Ok _O k. Nausea, exhaustion, melancholy`
LO_k. P =O ~# H^, Hq` W" uaOaOK~.
''WO\i _H~+< g^ HO ~Ok. 1899 ''The greater
inclination H^ =Oz QiO `K~. H~x =K\ =iOk.
W_ P" "^ ~O JxOK ''Ethan Home #= ~Ok. `~` ''=~
#= ~Ok. Z_` ~# ''The house of mirth #=1,40,000 H J=_
~ P" q+ K~O HeOzOk. P~ < i, =~ P~ <
J"iH LOk. 1906 =Y ~K~ ` x *" ` iK O HeyOk. 1890
~ ^~"Ok. z#<\ `x` "O KOk. J`xH _+<. D"
PÔ < "i @O|O Q_"e. P" i, W`# < L<~. ~
J _. Dq_ \ OKH^. 1912 ''The reef, the curtain of
the country ~Ok. 1911 ''D`< O #= |O_"# q[x
kOzOk. 1923 ~ q_eKOk. [~h H~=Ok. ''~_H
1917 Ki =OkOzOk. i L# W ^ OO J~Ok.
Z_` "~< `# rq` Ki`# ''A backward glance ~ ~H#k.
1924 ''F #~ ~Ok. JO^ J"iH# _| PHe, x*~f x
`#O, H g^ "i# x~H O, O $u "i U=yO q~K_ ~Ok.
J_ J"iH ''bQ P <+< JO> ''<< ~[ qu Ò fH^.
P" ''Soul mate and closest literary adviserQ ==iOz# ''"~ s
J< P" P_ Kx_. 1929 =z# J"iH PiH OHO = P"
PHg #+O HQ^. P" ~@O ~OaOz# P\|Q 1932 i
KOk. 1937 PQ ^HO_# Z_` "~< <x i #Q~O 45U
=< =~}OzOk.
P" Kx~# KHO =~ Z_` ~K# Z=~ ^+ @^.
195060 HO J"iH# P" ~K# ^ iyOk. #~ =OH#O
K ~OaOK~. ''Her ability to incorporate a whole societys rituals,
struggles and beliefs `# ~K# uaOaO*\xH J^` H$+ KO^x
156
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
q=~ Hi Hs@O \~. P" ~K# _=\H S~h LO_@O ^#

H}O. Z< H^# _ ~Ok. JO^ ^, ` LO_ ~K#
Z=. =~ W~" J~^ #=, =_ Hq` OH<, k# ~
s HH<` @ `qk << H< ~K# KOk. ''The book of the
home J< [~ Z_@~Q _ L#k. P" OK WOie[O#
ÒzOk. "^\ OK Ô `~` "~H "o JH_ xHkHiH
JukQ LOk. JH_ ''"~H J< HO ~Ok. OK + Q =\_k.
P" ~K# OK# =K~.b
157
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
44. J< OH
16 O=`~ =# [~h eH J< OH.
`# rq` Ki`#
_sQ ~Hx ^xH ''k _s P U OQ _x ~ @HOk. <r ^ xH
Q~# `# @O| Ki` JO` ~Ok JO^. ''I Want to live on after my
death J< i` ~# _s Wk. J^ P"# z~Orqx KOk.
1929 E< <O_# [~x ''Frankfurt am main P\, Z_`
[xOzOk J< OH. "ik E @O|O. Ò_ al< =<. J\H
xO` @~ JkH~OH =K_. _O> J`xH qs`"# ^+O. "ix
Jx ~H O QiK_. "i "~h `~O K_. 1939
~O_= Ô "Ôk. < r O_# PHqOKH<~. O g
@OxH JH_ h_ ^~H^. f= #~HO J#q<@ K_ ^ @~.
Ô` WOQO_H J"iHH i~.
P" x=Oz# J~"O\ E ZH_< "\_ KOOK_ @~.
1942 J< @O|O ~ =~ ^H"e# Qu \O k. Ò_x @Hx
<r x ZH_H fHx~. è J<, î HO^~ PO Wz
158
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
^K~. D q+ x J< ''Secret annex J#k. 1942 E< < O_#

P" \# ~A O_Q. Z=~ XH _sx H#HQ WK~". ^x< `#
`xQ qOz ''H\ Jx ^x =^ ~ @Hx k#K~ ~@O
~OaOzOk. 25 < JO> ~O_ J*` " rqÒ Q_Ok.
^ =O Z=~< _s ~Hx LO> Ô i J~#
`~` "\x Ki=x 1944 ~_ H@# =zOk. J~` Z=~
@ K gix \ OK~. 1944 O|~ =_# gOîh O_
Q_# ` "o#@ ` "~. P_"#, e |@ T_n~Oz
=~O x\~ . Q KO|~ \ H k =Okx KO~ <r xO`.
''Anne wept when most of us had tears left Jx XH J=~ D O @#
QiOz ~Ok.
|@ O_< g# +\ "`~ Z< QO@
~>"~. qs`"# PHe, Ti P_H=@O` K =Ok Kx~.
1945 a\+ " JO^s =k~. JO` =O^ HO è Kx~Ok.
go^~ JO> J< OH, î >~_` +H~O H=@O =
Kx~. 16= U_ ~O_< J< OH 1945 march =~}O zOk.
Ò_ WO\H uiy =z# `~` J< ~# _s îHOk. ^xx P# 1947
HkQ =i O\ K 25 qe# J=_~. ZO^~ <r x~O^x
QiOz "~ K# ^~}# QiOz _s ~# J< OH _s# ^#`
^xH ~^. ^^ J~" +H J#"Ô OkOk. a `~` J< _sH
JO` y~H =zOk. ^H}H Ò` L^= <`, J^_ << =O_
* LO_Q J< OH _sx `# Kkq<#x ZO` qÒ KO^x `\
Mn _ Kkq qxOK#x ~_.
D _sH _O\ ~ " ~ =O^=@ ~Ok. OH Ò_
81= U@ 1980 Kx_. J< ~ XH @ U~_Ok. ^x ^~ Z<
*H~"# # K<~. P" WO\x $u zOQ =~~. u U\
HhO P~ H =Ok ^x Oî~. J< _sx <@HOQ _ =z
P_`<~. nxH e@~ |=u =zOk.
1944 U z=i ZO\Q J< ''I want to live on after my death
Jx ~HOk. D =@ JOîH =O`<~. Q i HeyOK~.
159
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
~OQ \ k<~. JO^H J< ''Has become a martyr

rather than a victim J~Ok. P" WOH =#OH "tOKH =O^
rqÒ #O_ x+qOKe =zOk. P" _s x ''Comforting document q~ .
^=# Hi} J# =@. P" _s Kkq` ''Even in the midst of historys
worst depredations, the human spirit is not quilled, goodness and beauty
endure
Jx x~OzO^xOk q+HaO. Jk P" O`" J~<

^x =O JO`\ k. JO^H J< OH _sx ''A record of triumphant
defeats. Anne found her strength in her love of the very world which
was denied her
JxOk =#.
`# H k =Ok K=# q#n, H#n. `# ~xH "_` ~` O
_ PyÒk J#k. WO` H+O# [ x[OQ =Oz =## "~#x
JO@Ok. z=~Q ''I can not build up my hopes on a foundation of confusion misery and death Jx ZO` ^~
OQ #=` <r |e J~~O^
J=H . J< XH `* ~O. XH P~^ ^=` J~Ok.b
160
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
45. "HH = =}nO ~i H <

P"
\# @O|O eH |uO_\xH W+_^. WOH K^"O

K~? JO\ @O|O \ L#` tY~#O^H# "HH =
=}nO ~i H< QiOK W_ =#O `HO@<O.
~i H< \< J"iH ^"# "HH Hq\< ^Q~#
z XH ^ O# @O|O qb ~OK 2551925# [xOzOk.
P @O|O P_"# Q_ ^@x=~. P_ K^= KOK@" LO_^.
1933 P ~O\ `~ ^, ` =keOK XHq_ " WO\
`~ z#=~ Kx`~x èH *O KOk.
~i XH `=_<_. `=_ Kx` QO_ Jx JH
~i qOzOk. D J=~ K QO_#x, _ q_Q_Ò^x
èÔ_ Q\ Q J#H<~. z=iH `=_ Kx~ ~i< |uHOk.
J\ #Op WO\ P" XO@iQ, QQ, a_O` J~OQ Q~|OQ
iyOk.
J\ "HH _O\ e*~ Hi< O~} K@O K_.
^x H~O ~i @OxH L# K qQ qx Ò n#
~KHOk. nxx JH_ ''<\ " WO_< Ò OzOk. Kk H
~i @O|O P" k#= U@ "HH \ H `~e "oOk. @O|O
^~}"# PiH ^# J#qOzOk. "HH Ki# U_kH P" `b Ò_
161
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
Kx=@O` P" rqÒ #_ O^# <= J~Ok. Q~\Q Q_ # ~i

O` Hg^ x|_ rqOKe# û P z# = U~_Ok.
^~O _Q@Hx K^=@O ~OaOzOk. Q Kkq 1950 _w
kOzOk. ~< K^ =H=\xH Ò #O_ J#=u OkOk. ~
JO` ~\OzOk. `~` ''<+# J\#= x=i\ P "HH
(UNAM) Ki , e@~K~ # KkqOk. "HH# O@
J"iH# L# "^=` iKO OKHOk. Wk P" rq`xH Q
LQ_Ok. =Oz ~K# K@O ~OaOzOk. ''the three knots in
the net J< #= P" `# @O| Ki` JO` KHOk. x=i\
~Q x K# ''iH~ Q"~# o KHOk. Hx Ja
^~_ 1971 q_ fH#k. P" Kkq# x=i\< H~~Q
Ki xKOk. 1966 ''HO~\ " e@~K~ ~Q ^#u kOzOk.
`~"` ql\OQ +~ J~Ok.
z# HO ~i K H^ ~Ok. JO`H^ ''<+#
WO_l# Ki ^, Ju x~Q, K^= JO> Uq\ èx
JQ# =iH"_ `# ~# ''\ # îOz "i q^@
== HeyOzOk. D O# `= @O| qx `~O K# _O \
Hi< OzO^. ''ZH~ J< "~ uH gH H" ~Ok. ''One
must laugh, then, since laughter, as we know is the first manifestation
of freedom
Jx ~i H< #= Q J~x KOk. D" HêH

=`x J=OaOzOk.
1971 ''qe PO #= ~Ok. 1971 O=`~O P" =~`#
QiOz# "HH Ò W~ ~iQ xqOz Q Q~"x
HeOzOk. Wk "HH Ò XH = JO^*# J~^#, J^~}"#,
J`#` ~ Q~=O. ~i x[OQ< `# H` , =~` ` L#` tY~#
Jk~OzOk. P" == ~i =`" H^. q^+=} H#H O $uH
~i J~O^x qOK=K. Hx W^ P" e\ O J=@O ^~^$+H~O.
49 U = W~ ~[^x ''> J"" `# WO\ ZHH O#
J=~ H H\ 781974# =~}OK@O à=# H^ ~[H
<# f= qÔ =OKO k. =# `Q #= ~K~ u N=u =k~_
162
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
K< ~} O` WO\ Q " "ey =~}Oz# q+O =# Q~

=Ok. W^~ qk =Oz`.
~i HqÒ, H^, #=, ^ <@HO ~Ok. P" ~#
''< H#< #= P" HH rq` Ki`. P" ~zOz# ''k |H P
"<>+< 19= `|O [iy# ^~ O@# ^~}O. ''<< Qi<
#=, ''"< >+< ~O_ J<H +H J#"Ô O^~. $[<`H
~K# ~i ~xH Q#k. ~i# qÒ K# W^~ =
L`l` H~H~<~. XH~ ^~= `xH KOk# =` H~H~ ''~O\
f P Jq ~ O_= P" k_= àH KOk# "HH< #<, =i H=~u
J~# ''~"< W< _ H*. JO` H^ OH ^~<O =
q=H` f= ~@= KO k ~i.
~i =K# ~K# Q k KO^~. Hx P" HqÒ K
H= O`" # ^ H^, P" =Hb#_# 1990 Ò < |=u Ok#
''PHq * HqÒ`, $[<`H H` ``QÒ^x q+ q~.
"HH< i=+< @|_`# JQ# <\ " WO_ < `# \ iy#
''z Ò n#~KH#k # qye L# qx ~K#
"HH = =} ~i H<.b
(qOQ = " =uH KiÒ)
163
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
46. k` ^ # HiOz J#q Oz# yx

`~ #=<
=# U H+", ^, ~Q" = =#=<, Q< îOz
WO` q u H q` [O, =OÒ =O\q Ok L= #O O^@O HO
K# q+". Hx ~QQ ~Q# `# Ok P ^# OQ
J#qOz, "iH L=#O HeOK@O =Q# HOîH Ô. JO\
J~^# yx [~xH KOk# `~ #=<.
[~xx |"i Hx~ ^ J< Q=O `~ #=< 1898
U Zxqk# [xOzOk. P" H ê H =`=Oa. rqÒÒ \# Ti<
Q_Ok. ''^~ P~~ P ~O\ x ~. ^ @O|O. Ò_H
JkH O`#O. 1918 =~ ^= `n# P" "#== WO@ =O@ ~
"ey XH |g^ #Oz HO^_ HF H"`xH Q~Ok. WOHi WO\
=^" [iy HO\ K _ =O^yOzOk. KHO =OKOg^ LO_@O
= P" s~xH U~_ Z=H |\H =z ZO` #~HO J#qOzOk.
WÔ` P" W~" U =< [iyOk. 1919H iQ Q_k J~~Ok
O. Hh 1923 U 29# <Q ~" #Q~O `~ H c\H +<
=` nH W# _ #=< JH`Q K =K JOîH P~O HeyOzOk.
1925 H# ~=< H ê H KiH ''~O\Q H\ O K~. P# ^ =<
`# HO\K ~=@O ''_ ~ #==@O [iyO^x `~ KHOk. P"
|, wH, \< + `.
164
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
1925 #=O|~ U_# #=< ''JO_ \ =z =m =OKO

ZHe# iu HeyOk. P" P~+< K~OKx @O|
uO_Q =^x Q\ Q J~z `## "O@< KiH f "=x HiOk.
JH_ ~# KQ< JO_ \ ==~O^x H\ OzOk. 1926 =~
J~^ H"~O P" QO_# XH z# O_ U~_#@ JO^ H,
P# t+ HxOz#@ è*Ok. =~ <O_# =m H =O\
Pe"\ ^~#qz#@ KOk. ''H+< _ P" H#_Ok. W
K~ P" H# îOz# J#u OkOk. D~ Pk"~O <_ H
#~`<x KOk. nx= P" ^g K~x J#u OkOk.
P" qO` HOu =H"Ok. HO^~ W=h ''i H}x, ''=e
~<e\ _~~ (M.P.D.) Jh J#H<~. P" Z< ==# îOz
JO^s P~~zOk.
1922 #O_ 1942 KxO` =~ `~ ''q` Hi ` U
q^"# P~O u#< ^. JO> # U x~~OQ LO^# =@. 1926
#O_ =~}OK^H J =Ozh _ `QO_ Q_Ok P =`~.
Ug u##_ s~O +Oz, qH QQ LO_e H^. Hx P" =
g^ _`# Hn |~= ~QÒk. Wk =s q_~OQ JxOzOk _H~.
1927 121 O_ |~=O>, 1935 140, 1950 200 O_ LOk. 1953
215 O_ |~=Ok. r=# Hh H=OQ L<~. P" D |x,
}Hx H W#@Q qOKk.
1922 P"# K_\xH QO`<` ^_`# =_H_
=K_. J`x ^ Q=xOz `qk ~A `H ~# K J`x "kx `#
Ok J`x <x Q\Ok. J_ P ~_ JH_ P" =HO "^\
~# K_. W ''P" Z=iH èO_ J<H ^ _k. Jq Wh Jh
Jx, Wx ~Hx K= Jx P" rq` Ki` ~#"~ J<~. ^,
~QQ , =^ =~}O K "~, P`` _"~ ^ # `yOz
"\x `# OHqO*=x P" J#xÒ H# iOKk. JO^H
\ =#= HO JO` = `# J#qOKk. Wk P" x`H$Ò
J~~Ok. P [|# `< HiOKk. "ix q=# Kk. WÔ`
`# SzHOQ< K < #x, U u H `# ^x `# = q#qOKH<k.
165
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
W`~ KOk# Wx ^ J#q< `~ HOu=O`"# H#`, ZO`

O`+OQ z~#=` z# Q J=H` OQ OQ LO_@O ` H`.
`~ ==# KK OY qe## ^\Òk. WO^
=O^k _H~ P" H# J^#O K\xH =K"~. 1945 <r `
`# O `~` J"iH #O_ J<H ~ L# "k =Oz =z K " "~.
O KO #= #O_ ZO`=Ok L#`kH~, x , [~xH =u~HOQ
~_# ^ ux^ f~`Q =z P"# OîOz ""~. <r
^~Q` Qi J~# "~OîH P" P~O, =O^ JO^*k. k`
= Fî L=#O HeOz Ok.
1945 U 20# `~ x =O <r xH ~O\ P" @O|
|O^=# KO\xH P"# `= n#O K=x J_Q\xH =K_. Hh
J\H J"iH O| ^_ P" P=O ^|uOk. P" }O
Òk. Hh P" ^ JO`^. H=x # =# "iH _ P~
\#, =O^# L^~OQ ~~ K~Oz =#=`x K@H#k.
1926 P" ` HxOz# `qk O_ P" Kx=~ J<
LO_~. ~Q# ^ W<H# ~^. "# _ ~^. Jn
q_~O. Wq H ` = =# Hey# QQ L#@ JO^~
qOK"~. JO^H P"# ''Q\ JO> ''O_ (=K) =x+ J<~.
uH}O ^gH, }H P" xO_ xa_H$`=q. P" <H H Ò
L#k Jx JO^~ qOK"~. P" =@ ^g Hi`Q LO_ L=#O
HeOKq.
`~ ^=~#` Z= HO Q_< qye# = WO\ x,
O x, `@ x Kk. k` L`~ ["| ~k. ~u@ xH
Ki <# T_z O K@O, # JOHiOK@O Kk. q~=O Z~Qx
H~yQ rqÒ Q_Ok. "~O ~O_ H =_ QO@ =`" xkOKk.
qQ` HO H ^#O ~Q ^# `# Ok "iH T~@ HeOKk.
WO`\ ~H rq`x Q_ ~H~OQ rqOz, k` e\ J~
^=^`Q xez, ZOîH =~^~#O K# `~ #=< yx 1962 O|~
18# 64U = ^= ^~#O Ok <OQ =~}OzOk.b
(qOQ = " =uH KiÒ)
166
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
47. =e J"iH _O \ eOH< è <h

J"iH
_O\ J|O eOH< z#`#O< =O K

=~^ ~ H` O KO k J`x è <h H eOH<. P" 1784 |=i 5# =sx
<|=< JxOKH# =H OH =~. O +~ HO\ \Ok.
J== K c^ `#O L< Q~=O kOKH#k. i^ OÒ H#H
O #, <` Ku # ``QiO@ <iOk. a Q Kkq s "
''" Q q"xH =O^ =~ xKOk. J==, ``< J=,
<# Jx eKk <h. `# è ``Qx Q}# "~` OQ OkO^x eOH<
KH<_. `# è H} OHqOKx _ J<_. 1806 E<
<O_# ^= eOH<` <h q"O [iy HO@HH H~xH "oOk.
<h K K~Q, \Q, q"HO`, èq`@` P<\ =[
qye# HO> a#OQ LO_k. W=h H_ eOH< kOKx P" P~@_k .
P<\ `# = = Q Z`H< <h Z`Q LO_k. Hx K
|HKQ #@ W~" O_ s~H |~=` LO_k. P"# K# "iH P"
H "k` L#@ [OQ JxOKk. nxH `_ Z_ ^Q`, Ti
Q\ Q LO_k. Wq P "k H}. #Q, Q^=~OQ A@` LO_k.
e~# H ` HxOKk. @"# #^~, =Y H=oH` LO_k. =
=z# eOH< _ èQ HxOK"_.
<h HO@H L# Oî ~OQ JO> =Ô Jkf
u Kk. O^q^ `| è QO HO@H ~OQ ~+H
167
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
`HO H^. _ <~H<"~. HO@H = H_H~ <h

eOH<k =Y #O. ~+`# = Ô K "ix =\ H~ O K =~ O
P"k. P" KHQ _k. Z< @ P" HO~`=K. P" *HH
J"OQ LO_k. x~O`~O @ _HO@ # KH<k. ZH_
J_q XO@i Ha< rq# P" D @ ^~O Wz P< <
K_\xH, "i = iOK\xH `__q. D *HH Q
=O K "iH =~^~H"Ok. JO^H è JO> eOH< JO` Ja=#O
U~_Ok. P" J=$`= = J`# Hiy_. P" P~^< =O
U~_ rqÒÒ ^x H_H<_ eOH<.
<h J^`"# èq`@`, ~# x~`, +"# f~`
_q<\ OQQ _iOQ =Q JO^s PH@H<k. eOH< `q^ =
P" J`x fikk ^xH L Q_ =<_H LO_e# H} h U~~z
+"# PK< q^<x J"@ KH<@ K# =e. K "QOQ
qx QOK@O K^=@O, q#k un "^_ ~OQ LOKH=@O P"
`H`. P" =Oz JO`~ ^$+ LO_k. Jh qx <~H=@" Hx K^= x
HO rqOz# = <h.. ax n~ ~h P" "K
q^~. +H~ L<, D H^ ''|H P =i~x
>O\ =` #H # LÔ` W=h H^Q P" q#k. xÒ
=##O KH<k. ''J"iH _H~+< P WO_O_<x =Y Q#,
J"iH ~*OQOx =Y Q# <h |\ \ ÔQ "^_ ^KHOk.
W=h è <\ #O_ x~O`~O qO@ QOz, J=Q# KH<_. "\
PO`~# z#`#O< eOH< `HQeQ_. WÔ` è <h =".
q $` OKx QiOz P"# "^ i*#O H_ eOH< ZO`
HiOzOk.
è =O` eOH< `#x "^ ^ # @Hx =H` x k^H <_.
=O^Q K^= JO> =, PH J`x HeyOzOk è <h. ~# =
~Q< |_H "o J`# K^=H"x `= KOk P". U_ =
L# eOH< HO@Hx =ke " ~O_ K^= <~H<_. "^\ k
[Hi i< #_`#k, ~O_=k H [ #_k. J"iH q^Ki`
D ~ O_ z~~Q xez~#".
168
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
1861 eOH< @O|O HO@H #O_ WO_<x O~ HO\H

KiOk. JH_ _ <h `# H_ eOH<# g#_ ~ OOKk.
P P* _s #_`#k. eOH< ~O "#~ ^~O LOk.
^ =K^H g#_ eOH< JH_H "o q^ <~H<"_. P `~`
PO_ H~ #_`# Ki ^Q U_ =K^H Kk"_. `~`
=Ò q~ h J< =i ^Q~ k_= U_ =K^H Kk"_. P<\
|_ "~ K^=@O, ~@O, z# z# H JO> ~ P f (three
r s) = K "~ J~"~. \< =z#"_ LO>, P#
=Ou_Q P~OQ K"~. =~ r` =. èÔ_
O_# ^<<, [O` K~<, [O`= `_, ^ =O< H#HQ W
K. eOH< <Q " #_z "o K^=H= =zOk. D "<HO
K^= XH U_k =`" yOk. `# K^= <~H^# ^ <hH LO_k.
JO^H `# H_ Q q^=O`_ H"x PtOKk. W J`x KkqOK\xH
~` ~E \_= =Kk _. eOH< Ò_ ^= eOH< "O_"_.
H_ HO_ OKHO> K, |k ~QH~^#H< ~HO. Z_ Ku
HO` K@HO^ HxOK"_ H_. W LO> eH Z=~ =~x,
@O| +} H+=x Ò_ qOK"_. xH "H` H>"_. J`x
Hx iOK@O H+OQ LO_k. P `~` W~=H@= U_ =K^H U^
XH x K OkOz P _|` @O| +} eOH< _"_.
1818 eOH< è <h eOH< `q^= U@ ''q _* ` Kx~Ok.
*<Ô J~# eOH< K^=@O, ~@O ^ OKH<_. ~@=
J">Ok. Q_ g^, Q ÔQ g^ Q`, KH` ~"_. è
K~O = "^ i*#O, q*#O =, Hq`= J=_~. J`#
iy# "`=~}O JO` Q=~ JO> Uq\ èx ~"# Q= +,
` = ~ =O_ e H O =\ _ " i =^ H # H ` # =\ _ + #
OiOKH= =zOk. _H#s ^Q~OKHx u =@ J~O, ``~O
QOK"_. LK~} q^#O J=Q# KH<_. nx` + @
kOK_. O~=O`" # +` J=è "_ $^ x \Q `H K}`,
K`~` =\_ + JxOKHx è |}O f~H<_.
<h J__ _+< #k. Wn eOH< =O KOk.
169
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
qÔ J`x =YO HxOKk. è =~}O, HO` =Ok @O|

=~}O eOH<# OQnOk. è q H< "k` =~}OzO^x =O^
K H<O. P "k WO_ < Q LO_k. l< HH #k i~ O`
JO> eOH< @O|O x=Oz# OÒ qsÒQ "OzOk. "k =Ok
=~} H~}=~Ok. D "kH H~}O ''"\ H ~\# u# P=
`Q@O = =Kk Jx `~` i^# èOk. Wk P= qx `~
Kk. Jk K~^# =@. nx ''i=~ H Jx, ''HOQ =~ Jx P
HO eK"~. D<\ ''Mad cow "k O\k. D "k H` =O^
h~O `~` =}, XO` ^, XO` uqi, " =z _+< U~_
"O` =z e~ HQ =i K~O K|_, `|_ <_ O^# H=O
LO_H #~H `# J#q H=H "o Kx`~. D "k` "~O
^_ <h Kx~Ok. Kx =O^ H_ eOH<# =Q ez
POQ <=kQ ''@Ox qOK. ^"x #q lOK Jx `=
K 1818 O|~ J~^# = <Q= U@ =~}OzOk. è =\H#
`~ K@O eOH< Ò_H __. P"# h~ "@i Y##O
K~. J^ P `~` ''<h OH eOH< "@sQ =|_Ok.
è <h K# z=i ~O_ =@ eOH< `~H =O` rqÒ
\Oz è |}O f~H<_. è =~}x < `~|_ =iH_.
è QiOz Z_ =\_< eOH< P~^< =O` =\_"_. @O|
^`# Ò_` @ fHx Ò_ =~}#O`~O _ P ^`# O`$Q
x~iOK_. Ò_H @Q eOH< ^ J^H JH ~ WO\ ^`
x~OzOk. "^\ H=O #=HO H~< H=OQ ~= Q~=
xÔ Q_, ==O`"# QO^# Kkq H# P~kOz `#
= i~# kOKH<_.b
(qOQ = " =uH KiÒ)
170
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
48. ~ Z.|H
M`
~K~u ~ Z |H# ^~}OQ JO^~ ''~ |H

JO@O\~. P" z#<\ #OK < Ja=#O LOk. Pq_ ~< ''Q_
Z~, ''k =^~ #=# WO@~< Kk"#. ZO` <\ q\ LO^xOzOk.
=\ =x+Q JxOk. < q_z = K^. z# ~\ H^
K|`#@ LO@Ok P" ~K#. JO^H JOîH W+O. P" rq` Ki`#
@~ < J< ~K~` ''U H~ |Q J# ~` QQ ~_. Jk
Kkq ZO` P"# QiOz `H<. P q=~ W_ JOk<#.
J"iH \# |H Z# U rqOzOk. WO^ QO HO P"
K<< Q_Ok. JO^= J"iH "iH, K< " _ P" ''q^j
J~Ok. K< @i rq`x <ÔQ P" ~# #=, H^ P"
J#" xH, J=Q< =~xH x"` J^Q Hx~. =#= q=
P" Jq`"# Ja=#O. @O| q= HO x~O`~O ~_# =
|H. #*u [ ~@O# =O^ xezOk. ~+`
=# LO_x ZO` qOzOk. Ô = ^|u# ^
H~OkOzOk. ~_H ^~ P" J<H " H~H=# K|\ i K
JOîH O`$ HeOzOk. J"iH #O P ^ K# ^
JH_ P_"` OKH# O|O^ = \# # ''J"iH< Jx ~\,
" rq` HO, qHOQ HO ''" HO " Oz# =#g~.
171
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
"^\ H=x*x u~iOzOk. z=~ "Hs W[O <Ok. rq`H

OkOz# O^# JO`\ h ~O_ @ ~K# `Q=i.
1938 ~ |H Ò <| ~~O aOzOk. P"
=z# 70,000 _~ |=u _| # " _~` XH H
^# HQ*# OH " ~}~ |H. ~`^ ÒÒ
HO a\+ ^ x Xu_ `"eOkQ P<\ J"iH _O \ ~*" f="#
Xu_ `z# Ò` ~ |H. ~O_~ q"O KH#k. P"
~K# Ò_ "O_`#O, è J<~QO =# Hx~. J"iH f= PiH
OHO zHx qq_`#_ _ ~ |H H Q
J=_~. Jn P" Q`#O. P" ~# H^ P ~A HhO 1500
_~ i`+HOQ WK"~. P" ~K# Hk H J=_~.
"\ ~b _ Z= "Ò aOKk. <| * =z# =Qi D"
=_= J"iH<. "^\ i OH~ ~, ~O_=i M` <@H ~K~`
"h =zOk. =_="~ |H. J\H J~^QiH = D" "^\
=Q <|# JO^Hx J"iH Hix `zOk. = HxH QiO
fHzOk. J"iH K# qÒ ^x iQ =u~HOzOk. ~`^ O
~\OzOk. ~` L# cîHx, ~\# Q\x zOzOk.
Hi ^xH P" =u~H". P" ~K# 69 XH O=`~O OKO
"Ò g^ qq^ +x J#=kO|_~. Z~ qOQ" J< =Y
J"iH #=H~x ~K# 64. =~ ^ #= ~K~` ~< H ~K#
48 =`" J#=kO|_~. Wk P" ^H# OK " Q~=O, Ja=#O,
P^~}. JO^H |H# ''Money machine (^# OÒ) J<~. `#
H~H= W<K ~Q ''_ J<"_x xq "_ #=HOQ ''`_ KOK_.
z=iH H, qK~}, Q_= _Ok. J~< "_< #qOk. |H Kx~#
`~` P" @O| H~ "_` "iH J~^ xq "i H# H~
f~xz P" P J<HOÒ HO_ H_Ok.
''The Kennedy women J< Hx |H ~Ok. e<# ''~H_
(=<~) JOk x~OQ. q e|s HO iÒzOk. P" Z_ ''be
careful when you become famous Jx `= Kk. P"# H^ K
^xQ ` PiQ QiOK^ HO^~. ~*" ~ Z~ ''If we older
172
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
people have the courage that miss Buck has had. perhaps the next
generation ill have the courage to make this country a real democracy
Jx ~ |H# =#~ Hx_#k. P" ~# ''_Q< _ #= 1991

=_ H H J=_~. nx ZO.l.ZO O x=Q f\xH XH
H J~^ " _~ D" KeOz ~\ H#<~. U^< XH =Oz
xHO qOz#_ `# H ~QÒ^x |H J<k. KOH +H `
q^<# ^|\Ok. #\ < g^ HO` #u KOzOk.
~ |H ''Q| q^ <Ok eH# =`[O. e< ^~#
YO_Oz =O^ xezOk. P" ~# ~O_ H ''k Ow ", '' W\
< Q QiO O^~. #~ #Q~O 1960 ''QOk ""i
H~ WzOk. H<_ J"iH _O\ J~#_ D"# ^~OQ _#~
PxOz ~K~` JQ<x HeOK_. 1963 ''k eqOQ s_ ~Ok.
`# \# H, Z.a ZOH s "^# "\x K 77= \# ~A<_
''=#=Ò HO K# = J==#O e `=? ''(for life time humanitarian service - humiliation is the reward) Jx =^ KOkOk.
~ |H `# rq` Ki`# ~O_ QQ ~H#k. 631973#
=#= =, f = ~H rq`x Q_# ~|H =~}OzOk. P"
K~ _H< J< P# ~K#< = W+O. ^^ "\x K^=H<k. `#
^Q~ Z_ P# H # LOKHx i O^k. Kx ~A# z=iiQ
_H<# i `# K@ _H< ~K#x\h iOKHOk. ` Ki`
W K# "~=~ ~"?
P<\ J"iH _O\ xH< P"# e@~s "O\~ J<_. xH<
|H =# O ''Pearl S. Buck is a bridge between the civilizations
of East and West Jx HiOK_. P" `# =k `# ~# WOw+
~~OK^ . =k ''Chine characters representing the name Pearl
Synden sticker# zuO*
`# L# K< Ja=<x x~OKHOk. D
qÔQ P J"iH ` "~k x` [# *u Pi~Ok.
~ |H J"iHx " =sxx ~ ''H~e# O\OQ
P|O, ^xH~ Ô` 1892 E< 26# [xOzOk. >i< K~`
@OxH O|OÔ LOk D" @H =O^. èÔ_ q"O `~` K<
173
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
"o H @H HO J"iH =K~. =m |H =_ <Q LO_Q K<

"o~. `# ~O_ OK rqOK#x P" Kk. XH\ >i<
OK"` ~O_k K< rq` OKO. O^q^= U@ K< =ke J"iH
=sx L# ~O_ "H< ="< Hl KiOk. Q_+< i K
=m K< KiOk. *< OQ |H J< == PiH"`# _Ok. Ô`
x=i\ P <OHOQ Q_~. H~ J< `~ \Ok. J"iH "o
=~ _wx H~ =i\ #O_ OkOk ~~ uiy K< =K~.
1927 K< X_^_ LOk. KOQH +H `xH H=x
f= ~\ [iQ~. <xOQ L# giH ~H} H~"Ok. *u` XH K<
@O|O gix PîOz WO\ LOKHOk. ~K# K@O "^\ PHiOzOk.
P" #= ''D qO_ " qO_ #~ a+~ ÒK~. =Ô_
~K~uQ LO_=x WK~. <xOQ W `Q\~. [< K~~.
U_k `~"` =m K< =K~. W`H =~~. |H# >i<
OO =\_=x Px =\_ ixzOk. Wk ~~ "Q*<
a+ J~Ok. *<_ a+ ~ J~# iK~ "` iK O J~ o^H "oOk.
J_ Q_ Z~ #= ~Ok. ~ q_ez "# o KHOk. 1960
" =~}O ^H xx L<~. H~ i=+< HO K<
rqÒ ~K# KO k. 1972 xH<` K< " \xH J#=u ~^ . ^ _ O k.
OQ H#~ Q~ ~ |H 1973 =~ P~# 81 U = "~O\x
_< a Kx~Ok. `# =k x~}x `< _*< KHOk.b
174
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
49. rq
K~H# =uQ H =Oz ~Ok.
1986 K^= i
K ~+ O` HlH J_Q @\xH ÔQ LOk. èH Q~|
`~Q, K^_ "^_Q è"# qîQ P" ~A= KHOk. =[O
HO U^ K< `# P" LOk. =YOQ ~H H~}# ÔQ
PzOzOk. Hx < P" K.S.q. k`~eQ L#@ XH HyÒ
JOkOk. XHiQ H~Ok .
`# D [| XH O_ = =zO^x P" `HOk. W^~
\<[~. J`x` K xÒQ "eQk. W^~ > K~OKH<~.
^gHiOKH<~. P ~A P [| H` =~}". nx JkQqOK@O \
Jx PzOK~ W^~. P" Hl =<Ok. O_ ~HOKH"<
|b"# HiH` J`_x 1987 E W~" XH\ # o KHOk. nx=
`## '' W#~< J`xH _ =i O ^< =O^K P"k. ^~^$ += `
P" ~ "O@< =~}OK_. J_ = H=O 19 U =`".
`~` QO P" #O_ D [| H~}OQ P" ^~"~.
HhO P" x H`<=# ^ _ " H=@O K =^
KOkOk. `# P Ô e~O^x, ^h i` `#<#x P"
KOk. WH `# K= ~A< LO^x xO KHOk. `## QiOz
PzOK<^. H< W ^ =^` qe` LOk. `# `# @O|O
HO |`H@O ^x, P ==i "kH =u~HOQ ~_` rqOK#x
175
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
KH#k.
<Q W ZkiOz, ~_ z=iH `# rqÒ Ò_ =~
~"x, =K@ KH"x x~~OKHOk. P" Q^ q# XH ^# Wz#
` =m K^ = ~OaOzOk. JO`HH Z~_ x~Ô QiOz Jx K#
\OzOk. H< `# U _H~ ^Q~ "^x `# [| QiOz U _H~x
OkOK^ x Z~_ =O^ " H=\xH `# =u~H#x J#^". _H~ < ,
#~< " zH` q^#=< `# U =O Jx KOk. Hx 1994
`# HO\ 500 _~Ok. J_ _H~ P"# \\"O\ fH"x
W, J~+OQ< JOwHiOzOk. P \\"O\ K~OKHOk. Jk =Oz
e`xz P" rqÒ P~Y QKiOK~.
P~QO <=kQ Q _Ok. L^QO K< OH=
HeyOk. J=H= =zOk. P" ''Z_x\ " JO\Q L^QO Ki
`## |k|O`, H~nH`, #O`, =Oz =O` HkHO< JOî
=### JO^HOk. `q^ HÒ ''< xx ''Z~_ O_+<
O "O\~ P x Kx J#Hx "iH è*Ok. P"# P O
^~OQ PxOzOk. `# Q_# pH\ ~A P" Q~<~. J
Z=~ LO_ _^x qOz H~~OQOH kyOk. J\ ^H `# U O #
W=_H #x, Hx D O `# P~Q x|_ `#O\ Z~_ k`
`#=O` H~O JOkOz "i rq`K# f~\xH `__`#O^# `#
ZO` O`$Q LO^x P#OÔQ KHOk. `#O\ KSq k`
D O ''Orqx LQ_Ò^x `# P~QO Q_@" HH ZO`
=OkH #~~QO WK D O `# =`$ O Jx, P O` `# rqÒ
#"Hx~O^x P O W_ `# @O|O Jx, `# =[O Jx, `#
~O Jx Q~OQ KOk. D =^< `# rq` ~# |~OQ
~K\xH XHx JO` KOk. `#Q D "k k`# =
Q_O_ =O^ =z =~^~#O Kx HiOk.
''K.S.q. LO^x èH <Q Z=~ ^z@HHO_. Wk ^Ke#
q+O H^. sH K~OKHx l\" Jx è` zH` ~OaOKO_. D
O ##
_ O_ KO k. rqOK@O <iOk. g~ <Q< a OÔ_
Jx `= KOk. =_ <Hi _H~ ^Q~ "o sH K~OKHO@#k.
176
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
K.S.q. \\" O\ > Q =z# PiH Jh Kkq H` =~# J^ #O

KOk. K.S.q. k` =`, Q` =\_ "iH ^~x HeOk.
JH= keOQ O~ O = OHqOK D "k ^KH=@O =^H~ = x,
^x= =[O JO^s kè K~x H#H xOHKOQ "kx QiOz
|~OQ~z zH` KH"x JOîH K|Òk. = =YOQ
`= P~QO QiOz \ O KH~x W`~ P~Qx QiOK Pz~x D q^#O
=Ozk H^x ''=O^Q h P~QO, h H QiOz PzOK Jx P"
= Wz# =Y OÔ.
W\H rqÒ QO K.S.q.`< Q_z~Ok. W~" P~
HÒ D "kx QiOz, *Q` fHO@ P" rq LO_@O JOîH
Q~ H~}O. `# Ok# *Q$ux qye# "kQ Hey [ ="H O
J=` rq`x Q_` =~îQ xOk.b
(qOQ = " =uH KiÒ)
177
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
50. J"iH è = _H~ Ze[` H"

1821 |=i =_# Ze[` H" WOQO_x a =
H "H, < [xOzOk. Ò_ L^~_ i#s #_"_. =` O`
=Oz O|O^#"_. Ò_H q^g^ Jq` ^ LO_k. JO^
H=# =` HeOz ÒK_. ^~^$+=` P~ iS#i
X_^_` #_z PiHOQ Oy_. J_ @O|O` 1832
J"iH K~_. JH_ HOQ i#i OK_. = H HOyQ+<
Ki =Oz~ `KH<_. O~}O> P# = W+O. J"iHx
x =u~H L^=O K~Q <_. =~ Ze[` P# =O
_, P" _ x =u~H L^= #k. ^~^$+=` i#i
1836 `Q|_Ok. PiH W|O^~_~. <H~# `yOK_. WH JH_
LO_H x<\H @O|O =~_. JH_ # |~ =# Z^~=\xH
c\~\` OK^~ f û PzOK_. Hx Hk ~A< ~#,
`qk =Ok O`<h, f~e# Jb =ke Ò_ f= [~O` Kx_.
@O| +} ~O g^_ @
O` Ze[` ''x<\ WOw+ JO_ O K
JH_q ~ OQ _ J< # ~OaOzOk. JH_ Jx #
kOK U~@, =u, @+## HeOz "\H ~= fH< U~@ KOk.
J^g P^~O HO U~@ KOk H^. PiHOQ P~ WO^x =`". D
^`, x~} = =i PzOz xK =O ^~H^".
nxH `_ JH_ [ x q=H =u~H` Z==@= H~}". î
'J< =O = D" Z x[OH =iOk. ~O_i< qx~ ^~ '"f` ^#OH =iOk. nxH PQOz# K~

JkH~ = ZH_q =`_Ok. @+# K rqÒ H#yOzOk.
K<Qi =O` O~}, q^ "OQO iyOk. Z<
=" x, H^ ~@O _ "^\Ok. q^, =
kH~` ^$+ xeOk. J< JO_` \K~ L^Qx Ok U_kH <Q
=O^ _~ r`xH xKOk. Hx q^~ `y# H~ =.
_ =~ K ^~} rqÒ JO> Wk H^x `Hx =<Ok. =m
x<\ Ki "= ^$H^x J=~KHOk. J_ P" "^\ iQ "_<
K^"< HiH HeyOk. nxH H~}O JH_ `~H~ ''\#i H#~`
Kx=@O P"# Hz"O k. XH _ _H~ LO_ LO> `# `~ Kxk
H^ H^ JxOzOk. JO` WH ^$+ JO` "_< K^=< xeOk. P~A
''J~xJ# ''" r+< J<"~. P<_# P#"~f H~O
"_< K@O JO` èH H^. Hx P" ^$_ xO P"# =O^
#_Oz "_< KkqOz _w kOK@ KOk.
Hx nxH =_" _~ J=~"<~. JO` _| P" ^Q~ ^.
=m J< O` XH =lH \K~Q <~ H~e<x <+"
KiOk. JH_ =r l+< J~# Hi=< _H<` iK"~_Ok. P#
`# "_< H#, |sx "_H=Kx i+< WK_. ^x kxQO
K HO@ x =u~H^=xH HiOzOk Hx P" xK =`_ O k.
J_ _H<Qi ^~_ K~< l+< J~# x _H< O`
XH iOQ \K~Q KiOk. _e Ki *<^< J< J< P#
^Q~ " @
Q J<@g Kkq _e "_< K~\ xH î U~~K HOk.
JO^~ P" P h Ke#"~. Òz#"~ H~. HO^~
l+# P"# i "=x WK~.
WO` #~x J ~ ~ "_H x=i\ K~= x P#O
=zOk. JH_ =Q _ O @ XO>< qî K~Q ^. Hx q^~ O^~
UHw=OQ P" =ûz K~H\xH J#=uOK~. Hr KiOk Hx
JO` H`. HH_ ^~` `b^. Z=i<< J_QO> Q. Ki#
Hk ~A< P" =O =Q q^~ _ Ji `yOk. J\=~ "_H
H"~ QO^~Q" $+OK"~. D" ~H` JO^~ x|OQ ~
179
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
q<~. J<@g ~ " ~ #~ù ~O K` WO\q x`

=## P_ q#@O =O H^x H ~=^<_ Hx P" H
"oOk. J\ =~ K JOQ K q+# P" LO_@O` O^Q
kOK@O ~O" O k. nxx H ~~ _ O @ JO^~ Ja#OkOK~. "^\
*h" [ D"# qO`Q K< `~` ~~. = ==~
^~OQ LO_k. HxH J#=O H"x J#Hx ^~M K ''H PO
J=HqzOk. ~Q# QiOK@O `y# zH` K @O ^~ Ja=#O OkOk.
e "k ^xH H~}"# > `H q+OQ P" *h" "_H Hl
#O_ "_H _w Ok `# Hx kOzOk. 'O H <u H ~ ` O P~QO
n ~ "_H H~ q[=OÒQ iK, 1848 [#=i 23# "_<
_w Ok# J"iH "^\ =Q QiO OkOk. _< K~ b< J<
P# H " _w ^#O K#_ =Oy Q~= ~~OQ JO^*#@
uHh QQ K iOK~.
~ "o K^= K^"x Ze[` qOzOk. WOQO_ "o
Ò K J=H H i KiOk. J=@O = ZH_ J=HO
aOK^. _ J< P# P" J#"h, JOH` "h QiOz Q
_H~ J=Ò^x K_. q_ "Q x Ke =zOk. XHi XH HO\[|
~yH zH` KO> P [| D" JO\Ok. ^x` Z_= H# K ~Ok.
JO^= ~< J"< HiH f~^ ". #O J~# `~` 1850 O_<
~O\ ` O @ Z< J~Ok. ~O\ Q\ ^ `~K
q<k. Hx P" J"iH "o *= KxOz 1851 #~ Ki
OQ H "^\Ok. * =u~H` L< #~ >" ~
P" ~Q xezOk. L<e ''k P q` + i~< @
lH Z_H+< ~ Q~ J< HO ~ KiOzOk. \OH ~ z#
_#s ~OaOzOk. _H~ "s *H, î Zqb O` 1857 ^x
qiOz ''#~ WO~i ~ WO_*O\ ="< JO_ K <HeOk. ~
P _~H~Q < fHOk. W< JO_ J=\ +O\# JOwHiOzOk. XH
U_k< ZO` Ja=$k KOk. K Zqb _ _H~ _w Ok# J"iH
=_= = _H~ J~Ok.
J"iH q "~ H" H`Q` =OkOzOk. Wk =Q
180
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
_H~ W+O^. _~u _H O` #~` #~ >xOQ ~OaOzOk. O

PiH Ja=$k HO WOQO_ K~ "o =zOk. a@< D" QiO
aOz *#~ "_H Hx il~ 1859 #"^ J~Ok. W #"^#
è = P". 1868 ~OaOzOk. ^xH J#|OÔQ |~@ix
<HeOk. D H$+ x=Q" _ P" O~} "# =ke @^.
P" t+~ "s @O *Ha JO^s ZkiOz "^ =OkOk.
x`"# =# H#H "^ = "~ Q ~}~x H" #qOk.
WOQO_ "^= K< 1871 ''<+# \ U~@ KOk.
~ JO` uiy q^, = "^xH =^` OkOzOk.
L^Q q~=} `~` P" rq`x OH, <uH q=, K"#
H "H JOH`qz#k. = HO, @O| xO`} HO H$+
KOk. ~O_ \< H=x\ q~ HiOz x\ Ok. [|
<u H` O H =@O =< " KO^`~ Hx H= = H^x ^$_O Q #qOk.
" < W=@O, Q~ x~^H =` =u~HOQ xKOk. èÔ_
q+" fH"e# <uH ^` XH HO ~Ok.
OO P^~ =Q, " =O` xK = _H~Q P"
~ =~ "yOk. rqÒ z=i ~A _ P" H~H= K~^#O U
=`= `Q^. 1895 `# rq` Ki` ''h~ =~ W< FxOQ k "_H
+< ~ ="< ~ ~HOk. Z< ~@# HO Q_Ok. 1906
J"iH "o "\~ H~ #_ OK#O $+O zOk. 1907 WOQO_ =z "@gk
#Oz *i s~H, =#H P~QO H~Ok. 1910 " 31 90= U@ ÒQ
~Q~ ^~"Ok. J+ *"x P" JO`H [~ x"iOz
H$`[` `H<~. Ze[` H" ~ J<H |=Ò^*<~. Z<
O P" ~ \ Q~qOK~.
J"iH "^\ = _H~Q, WOQO_ il~ J~# "^\
= _H~Q, OH, <uH O~}# W@ J"iH# J@ ~#
~OaOz# Q , JH_, WH_ = "_< q^"H , , x`
q"K<xH JOH`" H$+ K# Ze[` H" rqÒ = HxH XH
Ki`H Ò J~Ok.b
(qOQ = " =uH KiÒ)
181
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
D H xH PiH H~O JOkOz# ^`

N JO_ N=u "< x ` =u, QH$+ Q~
182
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
N "< x QH$+ Qi ^ =~
N JO_ N=u H$+ @O|O
183
= =}H
Qa@ ^~^
N "< x QH$+ Qi z#=~

N JO_ N=u ~q @O|O
184

మహిళా మాణిక్యాలు

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

మహిళా మాణిక్యాలు

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

= =}H

by Gabbita Durga Prasad

Ramya bharathi, Vijayawada

For Copies:Gabbita Durga Prasad

Sree Ram Offset Printers, vijayawada-2

= =}H "# J~Oy

N=u "< x ` =u QiH...

''= =}H J< D Z_# JO`~O ~,

QH$+Q ~ < K 'Z=iH P J=HO W==^. ZO` Y~ J~<

~=Q~ Q=O #~ ==O`< rq ~~.

Q = ` H P" #~ #~# riOK~Ok. =YOQ NH$+ ~= `

^O` Ja#O^h. "i^~ rqH r=. XHi =~HiH

'~ ~u H~^i x"kH

N KO^ Y~ s O@ QiH "#_ . J^`O Q Q#O K

"}Q ~_ ''#QO\"i H " qt+` = PHQ

Q ` , H q =\ N q <^ ` <~ }Qi '' Q=O

=Y JukQ qK ~ ~u LQk ~~x Q ~ . P `~`

"= <Q=i 2012 J"iH <~ H~e<x ~\

''= =}H i@ XH H ~O `"< PK# D =^ <

''= =}H H ~K# `__# H

x~`# ^` J~ J#~ N=u _H `= Q~ ..........19

=^= <~< PO^x

P" H ~ K , Ja=#O Ok<~. P`, P^~} , z `

qxOzOk. J~ L< P" Z=~ XH~ JukQ J~~u "

q~ez HiOK~. = H, <\H =K Q "kH *Q#Q~

Q^=i l HH~ ~~O ~A"iH `=Qi Q`<x QiOz

JOkOKx K~. nx ~ ~u OkOz 17092013# 51= ="O Q

2. `e `~O =^= <~

u~u [xOz "_< _= _< , < L#` q^

J= QO@~ l #~ ^Q~ x =#= Q=O

XHi @ =<~} q Q_H "_` *i Q=xOK O_ Q_ `

u"~ J= ^O u#O_, J= Wz# =# O^O_ "o# "

q"# #^~ \ ^ ~ O= @, = =H~,

6. "^\ ` ~ O P = _H~ H^Oah QOQe

7. J"iH Ki# "^\ O^ = _H~

^ q+#s ~ "~ *| ~_. H< =`O fHO> `H

J#=uOK=O^x JH+< OQ J\ Hl _< ~M _ P"#

8. s UO.Z.|H;H '' $u w`O

=r ~+u, =[# i ^` ''~`~` J| HO |H;x

9. J"iH PO^ `[O

H$+Qi "#H_ `, J# QiOz

2002 "= J"iH "^\ iQ = J=~ " L# <

Q `, J=h Q~ K H<~. Q i ~ JO> P" J`

#\OK^x P#OÔQ Q~OQ è*~. nxH `# <@ Q~= ÒQiH

` "^# = gO` #$`O <~~. O`O @ tH} `~Q `

10. =[ " ''" h nH

PO^^ H$l z_H ^Q~ Q=O J~# ''_#Q

=[O q=H` Q~# #, =[ q $` P" JO_,

12. Q}` "^q... =#= HO@~ O` ^q

"^qQ, =#= HO@~Q Q}` "^qQ k KOk#

O` Q}` "^x K\ K_. *u+O g^ J<H Q H ~Ok.

13. O^ ` q=~~, JO^iH JHQ~

`Q^O `Q^#O "eqix ^ ~_ OHO` JkH~

14. h J=^x ''|=u #=u

=@ "@H~O, =# x~`O, Ja#O tY~~},

~*~~= Ow` ^~H` u, ~=~= #@< "^+O Jh =

~~Oz +\OQ Hx K^= Jx J_Q_. ''z# z# q+H +\OQ

nx< WOw+ ''=lOQQ J#"^O K KiOK~. #=u ''J`Qi

_O|~ 24# 80= U@ P Ow`, `, #@ ~u `HO KiOk.

15. Q~= Q~= ^g ~} P#O^=~ =

P" =HO P#O^ ~q`O. P" "

1922 PQ =_# PO`~OyH ~}` Q~=, t+_ `< J~

=_ =^ =`" u<k. J~^ < "~xH ~O_~ J#O =^

16. = " ` N=u zO` `^q

P" J"iH< < JOk. Wk Ki``H `O. J<H