MC LC

CHNG 5: P NG TN S CA BJT V FET

CHNG 6: CC DNG LIN KT CA BJT V FET

CHNG 7: OP-AMP-KHUCH I V NG DNG

CHNG 8:MCH KHUCH I HI TIP
(Feedback Amplifier)
CHNG 9: MCH KHUCH I CNG SUT
(Power Amplifier)
CHNG 10: MCH DAO NG (Oscillators)

Chng 5

P NG TN S CA BJT V FET
********

Ni dung:
5.1 Decibel.
5.2 Mch lc thng thng.
5.3 Mch lc h thng RC.
5.4 p ng tn s thp ca mch khuch i dng BJT.
5.5 5.5 p ng tn s thp ca mch khuch i dng FET.
5.6 5.6 Hiu ng Miller.
5.7 5.7 p ng tn s cao ca mch khuch i dng BJT.
5.8 5.8 p ng tn s cao ca mch khuch i dng FET.

Bi tp cui chng.

Trong cc chng 2, 3, 4 ta phn tch cc mch khuch i tn hiu nh
dng BJT v FET. Vic phn tch ch ng trong mt di tn s nht nh,
ta gi s cc t lin lc ng vo, ng ra v phn dng c dung khng khng ng
k v c xem nh ni tt tn s ca tn hiu. Ngoi ra di tn s nh
hng ca cc in dung lin cc trong BJT v FET khng ng k. Di tn s
ny thng c gi l di tn s gia.
Trong chng ny ta s kho st nh hng ca cc t lin lc, phn dng
(c in dung ln) tn s thp v cc t lin cc (c in dung nh) tn s cao
ln cc thng s ca mch khuch i. Trc khi i vo chi tit, ta cn bit qua
mt s khi nim cn thit nh l mt cng c kho st.
5.1 DECIBEL:
Ta xem mch tng ng 2 cng hnh 5.1




Cng sut ng vo c nh ngha: P
i
=v
i
.i
i

Cng sut ng ra c nh ngha: P
0
=v
0
.i
0


Trong k ngh ngi ta thng a ra mt n v l decibel (dB)
din t li cng sut.
n v cn bn ban u l Bel v c nh ngha:







5.2 MCH LC THNG THNG R.C:
Dng mch cn bn nh hnh 5.2



T C c xem nh ni tt (short-circuit), kt qu l: v
0

v
i


- khong gia 2 tn s ny, li in th A
V
=v
0
/v
i
thay i nhu
hnh 5.3. Khi tn s tng, dung khng ca t C gim v tn hiu ng ra v
0
ln
dn. in th ng vo v ng ra lin h vi nhau bng cng thc:


Ti A
V
=1 v
0
=v
i
(tr ti a) A
V
(dB)=20Log1=0dB
Vy tn s ct l tn s ti li gim i ln hay gim i
3dB. Nu phng trnh li c vit di dng s phc:


Khi f<<f
i
, phng trnh trn c th vit gn ng:


Vi cng thc gn ng ny ta thy:


Mch lc nu trn c li gim i 20dB khi tn s gim i 10 ln
hay li gim 6dB khi tn s gim phn na c gi l mch lc 6dB/octave
hay 20dB/decade








5.3 MCH LC H THNG RC:
Dng mch cn bn nh hnh 5.6.





khong gia 2 tn s ny, li in th thay i nh hnh 5.7.
Khi tn s tng dn, dung khng ca t C cng gim v v
0
cng gim.





Tng t nh mch lc h thng, khi f>>f
i
th A
V
(dB) =-20log(f/f
i
)
v dc ca gin cng l 20dB/decade.

5.4 P NG TN S THP CA MCH KHUCH I DNG BJT:
Trong on ny, ta phn tch mch khuch i dng cu chia in
th, nhng kt qu cng c th c p dng cho cc mch khc.





Ti tn s ct f
LS
, in th tn hiu vi bng 70.7% so vi gi tr c xc
nh bi phng trnh (5.11) v nh vy ta thy C
S
ch c nh hng ln
khuch i ca mch tn s thp.
mch khuch i nh hnh (5.8), khi phn tch nh hng ca C
S
;
ta gi s C
E
v C
C
c dung khng kh ln v xem nh ni tt tn s ca tn hiu.
Vi gi s ny, mch tng ng xoay chiu ng vo nh hnh 5.10.


C
C
: V C
C
c ni gia ng ra ca BJT v ti nn hnh nh C
C
v R
L
, R
0

nh mt mch lc thng thng. Tn s ct do nh hng ca C
C
c th c xc
nh bi:





Gi s rng nh hng ca C
S
v C
E
khng ng k, in th ng ra
s gim cn 70.7% so vi v
0
tn s gia ti f
LC
. Mch tng ng xoay chiu
ng ra nh hnh 5.12. Vy R
0
= R
C
//r
0
.
C
E
: Ta c th xem C
E
nhn h thng nh hnh v 5.13


xc nh nh hng ca C
E
ln khuch i ca mch, ta xem
mch hnh 5.16, trong khuch i c cho bi:


khi khng c C
E
.
Khi ta mc C
E
vo mch, nhn thy:
- tn s tht thp, dung khng ca C
E
ln, C
E
c th xem nh h
mch v li in th s nh nht c tnh bng cng thc (5.17).
- Khi tn s tn hiu tng dn, dung khng ca C
E
gim v v mc
song song vi R
E
nn tng tr nhn chn E gim nn khuch i tng dn.
- Khi tn s ln (tn s gia hay tn s cao) t C
E
xem nh ni tt
v li in th s cc i v
.
- Ti tn s f
LE
, li in th s gim 3dB so vi tn s gia.
Nh vy ta thy rng p ng tn s thp ca mch l do nh
hng ca C
S
, C
C
, C
E
. Tn s ct thp (tn s ti li gim 3dB) ca mch s
l tn s ct thp cao nht ca f
LS
, f
LC
v f
LE
.

5.5 P NG TN S THP CA MCH KHUCH I DNG FET:
Vic phn tch mt mch khuch i dng FET tn s thp cng
tng t nh mch khuch i dng BJT on trc.
Ba t in to nh hng n li tn s thp l C
G
, C
C
v C
S
.
Ta xem mt mch khuch i dng FET nh hnh 5.17.


C
G
: Do t C
G
ni gia ngun tn hiu v h thng linh kin nn mch tng
ng nh hnh 5.18. Tn s ct thp do nh hng ca C
G
c xc nh bi:

C
C
: T lin lc ng ra C
C
c ni gia linh kin v ti nn mch tng
ng ng ra nh hnh 5.19. Tn s thp do nh hng ca C
C
c xc nh bi:

Trong : R
0
= R
D
//r
d
.



C
S
: T cc ngun C
S
nhn h thng nh hnh 5.20. Do tn s thp
do hiu ng ca C
S
c xc nh bi:

xc nh R
eq
, ta ch mch tng ng ng ra ca mch dng
FET bn trn nh sau:




Ta ch l: v
gs
= v
g
- v
S
= v
i
- v
0
.
Ta thay ngun dng g
m
v
gs
bng ngun in th v tnh R
eq
ta cho
ng vo bng 0 tc v
i
= 0. Mch v li nh hnh 5.12b.



5.6 HIU NG MILLER:
vng tn s cao, cc in dung ln (t lin lc, t phn dng),
c xem nh ni tt v khng nh hng n cc thng s ca mch. in dung
nh hng quan trng n hot ng ca mch l cc in dung lin cc bn trong
linh kin v in dung to bi dy ni bn ngoi linh kin.
Xem mt mch khuch i o (dch pha 180
0
gia ng vo v ng
ra). in dung ng vo v ng ra s gia tng bi tc dng ca in dung lin cc
gia ng ra v ng vo ca linh kin v n s lm thay i khuch i ca
mch. Trong m hnh 5.22, in dung hi tip ny c nh ngha l C
f
. p
dng nh lut Kirchoff v dng in ta c:
i
i
=i
1
+i
2



T phng trnh ny ta v li mch tng ng nh hnh 5.23. Cc
t lin cc ng vo ca mch in c xem nh mc song song vi C
M
. Tng
qut, in dung ng vo hiu ng Miller c nh ngha bi:
C
Mi
= (1-A
V
)C
f
(5.23)
Nh vy tn s cao, li in th A
V
l mt hm s theo C
Mi
. V
li tn s gia l cc i nn ta c th dng li ti a ny xc nh C
Mi

trong cng thc (5.23).
Hiu ng Miller cng lm gia tng in dung ng ra, chng phi
c n khi xc nh tn s ngt cao.





5.7 P NG TN S CAO CA MCH KHUCH I DNG BJT:

5.8.1 Cc thng s ca h thng.
5.8.2 S bin thin ca hfc hay ( ) theo tn s.


vng tn s cao, c 2 vn xc nh im -3dB: in dung ca h thng (k
sinh v lin cc) v s ph thuc vo tn s ca hfe hay .
5.7.1 Cc thng s ca h thng:
Ta xem mch khuch i dng BJT tn s cao nh hnh 5.25



C
be
, C
bc
, C
ce
l cc t lin cc ca BJT do ch to. C
wi
, C
w0
l cc t
k sinh do h thng dy ni, mch in ng vo v ng ra ca BJT. Nh vy, mch
tng ng xoay chiu tn s cao c th c v li nh hnh 5.26.



Trong : C
i
= C
wi
+ C
be
+ C
Mi

C
0
= C
w0
+ C
ce
+ C
M0

Ch s vng mt ca C
S
, C
C
, C
E
v vng tn s cao cc t ny
xem nh ni tt. Thng thng Cbe v Cce nh nht. Trong cc sch tra cu, nh
sn xut thng ch cho bit C
be
, C
bc
m b qua C
ce
.
Dng nh l Thevenin bin i mch ng vo v ng ra, ta c:




Vi: R
th1
= R
S
//R
1
//R
2
//R
i

Tn s gim 3dB do tc dng ca C
i
l:

Trong : C
i
= C
wi
+ C
be
+ C
Mi

C
i
= C
wi
+ C
be
+ (1-A
V
)C
bc

tn s rt cao, nh hng ca C
i
l lm gim tng tr vo ca h
thng, gim bin tn hiu a vo h thng (gim dng i
b
) v do lm gim
li ca mch.
ng ra vi: R
th2
= R
c
//R
L
//r
0



tn s rt cao, dung khng ca C
0
gim nn lm gim tng tr ra
ca h thng v kt qu l v
0
b gim v v
0
s tin dn v 0 khi X
C0
cng nh.
Tn s ct cao ca mch c xc nh l tn s ct thp trong 2 tn
s ct f
Hi
v f
H0
.
Ngoi ra v hfe (hay ) cng gim khi tn s tng nn cng phi
c xem l mt yu t xc nh tn s ct cao ca mch ngoi f
Hi
v f
H0
.
5.7.2 S bin thin ca h
fe
(hay ) theo tn s:
Ta chp nhn s bin thin ca hfe (hay ) theo
tn s bng h thc:



ngI ta thng dng mch tng ng ca BJT theo thng s hn tp (lai )
tn s cao.





Nu sch tra cu cho f

th ta c th suy ra f

t cng thc lin h:

f

= f

(1-)
Tch s li-bng tn c nh ngha cho BJT bi iu kin:


f
T
h
fe(mid)
.f

(5.30)
Ch l f

B
W
= bng tn; nn f
T
chnh l tch li bng tn.





5.8 P NG TN S CAO CA MCH KHUCH I DNG FET:
Vic phn tch mt mch khuch i dng FET tn s cao cng
tng t nh BJT. Vi FET cng c cc in dung lin cc C
gs
, C
ds
, C
gd
v t k
sinh ng vo C
wi
, ng ra C
w0
. C
gs
v C
gd
khong t 1pF n 10 pF trong lc C
ds

nh hn nhiu (t 0.1pF n 1pF).
Ta xem mch khuch i dng FET nh hnh 5.32. Mch tng
ng xoay chiu nh hnh 5.33.


Trong : C
i
= C
Wi
+ C
gS
+ C
Mi
Vi C
Mi
= (1-A
V
)C
gd






xc nh tn s ct do nh hng ca C
i
v C
0
ta dng mch
tng ng Thevenin ng vo v ng ra.


Tn s ct cao ca mch l tn s ct c tr nh ca f
Hi
v f
H0
.







BI TP CUI CHNG V
*********

Bi 1: Cho mch in hnh 5.33

C
wi
= 5pF, C
w0
= 8pF, C
bc
= 12pF, C
be
= 40pF, C
ce
= 8pF
a/ Xc nh r
e

b/ Tm A
V
(mid) =v
0
/v
i

c/ Tnh Z
i

d/ Tm A
VS
= v
0
/v
S

e/ Xc nh f
LS
, f
Le
, f
LE

f/ Xc nh tn s ct thp
g/ V p ng tn s

Bi 2: Vi mch in v cc thng s ca bi 1:
a/Xc nh f
Hi
v f
H0

b/ Cho C
be
= C
be
; C
bc
= C
bc
. Tm f

v f
T

c/ Xc dnh tn s ct cao v v p ng tn s.

Bi 3: Lp li cc cu hi ca bi 1 vi mch in hnh 5.34

Bi 4: Lp li cc cu hi bi 2 cho mch in v cc thng s ca bi 3.

Bi 5:Cho mch in hnh 5.35
a/ Xc nh V
GS
v I
DQ
b/ Tm g
m0
v g
m

c/ Tinh A
V
= v
0
/v
i
tn s gia
d/ Xc nh Z
i

e/ Tnh A
VS
= v
0
/v
S

f/ Xc nh f
LG
, f
LC
, f
LS

g/ Xc nh f
Hi
v f
H0

i/ V p ng tn s.
Cho bit: V
GS(off)
=-6v, C
Wi
= 3pF, C
dg
= 4pF, I
DSS
= 6mA, C
w0
=
5pF, C
gS
= 6pF, r
d
= , C
dS
= 1pF

Bi 6: Lp li cc cu hi ca bi 5 cho mch in hnh 5.36
Cho bit: I
DSS
= 10mA, V
GS(off)
=-6v, r
d
= , C
Wi
=4pF, C
W0
= 6pF,
C
gd
= 8pF, C
gs
=12pF, C
dS
= 3pF






Chng 6

CC DNG LIN KT CA BJT V FET
**********
1. Mc tiu:
2. Kin thc c bn:
3. Ti liu tham kho lin quan n chng.
4. Ni dung:
6.1 Lin kt lin tip.
6.2 Lin kt chng.
6.3 Lin kt Darlington.
6.4 Lin kt cp hi tip.
6.5 Mch CMOS.
6.6 Mch ngun dng in.
6.7 Mch khuch i visai.

Bi tp cui chng.
5. Vn nghin cu ca chng k tip.

cc chng trc, chng ta kho st cc mch khuch i ring l
dng BJT v FET. Thc t, mt thit b in t lun l s ni kt ca cc mch
cn bn t n mc tiu no . Trong chng ny chng ta s kho st cc
dng ni kt thng dng thng gp trong mch in t.
6.1 LIN KT LIN TIP: (cascade connection)
6.1.1 Lin kt bng t in.
6.1.2 Lin kt cascade trc tip.

y l s lin kt thng dng nht ca cc tng khuch i, mc
ch l tng li in th. V cn bn, mt lin kt lin tip l ng ra ca tng
ny c a vo ng vo ca tng k tip. Hnh 6.1 m t mt cch tng qut
dng lin kt ny vi cc h thng 2 cng.



Trong Av
1
, Av
2
, ... l li in th ca mi tng khi c ti.
Ngha l Av
1
c xc nh vi tng tr vo Z
i2
nh l ti ca tng Av
1
. Vi Av
2
,
Av
1
c xem nh l ngun tn hiu.
li in th tng cng nh vy c xc nh bi:
Av
T
= Av
1
. Av
2
. .... . Av
n

(6.1)
li dng in c xc nh bi:

Tng tr vo: Z
i
= Z
i1

Tng tr ra : Z
0
= Z
0n

6.1.1 Lin kt bng t in:
Hnh 6.2 m t mt lin kt lin tip gia hai tng khuch i dng JFET.



-Tng tr vo ca tng th 2: Z
i2
= R
G2
- li ca ton mch: Av
T
= Av
1
.Av
2

vi Av
1
= -g
m1
(R
D1
//Z
i2
) = -g
m1
(R
D1
//R
G2
)
thng R
G2
>>R
D1
Av
1
-g
m1
R
D1

(6.3)
v Av
2
= -g
m2
R
D2
nn Av
T
= Av
1
.Av
2

Av
T
= g
m1
g
m2
R
D1
R
D2
(6.4)
- Tng tr vo ca h thng: Z
i
= Z
i1
= R
G1

- Tng tr ra ca h thng: Z
0
= Z
02
= R
D2

V mt phn cc, do 2 mch lin lc vi nhau bng t in nn vic
phn gii ging nh s phn gii mi tng ring l.
Hnh 6.3 l mch cascade dng BJT.


Cng nh FET, mc ch ca mch ny l gia tng li in th.
- li in th ca h thng:

- Tng tr vo ca ton mch: Zi = Z
i1
= R1 //R2 //1r
e1

(6.7)
- Tng tr ra ca ton mch: Z
0
= Z
02
= R
C2

(6.8)
Hnh 6.4 l mch kt hp gia FET v BJT . Mch ny, ngoi mc
ch gia tng khuch i in th cn c tng tr vo ln.
. Av
T
= Av
1
. Av
2

Vi Av
1
= -g
m
(R
D
//Z
i2
)
(6.9)
Trong Zi2 = R1 //R2 //r
e


. Z
i
= R
G
(rt ln)
. Z
0
= R
C



6.1.2 Lin lc cascade trc tip:
y cng l mt dng lin kt lin tip kh ph bin trong cc mch
khuch i nht l trong k thut ch to vi mch. Hnh 6.5 m t mt mch
khuch i hai tng lin lc trc tip dng BJT.



Ta thy mch lin lc trc tip c cc li im:
- Trnh c nh hng ca cc t lin lc tn s thp, do tn
s gim 3dB cn di c th xung rt thp.
- Trnh c s cng knh cho mch.
- in th tnh ra ca tng u cung cp in th tnh cho tng sau.
Tuy th, mch cng vp phi mt vi khuyt im nh:
- S tri dt im tnh iu hnh ca tng th nht s nh hng n
phn cc ca tng th hai.
- Ngun in th phn cc thng c tr s ln nu ta dng cng mt
loi BJT, vn chnh ca loi lin lc trc tip l n nh s phn cc. Cch tnh
phn cc thng c p dng trn ton b mch m khng th tnh ring tng
tng. Th d nh hnh 6.5 ta c:
Phn cc:

Thng s mch khuch i:


Mch phn cc nh trn tuy n gin nhng t c dng do
khng n nh (s tri dt im iu hnh ca Q1 nh hng n phn cc ca
Q2), do trong cc mch lin lc trc tip ngi ta thng dng k thut hi tip
mt chiu nh hnh 6.6


Mch tng ng Thevenin ng vo c v hnh 6.7. Ta c:

Thng ta chn s hng u ln V
E2
n nh, t V
CE1
, I
C1
, I
C2

cng n nh. thy r s n nh ny ta :



Dng in ny c lp i vi 2 v c th xem nh c lp i vi
1 nu ta chn:


thay i theo nhit v dng I
C2
, nhng nh hng
ny s c gim thiu nu ta chn
V thng s ca mch khuch i cch tnh cng nh mch trc.
Lin lc trc tip dng FET:
MOSFET loi tng (E-MOSFET), do cc cng cch in hn vi
cc ngun v cc thot nn rt thun tin trong vic ghp trc tip.



Cch tnh phn cc ging nh mt tng ring l.
V
GS1
=V
DS1
= V
GS2

Av
T
= (gmR
D
)
2

Tng khuch i cc ngun chung v thot chung cng thun tin
trong cch ghp trc tip.



in th V
GS
ca Q
2
ty thuc vo R
D
, R
S1
v R
S2
.
Trong 2 cch ghp trn, FET ch hot ng tt khi 2 FET hon ton
ging ht nhau. Thc t, khi 2 FET khng ng nht, s tri dt im iu hnh
ca tng trc c tng sau khuch i khin cho tng cui cng hot ng trong
vng khng thun li. khc phc ngi ta cng dng k thut hi tip n
nh phn cc nh hnh 6.10.


Gi s in th cc thot ca Q1 ln hn bnh thng, lng sai bit
ny s c khuch i bi Q2 v Q3 v do in th ti cc cng ca Q1 ln
hn. iu ny lm cho Q1 dn in mnh hn, ko in th cc thot gim xung.
Tuy nhin, R
G
cng to ra mt vn mi. Nu gi AvT l li
ca ton mch th:
v
0
= -|Av
T
|.v
i

Nn in th ngang qua R
G
l:
v
i
- v
0
= v
i
+ |Av
T
|v
i
= v
i
( 1+ |Av
T
|)

khc phc, ngi ta chia R
G
ra lm 2 na v dng mt t ni tt
tn hiu xung mass.


6.2 LIN KT CHNG: (cascode connection)
Trong s lin kt ny, mt transistor ghp chng ln mt transistor
khc. Hnh 6.12 m t mch lin kt chng vi mt tng cc pht chung ghp
chng ln mt tng cc nn chung.



S lin kt ny phi c thit k sao cho tng cc pht chung c
tng tr ra (tng tr vo ca tng cc nn chung) kh ln v li in th thp
cung cp cho tng cc nn chung bo m in dung Miller ng vo thp
nht nn loi lin kt ny hot ng tt tn s cao. Trong mch trn, vi cch
phn tch phn cc nh cc chng trc ta tm c:
V
B1
= 4.9v
V
B2
= 10.8v
I
C1
# I
C2
= 3.8mA



6.3 LIN KT DARLINGTON:
y l mt dng lin kt rt thng dng gia 2 transistor (BJT hoc
FET) nh hnh 6.13 v tng ng nh hnh 6.14.



S lin kt gia 2 transistor nh vy tng ng vi mt transistor
duy nht c li dng in l
D
=
1
.
2

Nu hai transistor ng nht:
1
=
2
= th
D
=
2

Transistor Darlington:
V dng lin kt ny rt thng dng v thch hp cho vic nng cng
sut nn ngy nay ngi ta thng ch to cc lin kt ny di dng mt
transistor duy nht gi l transistor darlington.


chung nn cng c tng tr vo ln, tng tr ra nh v li din th xp x 1.

6.4 LIN KT CP HI TIP:
Lin kt ny cng gm c 2 transistor v cng c dng gn ging
nh lin kt Darlington nhng gm c 1 transistor PNP v mt transistor NPN.


Cng ging nh lin kt Darlington, cp hi tip s cho mt li
dng in rt ln (bng tch li dng in ca 2 transistor).
Mch thc t c dng nh hnh 6.17
- Tnh phn cc:

T suy ra c I
C1
, I
B2
, I
C2

- Thng s xoay chiu:
Mch tng ng xoay chiu






6.5 MCH CMOS:
Mt dng mch rt thng dng trong mch s l dng 2 E-MOSFET knh
N v knh P lin kt vi nhau nh hnh 6.19 c gi l CMOS
(complementaryMOSFET).



Trc khi i vo kho st hot ng ca CMOS, ta cn nh li hot
ng ca E-MOSFET.
c tuyn truyn ca E-MOSFET knh N v knh P nh hnh 6.20
v 6.21.
- E-MOSFET knh N, khi in th 0V p vo cng ngun, E-
MOSFET knh N khng hot ng (I
D
= 0), Khi V
GS
>V
GS(th)
th E-MOSFET knh
N mi hot ng.
- E-MOSFET knh P, Khi V
GS
= 0 th E-MOSFET knh P cng
ngng v ch hot ng khi V
GS
< V
GS(th)
.
Phn tch mch CMOS
Ta xem mch CMOS iu hnh khi Vi = 0V hay khi Vi= +5V
- Khi V
i
= 0V c a vo cc cng ca CMOS
. Vi Q
1
(NMOS) V
GS
= 0 Q1 ngng
. Vi Q
2
(PMOS) V
GS
= -5V Q2 bo ha.
Kt qu l V
0
= 5V



- Khi Vi = +5V a vo
. Vi Q
1
(NMOS) V
GS
= 5V Q1 bo ha
. Vi Q
2
(PMOS) V
GS
= 0V Q2 ngng
Kt qu l V
0
= 0V

6.6 MCH NGUN DNG IN:
6.6.1 Ngun dng in dng JFET.
6.6.2 Dng BJT nh ngun dng in.
6.6.3 Ngun dng in dng BJT v zener.

Ngun dng in l mt b phn cp dng in mc song song vi
in tr R gi l ni tr ca ngun. Mt ngun dng in l tng khi R = ( v
s cung cp mt dng in l hng s).

Mt ngun dng in trong thc t c th c to bi FET, BJT
hoc t hp ca 2 loi linh kin ny. Mch c th s dng linh kin ri hoc I
C
.
6.6.1 Ngun dng in dng JFET:
Dng n gin nh hnh 6.24



6.6.2 Dng BJT nh mt ngun dng in:
Mch c bn nh hnh 6.25


6.6.3 Ngun dng in dng BJT v zener:


6.7 MCH KHUCH I VISAI: (differential amplifier)
6.7.1 Dng mch cn bn.
6.7.2 Mch phn cc.
6.7.3 Kho st thng s.
6.7.4 Trng thi mt cn bng.

6.7.1 Dng mch cn bn:
Mt mch khuch i visai cn bn trng thi cn bng c dng
nh hnh 6.27

- C 2 phng php ly tn hiu ra:
. Phng php ng ra visai: Tn hiu c ly ra gia 2 cc thu.
. Phng php ng ra n cc: Tn hiu
c ly gia mt cc thu v mass.
- Mch c phn cc bng 2 ngun in th i xng (m, dng)
c cc in th cc nn bng 0volt.
Ngi ta phn bit 3 trng hp:
a/ Khi tn hiu vo v1 = v2 (cng bin v cng pha)
Do mch i xng, tn hiu ng ra va = vb
Nh vy: va = AC . v1
v
b
= A
C
. v
2

Trong AC l khuch i ca mt transistor v c gi l
li cho tn hiu chung (common mode gain).
Do v1 = v2 nn va = vb. Vy tn hiu ng ra visai va - vb =0.
b/ Khi tn hiu vo c dng visai:
Lc ny v1 = -v2 (cng bin nhng ngc pha).
Luc : v
a
= -v
b
.
Do v1 = -v2 nn khi Q1 chy mnh th Q2 chy yu v ngc li nn
v
a
vb. Ngi ta nh ngha:
v
a
- v
b
= A
VS
( v
1
- v
2
)
A
VS
c gi l li cho tn hiu visai (differential mode gain).
Nh vy ta thy vi ng ra visai, mch ch khuch i tn hiu vo visai (khc
nhau hai ng vo) m khng khuch i tn hiu vo chung (thnh phn ging
nhau).
c/ Trng hp tn hiu vo bt k:
Ngi ta nh ngha:
- Thnh phn chung ca v1 v v2 l:

- Thnh phn visai ca v1 v v2 l:
v
VS
= v
1
- v
2

Thnh phn chung c khuch i bi AC (ng ra n cc) cn
thnh phn visai c khuch i bi A
VS
.
Thng thng |A
VS
| >>|A
C
|.
6.7.2 Mch phn cc:



Phng trnh ny xc nh im iu hnh trn ng
thng ly in.
Khi mch tun hon i xng, in th 2 chn B bng 0V nn:

6.7.3 Kho st thng s ca mch:
Ta th tm A
C
, A
VS
, tng tr vo chung Z
C
, tng tr vo visai Z
VS
.
a/ Mch ch c tn hiu chung:
Tc v1 = v2 v va = vb
Do mch hon ton i xng, ta ch cn kho st na mch, nn ch
v c 2 dng ie chy qua nn phi tng gp i R
E
.


Phn gii nh cc phn trc ta tm c:


b/ Mch ch c tn hiu visai:
Tc v
1
= -v
2
v v
a
= -vb
Nh vy dng in tn hiu lun lun ngc chiu trong 2 transistor
v do khng qua R
E
nn ta c th b R
E
khi tnh A
VS
v Z
VS
.




Ngi ta thng n tng tr gia 2 ng vo cho tn hiu visai
hn l gia mt ng vo vi mass. Gi tr ny gi l Z
VS
.
Khi c R
B
th Z
VS
= ZVS //2R
B


H thc ny chng t gia 2 ng vo ch c mt dng in duy nht
chy qua. T ngi ta nh ngha:

c/ Mch c tn hiu tng hp:
Vi v1, v2 bt k ta c c thnh phn chung vC v thnh phn visai
AVS.
- Nu ly tn hiu gia hai cc thu th thnh phn chung khng nh
hng, tc l:
v
a
- v
b
= A
VS
( v
1
- v
2
)
- Nu ly tn hiu t mt trong hai cc thu xung mass:

Du - biu th hai thnh phn visai hai cc
thu lun tri du nhau.
d/ H s trut thi tn hiu chung
1
:

( cng ln th thnh phn chung t nh
hng n ng ra)
e/ Phng php tng
1
(ngun dng in)
Mun tng
1
phi gim A
C
v tng A
VS
. Nh vy phi dng R
E
ln.
Tuy nhin iu ny lm cho V
CC
v V
EE
cng phi ln. Phng php tt nht l
dng ngun dng in.
Ngun dng in thay cho R
E
phi c 2 c tnh:
- Cp 1 dng in khng i.
- Cho 1 tng tr Z
S
nhn t cc thu ca Q3 ln thay R
E
.


6.7.4 Trng thi mt cn bng:
Khi mch mt cn bng th khng cn duy tr c s i xng. Hu
qu trm trng nht l thnh phn chung c th to ra tn hiu visai ng ra.
* Mt s nguyn nhn chnh:
- Cc linh kin th ng nh in tr, t in ... khng tht s
bng nhau v ng cht.
- Cc linh kin tc ng nh diode, transistor.. khng hon
ton ging nhau.
* Bin php n nh:
- La chn tht k linh kin.
- Gi dng in phn cc nh sai s v in tr to ra in
th visai nh.
- Thit k (1 c tr s tht ln.
- Thm bin tr R
E
cn bng dng in phn cc.
- Ch to theo phng php vi mch.





BI TP CUI CHNG VI
*******

Bi 1: Tnh tng tr vo, tng tr ra v li in th ca mch in hnh
6.33



Bi 2: Lp li bi 1 vi mch in hnh 6.34

Bi 3: Trong mch in hnh 6.35
1/ Xc nh in th phn cc V
B1
, V
B2
, V
C2

2/ Xc nh li in th



Bi 4: Tnh li in th ca mch hnh 6.36

Bi 5: cho mch in hnh 6.37. Zener c V
Z
= 4.7V.


Bi 6: Trong mch in hnh 6.38
1/ Tnh in th phn cc V
C1
, V
C2
.
2/ Xc nh li in th





Chng 7

OP-AMP-KHUCH I V NG DNG
*********
1. Mc tiu
2. Kin thc c bn cn c khi hc chng ny.
3. Ti liu tham kho lin quan n chng.
4. Ni dung:
7.1 Vi sai tng hp.
7.2 Mch khuch i OP-AMP cn bn.
7.3 Mt s ng dng ca OP-AMP.

Bi tp cui chng.
5. Vn nghin cu ca chng k tip.


7.1 VI SAI TNG HP:

7.1.1 Cc tng gia.
7.1.2 Tng cui.
7.1.3 Mt th d.

Mch vi sai trong thc t thng gm c nhiu tng (v c gi l
mch vi sai tng hp) vi mc ch.
- Tng khuch i A
VS

- Gim khuch i tn hiu chung A
C

Do tng h s 1.
- To ng ra n cc thun tin cho vic s dng cng nh ch
to mch khuch i cng sut. Thng ngi ta ch to mch vi sai tng hp
di dng IC gi l IC thut ton (op-amp _operational amplifier).
Ngi ta chia mt mch vi sai tng hp ra thnh 3 phn: Tng u,
cc tng gia v tng cui. Tng u l mch vi sai cn bn m ta kho st
chng trc.
7.1.1 Cc tng gia:
Cc tng gia c th l vi sai hay n cc.
a/Mc ni tip vi sai vi vi sai:




l tng tr vo ca tng vi sai sau c th lm mt cn bng tng
tr ra ca tng vi sai trc. Tng sau khng cn dng ngun dng in.
b/ Mc vi sai ni tip vi n cc:
Ngi ta thng dng tng n cc :
- D s dng.
- D to mch cng sut.
Nhng mch n cc s lm pht sinh mt s vn mi:
- Lm mt cn bng tng vi sai, nn hai in tr RC ca tng vi sai
i khi phi c tr s khc nhau b tr cho s mt cn bng.
- Lm tng c A
VS
v A
C
nn (1 c th thay i, do ch nn dng
tng n cc ni c thnh phn chung tht nh (sau hai hoc ba tng vi sai)

7.1.2 Tng cui:
Phi tha mn cc iu kin:
- Cho mt tng tr ra tht nh.
- in th phn cc ti ng ra bng 0 volt khi hai ng vo 0 volt.
a/ iu kin v tng tr ra:
c tng tr ra nh, ngi ta thngdng mch cc thu chung.

tnh tng tr ra ta dng mch tng ng hnh 7.3b; Trong
R
S
l tng tr ra ca tng (n cc) ng trc.


b/ iu kin v in th phn cc:
V cc tng c mc trc tip vi nhau nn in th phn cc ng
ra ca tng cui c th khng 0 volt khi ng vo 0 volt. gii quyt ngi ta
dng mch di chuyn in th (Level shifting network) gm c: mt ngun dng
in I v mt in tr R sao cho: E = RI.




7.1.3 Mt v d:
Op-amp pc 709 ca hng Fairchild.
T
1
, T
2
: Mch vi sai cn bn ng vo.

T
3
: Ngun dng in cho T
1
v T
2
. in th phn cc ti cc nn
ca T
3
c xc nh bi cu phn th gm T
6
(mc thnh diode), in tr 480
v 2.4k.
T
4
, T
5
: khng phi l vi sai v 2 chn E ni mass. T
4
c nhim v n
nh in th ti im A cho T
1
v T
2
.



T
5
: L tng n cc chuyn tip gia vi sai v tng cui.
T
7
: L mch cc thu chung u tin v T
8
l mch di chuyn in th
vi in tr 3.4k.
T
9
: L mch cc thu chung cng l tng cui t c tng tr ra
nh.

7.2 MCH KHUCH I OP-AMP CN BN:

7.2.1 Mch khuch i o.
7.2.2 Mch khuch i khng o.
7.2.3 OP-AMP phn cc bng ngun n.

Trong chng ny, ta kho st op-amp trng thi l tng. Sau y
l cc c tnh ca mt op-amp l tng:
- li vng h A (open loop gain) bng v cc.
- Bng tn rng t 0Hz n v cc.
- Tng tr vo bng v cc.
- Tng tr ra bng 0.
- Cc h s bng v cc.
- Khi ng vo 0 volt, ng ra lun 0 volt.
ng nhin mt op-amp thc t khng th t c cc trng thi
l tng nh trn.


T cc c tnh trn ta thy:
.
- Z
i
nn khng c dng in chy vo op-amp t cc ng vo.
- Z
0
0 nn ng ra v0 khng b nh hng khi mc ti.
- V A rt ln nn phi dng op-amp vi hi tip m. Vi hi tip
m, ta c hai dng mch khuch i cn bn sau:
7.2.1 Mch khuch i o: (Inverting Amplifier)
Dng mch cn bn.




(7.2)
Nhn xt:
- Khi Z
f
v Z
i
l in tr thun th v
0
v v
i
s lch pha 180
0
(nn
c gi l mch khuch i o v ng vo ( - ) c gi l ng vo o).
- Z
f
ng vai tr mch hi tip m. Z
f
cng ln (hi tip m cng
nh) khuch i ca mch cng ln.
- Khi Z
f
v Z
i
l in tr thun th op-amp c tnh khuch i c in
th mt chiu.
7.2.2 Mch khuch i khng o: (Non_inverting Amplifier)
Dng mch cn bn.


Suy ra:

Nhn xt:
- Z
f
, Z
i
c th c bt k dng no.
- v
0
v vi cng c th c bt k dng no.
- Khi Z
f
, Z
i
l in tr thun th ng ra v
0
s c cng pha vi ng vo
vi (nn mch c gi l mch khuch i khng o v ng vo ( + ) c gi l
ng vo khng o).
- Z
f
cng ng vai tr hi tip m. tng khuch i A
V
, ta c
th tng Z
f
hoc gim Z
i
.
- Mch khuch i c tn hiu mt chiu khi Z
f
v Z
i
l in tr
thun. Mch cng gi nguyn tnh cht khng o v c cng cng thc vi
trng hp ca tn hiu xoay chiu.
- Khi Z
f
=0, ta c: A
V
=1 v
0
=v
i
hoc Z
i
= ta cng c A
V
=1 v
v
0
=v
i
(hnh 7.10). Lc ny mch c gi l mch voltage follower thng c
dng lm mch m (buffer) v c tng tr vo ln v tng tr ra nh nh mch
cc thu chung BJT.


7.2.3 Op-amp phn cc bng ngun n:
Phn trn l cc c tnh v 2 mch khuch i cn bn c kho
st khi op-amp c phn cc bng ngun i xng. Thc t, tin trong thit k
mch v s dng, khi khng cn thit th op-amp c phn cc bng ngun n;
Lc by gi chn ni vi ngun m -V
CC
c ni mass.
Hai dng mch khuch i cn bn nh sau:


Ngi ta phi phn cc mt ng vo (thng l ng vo +) in th
phn cc hai ng vo lc ny l V
CC
/2 v in th phn cc ng ra cng l
V
CC
/2. Hai in tr R phi c chn kh ln trnh lm gim tng tr vo ca
op-amp. Khi a tn hiu vo phi qua t lin lc (C
2
trong mch) khng lm
lch in th phn cc. Nh vy, khi phn cc bng ngun n, op-amp mt tnh
cht khuch i tn hiu mt chiu. Trong hnh a, mch khuch i o, C
1
l t
lc in th phn cc ng vo (+). Trong hnh b, mch khuch i khng o, C
1

dng to hi tip xoay chiu cho mch v gi in th phn cc ng vo (-) l
V
CC
/2. khuch i ca mch vn khng i.
7.3 MT S NG DNG CA OP-AMP:
7.3.1 Mch lm ton.
7.3.2 Mch so snh.
7.3.3 Mch lc tch cc.

7.3.1Mch lm ton:
y l cc mch in t c bit trong s lin h gia in th
ng vo v ng ra l cc phng trnh ton hc n gin.
a/ Mch cng:




Tn hiu ng ra bng tng cc tn hiu ng vo nhng ngc pha.
Ta ch l vi l mt in th bt k c th l mt chiu hoc xoay chiu.
b/ Mch tr:
Ta c 2 cch to mch tr.
* Tr bng phng php i du:
tr mt s, ta cng vi s i ca s .


v
2
u tin c lm o ri cng vi v
1
. Do theo mch ta c:

Nh vy tn hiu ng ra l hiu ca 2 tn hiu ng vo nhng i du.
* Tr bng mch vi sai:
Dng c bn

Thay tr s ca v
m
vo biu thc trn ta tm c:


c/ Mch tch phn:
Dng mch
Dng in ng vo:





* Hai vn thc t:
- iu kin ban u hay hng s tch phn:
Dng mch cn bn



s thp. Nh vy khi c R
f
, mch ch c tnh tch phn khi tn s ca tn hiu f
tha: , R
f
khng c qu ln v s hI tip m s yu.
d/ Mch vi phn:
Dng mch



Vn thc t: gim tp m.
Mch n gin nh trn t c dng trong thc t v c c tnh
khuch i tp m tn s cao, y l do li ca ton mchtng theo tn s.
khc phc mt phn no, ngi ta mc thm mt in tr ni tip vi t C
ng vo nh hnh 7.19.


7.3.2 Mch so snh:
a/ in th ng ra bo ha:
Ta xem mch hnh 7.20

Trong A l li vng h ca op-amp. V A rt ln nn theo
cng thc trn v
0
rt ln.
Khi E
d
nh, v
0
c xc nh. Khi E
d
vt qu mt tr s no th
v
0
t n tr s bo ha v c gi l V
Sat
.. Tr s ca Ed ty thuc vo mi op-
amp v c tr s vo khong vi chc V.
- Khi E
d
m, mch o pha nn v
0
=-V
Sat

- Khi E
d
dng, tc v
1
>v
2
th v0=+V
Sat
.
in th ng ra bo ha thng nh hn in th ngun t 1 volt
n 2 volt. l |+V
Sat
| c th khc |-V
Sat
|.
Nh vy ta thy in th E
d
ti a l:

b/ Mch so snh mc 0: (tch mc zro)
* So snh mc zro khng o





* Mch so snh mc zro o:




c/Mch so snh vi 2 ng vo c in th bt k:
* So snh mc dng o v khng o:
- So snh mc dng khng o:

- So snh mc dng o:


* So snh mc m o v khng o:



- So snh mc m o:


d/ Mch s snh vi hi tip dng:
* Mch o:



tip dng nn v
0
lun lun trng thi bo ha. Ty theo mc tn hiu vo m v
0

giao hon mt trong hai trng thi +V
Sat
v -V
Sat
.


Nu ta tng E
i
t t, ta nhn thy:
Khi E
i
<V
ref
th v
0
=+V
Sat

Khi E
i
>V
ref
th v
0
=-V
Sat

Tr s ca E
i
=V
ref
=.(+V
Sat
) lm cho mch bt u i trng thi c gi
l im ny trn (upper trigger point) hay im thm trn (upper threshold point).
V
UTP
=.(+V
Sat
)
(7.12)
By gi nu ta gim E
i
t t, ch l lc ny v
0
=-V
Sat
v V
ref
=(-V
Sat
), ta
thy khi E
i
<(-V
Sat
) th v
0
chuyn sang trng thi +V
Sat
. Tr s ca E
i
lc ny:
E
i
= V
ref
= (-V
Sat
) c gi l im ny di hay im thm di (lower trigger
point-lower threshold point-V
LTP
). Nh vy chu trnh trng thi ca mch nh hnh
7.34.
Ngi ta nh ngha:
V
H
=(Hysteresis)=V
UTP
-V
LTP

V
H
={(+V
Sat
)-(-V
Sat
)] (7.13)
Nu |+VSat|=|-VSat|V
H
=|2.V
Sat
|


* Mch khng o:
Dng mch


- By gi nu ta gim E
i
(v
0
ang l +V
Sat
), khi V
A
bt u nh hn
V
ref
=0v th v
0
i trng thi v bng -V
Sat
. Tr s ca E
i
lc ny gi l im ny
di V
LTP
.


Tnh V
UTP
v V
LTP




- Khi gim E
i
t tr s dng dn xung, lc ny v
0
=+V
Sat
nn:

e/ Mch so snh trong trng hp 2 ng vo c in th bt k
vi hi tip dng:
*Dng mch khng o:
Dng mch



Khi V
A
=V
ref
th mch i trng thi (v
0
i thnh +V
Sat
), tr s ca E
i
lc
ny gi l im ny trn V
UTP
. T (7.17) ta tm c:


bng V
ref
th mch s i trng thi, tr s ca E
i
lc ny gi l im
ny di V
LTP
. Tng t nh trn ta tm c:



nu |+V
sat
|=|-V
Sat
|
* Dng mch o:
Dng mch cn bn nh hnh 7.38


, cng l tr s ca V
A
, gi l im ny trn V
UTP
.


Nu ta gim E
i
t t, n khi E
i
=V
A
mch s i trng thi (v
0
= -
V
Sat
) v E
i
=V
A
lc c tr s l V
LTP
(im ny di).

7.3.3 Mch lc tch cc: (Active filter)
C 4 loi mch chnh:
- Mch lc h thng.
- Mch lc thng thng.
- Mch lc di thng.
- Mch lc loi tr (di trit).
a/ Mch lc h thng(Low pass Filter-LPF)
* Mch lc h thng cn bn:
Dng mch



Nu ta chn R
2
=R
1
th |A
V0
|=1
p tuyn tn s dc -20dB/dec v khi tn s tng ln 10 ln th
khuch i gim i 10 ln tc -20dB. Ngi ta hay dng mch voltage follower
lm mch lc nh hnh 7.41. y l mch khuch i khng o, nhng do
khng c in tr ni mass ng vo (-) nn li bng +1.

Ngi ta thng chn R
f
=R gim dng offset.



* Mch lc h thng -40dB/dec:
Trong nhiu ng dng, ta cn phi gim nhanh li ca mch khi
tn s vt qu tn s ct, c ngha l dc ca bng tn phi ln hn na. l
mc ch ca cc mch lc bc cao.
Dng mch

Nu chn C
2
=2C
1
, ta c:

mch ny khuch i s gim i 40dB khi tn s tng ln 10 ln (
li gim i 100 ln khi tn s tng ln 10 ln).


* Mch lc h thng -60dB/dec:
t c dc hn na-gn vi l tng-ngi ta dng mch
lc -20dB/dec mc ni tip vi mch lc -40dB/dec c dc -60dB/dec (
li gim i 60dB khi tn s tng ln 10 ln-gc pha ti tn s ct l -1350).
Dng mch cn bn nh hnh 7.44







b/ Mch lc thng thng (high-pass filter)
y l mt mch m li ca mch rt nh tn s thp cho n
mt tn s no (gi l tn s ct) th tn hiu mi qua c ht. Nh vy tc
dng ca mch lc thng thng ngc vi mch lc h thng.
* Mch lc thng thng 20dB/dec:
Dng mch nh hnh 7.46
y l mch voltage follower nn A
V
=1. Do in th ng ra v
0
bng
vi in th 2 u in tr R nn:

Khi tn s cao, tng tr ca t in khng ng k nn A
V0
=v
0
/v
i
=1.
Khi tn s gim dn, n lc no li bt u gim. Tn s m ti li
gim cn 0.707 A
V0
gi l tn s ct. Lc ta c:


Ta cng c th dng mch nh hnh 7.48






* Mch lc thng thng 40dB/dec:
Dng mch

Do l mch voltage follower nn in th 2 u R
1
chnh l v
0
. Ta c:





* Mch lc thng thng 60dB/dec
Ngi ta dng 2 mch 40dB/dec v 20dB/dec ni tip nhau t
c dc 60dB/dec.

Chn C
1
=C
2
=C
3
=C;

Ti tn s ct:


c/ Mch lc di thng: (band pass filter)
y l mt mch m ng ra ch c mt di tn gii hn no
trong ton b di tn ca tn hiu a vo ng vo.

Vi mch ny in th ng ra v
0max
t n tr s ti a mt tn s
no gi l tn s cng hng
r
. Khi tn s khc vi tn s cng hng,
khuch i gim dn. Tn s thp hn
r
lm li gim i cn 0.707v
0max
gi l
tn s ngt thp
L
v tn s cao hn
r
lm li gim cn 0.707v
0max
gi l tn
s ngt cao
h
.
Bng thng c nh ngha:
B=
H
-
L

Khi B<0.1
r
mch c gi l lc di thng bng tn hp hay mch
lc cng hng. Khi B>0.1
r
c gi l mch lc di thng bng tn rng.

* Mch lc di thng bng tn hp
Dng mch



Ti tn s cng hng
r
:


T phng trnh (a) ta tm c:




* Mch lc di thng bng tn rng
Thng thng c mt mch di thng bng tn rng, ngi ta
dng hai mch lc h thng v thng thng mc ni tip nhau nhng phi tha
mn iu kin tn s ct
2
ca mch lc h thng phi ln hn tn s ct
1
ca
mch lc thng thng.





Ta tm c 2 tn s ct l:


Phi chn R
1
, R
2
, C
1
, C
2
sao cho
1
<
2
.
d/Mch lc loi tr: (di trit-Notch Filter)
y l mch dng lc b mt di tn s no trong ton b di
tn. Mch thng c dng lc b cc nhiu do mt b phn no trong
mch to ra th d nh tn s 50Hz, 60Hz hay 400Hz ca mt.
C rt nhiu dng mch lc di trit, thng dng nht l mc 2 mch
h thng v thng thng song song vi nhau hoc c th dng mch nh hnh
7.58.
















BI TP CUI CHNG VII
*******

Bi 1: Xc nh v
0
trong mch hnh 7.59


Bi 2: Xc nh v
0
trong mch hnh 7.60

Bi 3: Xc nh I
L
trong mch hnh 7.61. Thay R
L
=5k, tnh li I
L
. Mch trn
l mch g?

Bi 4: Mt op-amp c cc c tnh

Bi 5: Cho mch hnh 7.63
a/ Tnh v
0

b/ I
0
?



Bi 6: Cho mch in hnh 7.64
a/ Tnh bng thng ca mch
b/ p dng bng s khi:
R
1
=R
2
=10k
C
1
=0.1F; C
2
=0.002F
R
f
=10 k; R
g
=5 k



Bi 7: Cho mch in hnh 7.65



- Diode c xem nh l tng.
- v
i
c dng sin bin ln.
Tm dng tn hiu ra v
0
v bin ca v
0
theo vi. Mch trn c tc
dng ca mch g?

Bi 8: Cho mch hnh 7.66
Chng t rng:



Bi 9: Cho mch hnh 7.67
Chng t nu vi l tn hiu in th mt chiu
th ng ra c xc nh bng phng trnh:

Bi 10: Cho mch hnh 7.68



a. Mch trn l mch g? Nu chc nng ca tng BJT trong mch.
b. Cc BJT hon ton ging ht nhau, c ch to bng Si v c
phn cc vi V
BE
=0.7v. Mch hon ton cn bng v l tng. c tnh tr s ca
tt c cc dng in phn cc I
C
ca cc BJT trong mch v in th cc chn BJT
(xem I
C
I
E
).

Bi 11: Cho mch in nh hnh 7.69. Gi s op-amp l tng v c
phn cc bng ngun i xng 15v
a. Tm v
0
theo R, R
A
, v
1
, v
2

b. Gi s v
1
bin i t 0v 0.8v v V2 bin i t 01.3v. Cho
R2=2k v ng ra bo ha ca op-amp l V
0Sat
=15v. Hy c tnh tr s ca R
A

li in th ca mch t tr s ti a v v
0
khng bin dng
(chn R
A
c gi tr tiu chun). Tnh A
V
trong trng hp .
























Chng 8

MCH KHUCH I HI TIP
(Feedback Amplifier)

********

1. Mc tiu.
2. Kin thc c bn cn c khi hc chng ny.
3. Ti liu tham kho lin quan n chng.
4. Ni dung:
8.1 Phn loi mch khuch i.
8.2 i cng v hi tip.
8.3 li truyn vi hi tip.
8.4 Tnh c bn ca mch khuch i c hi tip m.
8.5 in tr ng vo.
8.6 in tr ng ra.
8.7 Phng php phn tch mt mch khuch i c
hi tip.
8.8 Mch hi tip in th ni tip.
8.9 Cp hi tip in th ni tip.
8.10 Mch hi tip dng in ni tip.
8.11 Mch hi tip dng in song song.
8.12 Mch hi tip in th song song.

Bi tp cui chng.

5. Vn nghin cu ca chng k tip.

Trong chng ny, chng ta s tm hiu v loi mch khuch i c hi tip
m v kho st nh hng ca loi hi tip ny ln cc thng s cng nh tnh
cht ca mch khuch i.
8.1 PHN LOI MCH KHUCH I:
8.1.1 Khuch i in th.
8.1.2 Khuch i dng in.
8.1.3 Khuch i in dn truyn.
8.1.4 Khuch i in tr truyn.

Khi kho st cc mch khuch i c hi tip, ngi ta thng phn
chng thnh 4 loi mch chnh: khuch i in th, khuch i dng in, khuch
i in dn truyn v khuch i in tr truyn.
8.1.1 Khuch i in th:( Voltage amplifier )
Hnh 8.1 m t mch tng ng Thevenin ca mt h thng 2
cng, m hnh ha ca mt mch khuch i cn bn.

- Nu mch c in tr ng vo R
i
rt ln i vi ni tr R
S
ca
ngun tn hiu th v
i
v
s

- Nu ti R
L
rt ln i vi in tr ng ra R
0
ca mch khuch i
th v0 A
VNL
.v
i
A
VNL
.v
S

Trong iu kin nh vy, mch s cung cp mt in th ng ra t l
vi in th ng vo v h s t l ny c lp i vi bin ca ngun tn hiu
v in tr ti. Loi mch nh th c gi l mch khuch i in th.
Mt mch khuch i in th l tng khi c in tr ng vo Ri
bng v hn v in tr ng ra R
0
= 0. K hiu

khi R
L
=, nh vy A
VNL
biu din li in th ca mch h (open-circuit).
8.1.2 Khuch i dng in (current amplifier)
Mt mch khuch i dng in l tng c nh ngha nh l
mt mch khuch i cung cp mt dng in ng ra t l vi dng in tn hiu
ng vo. H s t l ny khng ph thuc vo R
S
v R
L
. Mt mch khuch i
dng in l tng c in tr ng vo R
i
= 0 v in tr ng ra R
0
bng v hn.

Trong thc t, mch c in tr ng vo thp v din tr ng ra cao.
Nh vy, R
i
<< R
S
v R
0
>> R
L.

Hnh 8.2 l mch tng ng Norton ca mt mch khuch i
dng in. Ch , k hiu


vi R
L
= 0, n din t li dng in ca mt mch ni tt (short-
circuit).
Ta thy rng:
V R
i
<< R
S
nn I
i
I
S

V R
0
>> R
L
nn I
L
( A
i
I
i
A

I
S
)
8.1.3 Khuch i in dn truyn: (Transconductance Amplifier)
Mt mch khuch i in dn truyn l tng s cung cp mt
dng in ng ra t l vi in th tn hiu ng vo. H s t l ny c lp vi R
L

v R
S
. Mch nh vy phi c in tr ng vo R
i
bng v hn v in tr ng ra
R
0
bng v hn.
Trong mch thc t: R
i
>> R
S
v R
0
>> R
L

Hnh 8.3 l m hnh tng ng ca mt mch khuch i in dn
truyn.


Ta thy rng v
i
v
S
khi R
i
>> R
S

V I
0
G
m
v
i
G
m
v
S
khi R
0
>> R
L




8.1.4 Khuch i in tr truyn (Transresistance Amplifier)
Mch tng ng l tng ca mt mch khuch i in tr truyn nh
hnh 8.4

Mch cung cp mt in th ng ra v0 t l vi dng in tn hiu ng vo
IS v h s t l ny c lp vi R
S
v R
L
.
Trong thc t mt mch khuch i in tr truyn phi c R
i
<< R
S
v R
0
<< R
L
.
Nh vy khi I
i
I
S
, v
0
R
m
I
i
R
m
I
S
.


8.2 I CNG V HI TIP:
Mt mch khuch i hi tip gm cc b phn nh sau:

Ngun tn hiu: C th l ngun in th V
S
ni tip vi mt ni tr
R
S
hay ngun dng in I
S
song song vi ni tr R
S
.
H thng hi tip: Thng dng l mt h thng 2 cng th ng
(ch cha cc thnh phn th ng nh in tr, t in, cun dy).
Mch ly mu: Ly mt phn tn hiu ng ra a vo h thng hi
tip. Trng hp tn hiu in th ng ra c ly mu th h thng hi tip
c mc song song vi ng ra v trong trng hp tn hiu dng in ng ra
c ly mu th h thng hi tip c mc ni tip vi ng ra.

Mch so snh hoc trn:
Hai loi mch trn rt thng dng l loi trn ng vo ni tip v
loi trn ng vo song song.


T s truyn hay li:
K hiu A trong hnh 8.5 biu th t s gia tn hiu ng ra vi tn
hiu ng vo ca mch khuch i cn bn. T s truyn v/vi l khuch i in
th hay li in th A
V
. Tng t t s truyn I/I
i
l khuch i dng in
hay li dng in A
I
ca mch khuch i. T s I/v
i
c gi l in dn
truyn ( truyn dn-Transconductance) G
M
v v/I
i
c gi l in tr truyn
R
M
. Nh vy G
M
v R
M
c nh ngha nh l t s gia hai tn hiu, mt dng
dng in v mt dng in th. li truyn A ch mt cch tng qut mt
trong cc i lng A
V
, A
I
, G
M
, R
M
ca mt mch khuch i khng c hi tip
ty theo m hnh ha c s dng trong vic phn gii.
K hiu A
f
c nh ngha nh l t s gia tn hiu ng ra vi tn
hiu ng vo ca mch khuch i hnh 8.5 v c gi l li truyn ca mch
khuch i vi hi tip. Vy th A
f
dng din t mt trong 4 t s:

S lin h gia li truyn A
f
v li A ca mch khuch i cn
bn (cha c hi tip) s c tm hiu trong phn sau.
Trong mt mch c hi tip, nu tn hiu ng ra gia tng to ra thnh
phn tn hiu hi tip a v ng vo lm cho tn hiu ng ra gim tr li ta ni
l mch hi tip m (negative feedback).
8.3 LI TRUYN VI NI TIP:
Mt mch khuch i c hi tip c th c din t mt cch tng
qut nh hnh 8.10
phn gii mt mch khuch i c hi tip, ta c th thay th
thnh phn tch cc (BJT, FET, OP-AMP ...) bng mch tng ng tn hiu
nh. Sau dng nh lut Kirchhoff lp cc phng trnh lin h.

Trong mch hnh 8.10 c th l mt mch khuch i in th,
khuch i dng in,
khuch i in dn truyn hoc khuch i in tr truyn c hi tip nh c
din t hnh 8.11

Hnh 8.11 Dng mch khuch i hi tip
(a) Khuch i in th vi hi tip in th ni tip
(b) Khuch i in dn truyn vi hi tip dng in ni tip
(c) Khuch i dng in vi hi tip dng in song song
(d) Khuch i in tr truyn vi hi tip in th song song

Trong hnh 8.10, ni tr ngun R
S
c xem nh mt thnh phn ca
mch khuch i cn bn. li truyn A (A
V
, A
I
, G
M
, R
M
) bao gm hiu ng ca
ti R
L
v ca h thng hi tip ln mch khuch i.
Tn hiu vo X
S
, tn hiu ra X
0
, tn hiu hi tip X
f
, tn hiu tr X
d
c
th l in th hay dng in. Nhng tn hiu ny cng nh t s A v c tm
tt trong bng sau y.



Nh vy: X
d
= X
S
- X
f
= X
i

(8.1)
H s hi tip c nh ngha:



H s thng l mt s thc dng hay m, nhng mt cch tng
qut l mt hm phc theo tn s tn hiu.
li truyn A c nh ngha:
A = X
0
/X
i

(8.3)

i lng A biu din li truyn ca mch khuch i tng ng
khng c hi tip nhng bao gm nh hng ca h thng, R
L
, R
S
.
Nu |Af| < |A| hi tip c gi l hi tip m
Nu |Af| > |A| hi tip c gi l hi tip dng
Biu thc 8.4 cho ta thy khi c hI tip m, lI gim i(1+A)
ln so vi li ca mch cn bn khng c hi tip.
li vng (loop gain):
Tn hiu X
d
trong hnh 8.10 c nhn vi A khi qua mch khuch
i, c nhn vi khi truyn qua h thng hi tip v c nhn vi -1 trong
mch trn v tr li ng vo. V vy T = -A c gi l li vng v i lng
F = 1 + A = 1 - T c gi l tha s hi tip.
Ngi ta thng dng i lng

biu din nh hng ca lng hi tip ln mch khuch i. Nu l hi tip
m th N < 0.
8.4 TNH CHT CN BN CA MCH KHUCH I C HI TIP
M:
8.4.1 Gi vng khuch i.
8.4.2 Gim s bin dng.
8.4.3 Gia tng di tn hot ng.

Trong mch khuch i hi tip m lm gim li truyn nhng li
c mt s u im ni bt nn c ng dng rng ri.
8.4.1 Gi vng khuch i:
Thng s ca BJT hay FET khng phi l mt hng s m chng
thay i rt nhiu theo nhit , ngay c cc thng s ny cng khng ging nhau
khi thay th t mt mu ny sang mt mu khc. Do , khi nhit thay i hay
khi thay th linh kin tc ng li A ca mch s thay i.
Khi c hi tip:

Vy khi mch c hi tip, khi li A ca mch khng c hi tip
thay i th li ca ton mch (c hi tip) thay i nh hn (1+A) ln.
Trong trng hp |A| >> 1 th:

Ngha l mch khuch i sau khi thc hin hi tip m li ch
cn ty thuc vo h s hi tip m thi. Thng thng h s hi tip c th
c xc nh bi cc thnh phn th ng khng lin h vi transistor nn li
ca mch s c gi vng.
8.4.2 Gim s bin dng:
Bin dng gm c bin dng tn s do s khuch i khng ng
u cc tn s v bin dng phi tuyn do c tnh khng tuyn tnh ca BJT v
FET lm pht sinh hi (harmonic signal) chng ln tn hiu c khuch i lm
bin dng tn hiu ng ra. Nh vy ng ra ngoi thnh phn tn hiu vo c
khuch i cn c mt thnh phn nhiu xut pht t s bin dng ca mch, ta
t l D.
Tn hiu ng ra: X
0
= AX
i
+ D
Khi c hi tip m, nu ta gi Xi khng i th tn hiu ra gim v
li A
f
< A. Nhng v s bin dng t l vi A
f
nn cng gim theo.
Khi c hi tip m, mch khuch i A vn cho thnh phn bin
dng D nhng ng ra ca mch ton phn s bin dng by gi ch cn l D
f



Vy nhiu cng gim i 1+A ln khi c hi tip m.
8.4.3 Gia tng di tn hot ng:
li truyn ca cc mch khuch i thng l mt hm s theo
tn s (xem li chng p tuyn tn s).
- tn s cao ta c:

Trong A
m
l li ca mch tn s gia
f
H
l tn s ct cao
Nu mch c hi tip m th li truyn by gi l A
f



Nh vy khi thc hin hi tip m, tn s ct cao tng thm (1+A
m
)
ln.
Tng t tn s thp:

vi f
L
l tn s ct thp ca mch khuch i cn bn khng c hi tip.
Dng cch phn gii tng t ta cng tm c:


l trong m thanh f
H
>> f
L
nn rng bng tn thng c
xem nh gn bng f
H
hay f
Hf
.
8.5 IN TR NG VO:
8.5.1 Mch hi tip in th ni tip.
8.5.2 Mch hi tip dng in ni tip.
8.5.3 Mch hi tip dng in song song.
8.5.4 Mch hi tip in th song song.

By gi ta xt nh hng ca hi tip m ln tng tr vo ca mch
khuch i.
- Nu tn hiu hi tip a v ng vo l in th v ni tip vi in
th ng vo (hnh 8.11a v hnh 8.11b) th tng tr vo s tng.


V in th hi tip v
f
ngc chiu vi v
S
nn dng in vo I
i
nh
hn khi mch cha c hi
- Nu tn hiu hi tip a v ng vo l dng in v mc song song vi tn hiu
dng in ng vo (hnh 8.11c v 8.11d) th tng tr vo s gim.


V I
i
= I
S
- I
f
nn I
i
(vi mt gi tr xc nh ca I
f
) s nh hn khi cha c
hi tip m.

Cc c tnh ca 4 loi mch hi tip m c tm tt bng 8.2


8.5.1 Mch hi tip in th ni tip:
Dng mch hnh 8.11a c v li trong hnh 8.14 vi mch khuch
i c thay th bng mch tng ng Thevenin. Trong mch A
VNL
din t
li in th ca mch h (khng ti) nhng xem RS nh mt thnh phn ca mch
khuch i.





Trong : A
VNL
li in th ca mch h khng hi tip
A
V
li in th ca mch khng c hi tip v c R
L

Nh vy:
A
VNL
= lim A
V

(8.14)
R
L

8.5.2 Mch hi tip dng in ni tip:
Dng mch mu hnh 8.11b c v li trong hnh 8.15



V G
m
= limG
M

R
L
0
Trong : Gm l in dn truyn ca mch ni tt (R
L
= 0)
GM l in dn truyn ca mch khng c hi tip nhng c ti.
8.5.3 Mch hi tip dng in song song:
Dng mch mu hnh 8.11c c v li trong hnh 8.16 vi mch
khuch i c thay th bng mch tng ng Norton. Trong mch ny A
i

biu th dng in ca mch ni tt (R
L
= 0) vi ni tr ngun R
S
c xem nh
mt thnh phn ca mch khuch i.



8.5.4 Mch hi tip in th song song:
Dng mch mu hnh 8.11d c v li trong hnh 8.17


Ch : R
m
l in tr truyn ca mch h (R
L
= )
R
M
l in tr truyn ca mch khng c hi tip nhng c ti
R
L

Do : R
m
= lim R
M

R
M

8.6 IN TR NG RA:
8.6.1 Mch hi tip in th ni tip.
8.6.2 Mch hi tip in th song song.
8.6.3 Mch hi tip dng in song song.
8.6.4 Mch hi tip dng in ni tip.

By gi ta xt nh hng ca hi tip m ln in tr ng ra ca
mch khuch i.
-
- Nu tn hiu hi tip m ly mu in th a v ng vo th
in tr ng ra ca mch s gim (R
of
<<R
0
).
- Nu tn hiu hi tip m ly mu dng in a v ng vo th
in tr ng ra ca mch s tng (R
of
>>R
0
).
8.6.1 Mch hi tip in th ni tip:
Chng ta i tm in tr ng ra R
of
cu mch c hi tip nhng cha
mc ti R
L
vo. tm R
of
, ta ni tt ngun ng vo (v
S
= 0, I
S
= 0) v h ti
(R
L
= ). a mt ngun gi tng v vo 2 u ca ng ra, tnh dng in I chy
vo mch to ra bi v. in tr ng ra c nh ngha:


Ch l R
0
chia cho tha s hi tip 1+A
VNL
( ch khng phi A
V
),
trong A
VNL
l li in th ca mch khng c hi tip v h (R
L
= ).
Khi a ti R
L
vo mch, in tr ng ra ca mch hi tip by gi
l R
of
= R
L
//R
of
.



Ch l by gi R
0
chia cho tha s hi tip 1+A
V
, trong A
V
l li
in th ca mch khng c hi tip nhng c ti R
L
.

8.6.2 Mch hi tip in th song song:
Xem li hnh 8.17. Ngt ngun ng vo (I
S
= 0) v cho h ti (R
L

=)


Rm: li in tr truyn ca mch khng hi tip v khng ti.
Khi mc ti R
L
vo ta c:



8.6.3 Mch hi tip dng in song song:
Xem hnh 8.16 vi v
0
= v


vi Ai l li dng in ca mch ni tt (R
L
= 0). Khi mc R
L
vo:



8.6.4 Mch hi tip dng in ni tip:
Xem hnh 8.15 vi v
S
= 0, R
L
= .
Dng cch tnh tng t nh cc phn trn ta tm c:


c tnh v thng s ca mch khuch i hi tip c tm tt trong bng
8.3. Ch Gm l in dn truyn ca mch khng c hi tip ni tt (R
L
=0) cn
G
M
l khi c ti.



Bng 8.3 Phn tch mch khuch i hi tip
8.7 PHNG PHP PHN TCH MT MCH KHUCH I C HI TIP:
Bc u tin trong vic phn gii l nhn dng loi mch hi tip.
Mch vng ng vo (input loop) c xc nh l ni a tn hiu in th vo vS:
gia cc nn-pht BJT, cc cng-ngun FET, 2 ng vo mch khuch i
visai... Vic trn hoc so snh c nhn dng l hi tip nu trong mch vo c
mt b phn mch mc ni tip vi vS v nu c ni vi ng ra. Trong
trng hp ny in th ngang qua l tn hiu hi tip X
f
= v
f
(hnh 8.11a v hnh
8.11b).
Nu iu kin trn ni tip khng tha, chng ta phi th dng trn
song song. Nt ng vo (input node) c xc nh nh l: Cc nn B ca BJT
u tin, cc cng G ca FET u tin, ng vo o ca mch khuch i visai
hay op-amp. Trong trng hp ny ngun tn hiu Norton c dng trong tn
hiu dng in I
S
i vo nt vo. Vic trn c nhn dng l song song nu c
thnh phn ni gia nt vo v mch ng ra. Dng in trong thnh phn ni ny
l tn hiu hi tip X
f
= I
f
(hnh 8.11c v 8.11d).
Tm li, v X
i
= X
S
- X
f
, nn vic trn l ni tip nu hiu tn hiu
a vo mch vng ng vo l in th v l trn song song nu hiu tn hiu a
vo nt ng vo l dng in.
i lng ng ra c ly mu c th l in th hay dng in.
Nt ng ra m in th ng ra v
0
ly ra phi c xc nh r trong mi
trng hp ng dng. in th v0 thng c ly hai u ti R
L
v I
0
l dng
in chy qua RL. Ta c th th loi ly mu theo 2 bc:
1. t v
0
= 0 (tc R
L
= 0). Nu X
f
thnh 0, tn hiu ly mu l in th.
2. t I
0
= 0 (tc R
L
= ). Nu X
f
thnh 0, tn hiu ly mu l dng in.
Mch khuch i khng c hi tip:
Ta phn mch khuch i c hi tip ra lm 2 thnh phn: Mch
khuch i cn bn A v h thng hi tip . Khi xc nh c A v ta tnh
c cc c tnh quan trng ca mch khuch i c hi tip. Mch khuch i
cn bn khng c hi tip (nhng h thng phi c a vo) c xc nh
bng cch p dng cc nguyn tc sau y:
- Tm mch ng vo:
1. t v
0
= 0 khi ly mu in th (nt ng ra ni tt).
2. t I
0
= 0 khi ly mu dng in (mch vng ng ra h).
- Tm mch ng ra:
1. t v
i
= 0 khi mch trn song song (nt ng vo ni tt-
khng c dng in hi tip i vo ng vo).
2. t I
i
= 0 khi mch trn ni tip (mch vng ng vo h-
khng c in th hi tip a vo ng vo).
Cc bc phn gii:
Tm A
f
, R
if
, R
of
theo cc bc sau y:
1. Nhn dng loi hi tip. Bc ny xc nh X
f
v X
0
l
in th hay dng in.
2. V mch khuch i cn bn khng c hi tip theo nguyn
tc phn trn.
3. Dng ngun tng ng Thevenin nu X
f
l in th v
dng ngun Norton nu X
f
l dng in.
4. Thay thnh phn tc ng bng mch tng ng hp l
(th d thng s h khi tn s thp hay thng s lai ( cho tn
s cao).

6. Xc nh A bng nh lut Kirchhoff cho mch tng
ng.
7. T A, , tm c F, A
f
, R
if
, R
of
, R
of
.
8.8 MCH HI TIP IN TH NI TIP: (voltage- series feedback)
8.8.1 Mch source-follower.
8.8.2 Mch Emitter follower.
Hai th d v mch hi tip in th ni tip quen thuc c kho
st mu l mch khuch i dng FET vi cc thot chung (source follower) v
mch cc thu chung dng BJT (Emitter follower).
Mt mch hi tip in th ni tip 2 tng dng BJT c a vo
mc 8.9.
8.8.1 Mch source-follower:
Mch c cho hnh 8.18a. in tr ti l R
L
= R. V mch vng
ng vo cha thnh phn R c ni vi ng ra (v
0
ngang qua R) nn y l
trng hp ca mch trn ni tip. Tn hiu hi tip X
f
l in th vf ngang qua R.
Kiu ly mu tm c bng cch cho v
0
= 0 v khi v
f
= 0 nn l kiu ly mu
in th. V vy y l mch hi tip in th ni tip.



Hnh 8.18 (a) Mch Source follower
(b) Khuch i cn bn khng hi tip
(c) Mch tng ng tn hiu nh tn s thp
v mch khuch i cn bn ta theo 2 bc:
- Tm mch vng ng vo bng cch cho v
0
= 0, khi v
S
c a
thng gia G v S.
- Tm mch ng ra bng cch cho I
i
= 0 (ng vo h). Khi R ch
xut hin trong mch vng ng ra.
Ta v c mch hnh 8.18b.
Khi thay FET bng mch tng ng tn hiu nh tn s thp ta
c mch hnh 8.18c

V


V in tr ng vo ca FET rt ln: R
i
= nn R
if
=R
i
.F=
xc nh in tr ng ra, ta ch R = R
L



8.8.2 Mch Emitter follower:
Mch c cho hnh 8.19a. Tn hiu hi tip l in th v
f
ngang
qua R
E
v tn hiu ly mu l v
0
ngang qua R
E
. Nh vy y l trng hp ca
mch hi tip in th ni tip.
v mch khuch i cn bn khng hi tip ta tm mch ng vo
bng cch cho v
0
= 0. Vy v
S
ni tip R
S
xut hin gia B v E. tm mch ng
ra ta cho I
i
= 0 (mch vng ng vo h) vy R
E
ch xut hin mch vng ng ra.
Ta v c mch hnh 8.19b. Thay BJT bng mch tng ng tn hiu nh ta
c mch hnh 8.19c.

(b) Mch khuch i cn bn khng hi tip
(c) Mch tng ng tn hiu nh tn s thp



Trong R
0
(nhn vo ngun dng in)


8.9 CP HI TIP IN TH NI TIP:
Hnh 8.20 din t mt mch khuch i 2 tng mc ni tip c li
ln lt l A
V1
, A
V2
. tn hiu hi tip c ly t ng ra ca tng th 2 qua h
thng R
1
, R
2
a ngc li tn hiu ng vo v
S
.
Vi cch phn tch tng t nh on trc, ta d dng thy rng
y l trng hp ca mch hi tip in th ni tip. c tnh ch yu nh
thy l tng tr vo tng, tng tr ra gim v li in th n nh.


Mch vo ca mch cn bn c tm bng cch cho v
0
= 0, Vy R
2

hin ra song song vi R
1
. Ng ra c tm bng cch cho I
i
= 0 (I = 0) Vy ng ra
R
1
ni tip vi R
2
. in th hi tip v
f
ngang qua R
1
t l vi in th c ly
mu v
0
nn:


Ta xem mch c th nh hnh 8.21
Trong : R
S
= 0, = 50
Ta th xc nh A
Vf
, R
of
, R
if

u tin ta tnh li ton mch khi cha c hi tip
A
V
= A
V1
. A
V2



Dng cch tnh phn cc nh cc chng trc ta s tm c:
r
e1
# 35 r
e2
# 17
r
e1
=1.75 k r
e2
=850
Ti R
L1
l: R
L1
= 10k //47k //33k //850 813
T hnh 8.20b ta thy rng ti R
L2
ca Q2 l R
c2
//(R1+R2)
R
L2
= 4.7k //4.8k = 2.37k
Cng t hnh 8.20b, ta thy tng tr cc pht ca Q
1
l R
E
vi:
R
E
= R
1
//R
2
= 98



in tr ng vo ca mch khng hi tip:
R
i
= r
e1
+(1+)R
E
= 1.75k +(51)(0.098k) = 6.75k
Khi c hi tip:
R
if
= R
i
.F = 121.5k
in tr ng ra khi cha c hi tip:
R
0
= R
L2
= 2.37k
in tr ng ra khi c hi tip:

8.10 MCH HI TIP DNG IN NI TIP
Ta xem mch c hi tip hnh 8.22.
T cc l lun ca mch Emitter follower ta thy r l tn hiu hi
tip X
f
= vf l in th ngang qua in tr R
E
v l cch trn ni tip.
th loi ly mu ta cho v
0
= 0 (R
L
= 0). Vic lm ny khng to
cho in th vf ngang qua R
E
tr thnh 0v. Nh vy mch ny khng ly mu in
th. By gi nu cho I
0
= 0 (R
L
= ) ngha l dng cc thu bng 0 nn v
f
ngang
qua R
E
cng bng 0. Vy mch ly mu dng in ng ra. Vy l mch hi tip
dng in ni tip.

Ch l mc d dng in I
0
t l vi v
0
nhng khng th kt lun l
mch hi tip in th ni tip v nu in th ly mu l v
0
th:

v by gi l mt hm s ca ti R
L
.
Mch ng vo ca mch khuch i khng hi tip tm c bng
cch cho I
0
bng 0, R
E
xut hin mch vo. tm mch ng ra ta cho I
i
= 0 v
R
E
cng hin din mch ng ra. Mch c v li nh hnh 8.22b v mch tng
ng theo thng s re nh hnh 8.22c.
V in th hi tip t l vi I
0
l dng in c ly mu nn v
f
xut
hin ngang qua R
E
trong mch in ng ra (v khng phi ngang qua R
E
trong
mch ng vo).


Nu R
E
l mt in tr c nh, li in dn truyn ca mch hi tip
rt n nh. Dng qua ti c cho bi:

Dng qua ti nh vy t l trc tip vi in th ng vo v dng ny
ch ty thuc R
E
. Mt ng dng l dng mch ny lm mch iu khin lm lch
chm tia in t trong dao ng nghim.
li in th cho bi:


8.11 MCH KHUCH I HI TIP DNG IN SONG SONG:
Hnh 8.23 l mt mch dng 2 transistor lin lc trc tip dng hi
tip t cc pht ca Q
2
v cc nn ca Q
1
qua in tr R. T cc l lun on
8.7 ta thy mch trn song song c dng v tn hiu hi tip X
f
l dng in I
f

chy qua R c ni t nt vo n mch ng ra.



nt vo song song vi R
S
.


xc nh loi ly mu, ta cho v
0
= 0 (R
C2
= 0), iu ny khng
lm gim I
0
v khng lm cho dng qua R
E
ca Q
2
xung 0 v dng I
f
khng gim
xung 0 vy mch ny khng phi ly mu in th. By gi nu cho I
0
= 0 (R
C
=
), dng I
f
s bng 0 vy mch ly mu dng in. Nh vy mch hnh 8.23 l
mt mch hi tip dng in song song. By gi ta s chng minh rng hi tip
m. in th v
B2
rt ln i vi v
i
do Q
1
khuch i. Cng vy, v
B2
lch pha 180
0

so vi pha ca v
i
. V tc ng Emitter follower, v
E2
thay i rt t so vi v
B2
v 2
in th ny cng pha. Vy v
B2
c bin ln hn v
i
(l v
B1
) v c pha lch 180
0

so vi pha ca v
i
. Nu tn hiu vo tng lm cho I
S
tng v I
f
cng tng v I
i
= I
S
-
I
f
s nh hn trong trng hp khng c hi tip. Tc ng ny l mt c tnh
ca mch hi tip m.
Mch khuch i khng c hi tip:
Mch vo ca mch khng hi tip tm c bng cch cho I
0
= 0.
V dng I
B2
khng ng k nn cc pht ca Q
2
xem nh h (I
E2
0). Kt qu l
R mc ni tip vi R
E
cc nn ca Q
1
. Mch ng ra tm c bng cch ni tt
nt ng vo (cc nn ca Q
1
). Vy R c xem nh mc song song vi R
E
ti cc
pht ca Q
2
. V tn hiu hi tip l dng in, mch ngun c v li bng ngun
tng ng Norton vi I
S
= v
S
/R
S
. Mch tng ng cui cng nh sau:


Tn hiu hi tip l dng in I
f
chy qua in tr R nm trong
mch ng ra. T hnh 8.24 ta c:



Nu R
E
, R, R
C2
, R
S
n nh th A
vf
n nh (c lp vi thng s
ca BJT, nhit hay s dao ng ca ngun in th v
S
).
8.12 MCH HI TIP IN TH SONG SONG:
Hnh 8.25a l mt tng cc pht chung vi in tr R c ni t
ng ra tr v ng vo. Ging nh mch hnh 8.23 ta thy mch trn song song
c dng v X
f
l dng in I
f
chy qua R.

Nu chng ta cho v
0
= 0, dng hi tip I
f
s gim ti 0 ch rng kiu
ly mu in th c s dng. Vy mch ny l mch khuch i hi tip in
th song song. Nh th li truyn (in tr truyn) A
f
= R
Mf
c n nh v c
hai in tr ng vo v ng ra u b gim.
Mch khuch i khng hi tip:
Mch vo c xc nh bng cch ni tt nt ra (V
0
= 0) nh vy
R ni t cc B n cc E ca BJT. Mch ng ra c xc nh bng cch ni tt
nt vo (v
i
= 0), nh vy R ni t cc thu n cc pht. Kt qu l mch tng
ng khng hi tip c v li hnh 8.25b. V tn hiu hi tip l dng in,
ngun tn hiu c biu din bng ngun tng ng Norton vi I
S
= v
S
/R
S
.
Tn hiu hi tip l dng in I
f
chy qua in tr R nm trong
mch ng ra. T hnh 8.25b:


iu ny chng t rng I
f
t l vi v
0
v tn hiu ly mu l in th.
Vi mch khuch i c hi tip ta c:

Ch rng in tr truyn bng lng m ca in tr hi tip t
ng ra v ng vo. V nu R l mt in tr n nh th in tr truyn s n
nh. li in th vi mch hi tip:



BI TP CUI CHNG VIII
******

Bi 1: a/ Cho mch in nh hnh v. Tm in th xoay chiu v
i
(theo v
S

v v
f
). Gi s mch khuch i o c in tr vo v hn v

Transistor c cc thng s =100; phn cc vi I
C
= 1.3mA


Bi 2: Mt mch khuch i cn bn khng hi tip cho ng ra l 30v vi
10% bin dng ha tn bc hai (second-harmonic distortion) khi ng vo 0.025v.
a/ Nu 1.5% ng ra c hi tip v ng vo bng mch khuch i
hi tip m in th ni tip th in th ng ra nh th no?
b/ Nu ng ra vn gi 30v, nhng ha tn bc 2 gim cn 1% th
in th ng vo l bao nhiu?

Bi 3: Mt mch khuch i c hi tip nh hnh sau dng 2 transistor c
= 100; phn cc vi dng I
C
= 1mA. Cc t in xem nh ni tt tn s ca tn
hiu.





Bi 4: Trong mch khuch i hi tip sau, transistor c cc thng s
=100, phn cc vi I
C
=1.3mA. B qua iu kin phn cc.




Bi 5: Transistor trong mch c cc thng s =100; phn cc vi
I
C
=1.3mA. Tnh:

Bi 6: Transistor trong mch c cc thng s =100, phn cc vi
I
C
=1.3mA.
a/ Vi R
E
= 0. Xc nh:
R
Mf
= V
0
/I
S
; A
Vf
=V
0
/V
S
, trong I
S
=V
S
/R
S

R
if
, R
0f

b/ Lp li bi ton vi R
E
=0.5k









Chng 9
MCH KHUCH I CNG SUT
(Power Amplifier)
*******

1. Mc tiu.
2. Kin thc c bn cn c khi hc chng ny.
3. Ti liu tham kho lin quan n chng.
4. Ni dung:
9.1 Mch khuch i cng sut loi A.
9.2 Mch cng sut loi A dng bin th.
9.3 Kho st mch khuch i cng sut loi B.
9.4 Dng mch khuch i cng sut loi B.
9.5 IC cng sut.
Bi tp cui chng.

5.Vn nghin cu ca chng k tip.


Mch khuch i cng sut c nhim v to ra mt cng sut ln kch thch
ti. Cng sut ra c th t vi trm mw n vi trm watt. Nh vy mch cng sut lm
vic vi bin tn hiu ln ng vo: do ta khng th dng mch tng ng tn
hiu nh kho st nh trong cc chng trc m thng dng phng php th.
Ty theo ch lm vic ca transistor, ngi ta thng phn mch khuch
i cng sut ra thnh cc loi chnh nh sau:
- Khuch i cng sut loi A: Tn hiu c khuch i gn nh tuyn
tnh, ngha l tn hiu ng ra thay i tuyn tnh trong ton b chu k 360
o
ca tn
hiu ng vo (Transistor hot ng c hai bn k ca tn hiu ng vo).
- Khuch i cng sut loi AB: Transistor c phn cc gn vng ngng. Tn
hiu ng ra thay i hn mt na chu k ca tn hiu vo (Transistor hot ng hn mt
na chu k - dng hoc m - ca tn hiu ng vo).
- Khuch i cng sut loi B: Transistor c phn cc ti V
BE
=0 (vng
ngng). Ch mt na chu k m hoc dng - ca tn hiu ng vo c khuch
i.
- Khuch i cng sut loi C: Transistor c phn cc trong vng ngng
ch mt phn nh hn na chu k ca tn hiu ng vo c khuch i. Mch
ny thng c dng khuch i cng sut tn s cao vi ti cng hng v
trong cc ng dng c bit.
Hnh 9.1 m t vic phn loi cc mch khuch i cng sut.









9.1 MCH KHUCH I CNG SUT LOI A:
Mch phn cc c nh nh hnh 9.2 l m hnh ca mt mch
khuch i cng sut loi A n gin.


. Kho st phn cc:



. Kho st xoay chiu:
Khi a tn hiu v
i
vo ng vo (hnh 9.2), dng I
C
v in th V
CE

(tn hiu ra) s thay i quanh im iu hnh Q. Vi tn hiu ng vo nh (hnh
9.4), v dng in cc nn thay i rt t nn dng in I
C
v in th V
CE
ng ra
cng thay i t quanh im iu hnh.
Khi tn hiu ng vo ln, ng ra s thay i rt ln quanh im tnh
iu hnh. Dng I
C
s thay i quanh gii hn 0mA v V
CC
/R
C
. in th V
CE
thay
i gia hai gii hn 0v v ngun V
CC
(hnh 9.5).



. Kho st cng sut:
- Cng sut cung cp c nh ngha:
P
i(dc)
= V
CC
. I
CQ
(9.1)
- Cng sut ng ra ly trn ti, trong trng hp ny l R
C
, c nh
ngha:

* Nu tnh theo in th nh v dng in nh:




* Nu tnh theo in th v dng in nh i nh:




. Hiu sut ti a:
Ta thy trong mch cng sut loi A, V
CE
c th thay i ti a:
V
CE(p-p)
max = V
CC

Dng I
C
thay i ti a:
I
C(p-p)
max = V
CC
/R
C

Cng sut ra ti a:


9.2 MCH KHUCH I CNG SUT LOI A DNG BIN TH:
Mch c bn c dng nh hnh 9.6



Bin th s lm tng hoc gim in th hay dng in (tn hiu xoay
chiu) ty vo s vng qun ca cun s cp v th cp. y ta xem bin th
nh l tng ngha l truyn 100% cng sut. Nu gi N
1
, N
2
, v
1
, v
2
, I
1
, I
2
ln lt
l s vng qun, in th tn hiu xoay chiu, dng in tn hiu xoay chiu ca
cun s cp v th cp. Ta c:



Nh vy c th xem nh in tr ti phn chiu qua cun s cp l:



. ng thng ly in:
Nu ta xem bin th l tng, ngha l ni tr bng 0. Nh vy
khng c in th mt chiu gim qua cun s cp nn V
CEQ
= V
CC
. . Do ng
thng ly in tnh l ng thng song song vi trc tung I
C
v ct trc honh
V
CE
ti im c tr s bng V
CC
. Giao im ca ng thng ly in tnh v c
tuyn ra I
B
tng ng l im iu hnh Q.


ch xoay chiu, in tr ti nhn t cun s cp l R
L
nn ng
thng ly in ng by gi






. Hiu sut:
Cng sut cung cp l:
P
i(dc)
= V
CC
. I
CQ

Cng sut tiu tn trong bin th v transistor cng sut l:
P
Q
= P
i(dc)
- P
o(ac)

Hiu sut ca mch c nh ngha:


9.3 KHO ST MCH KHUCH I CNG SUT LOI B
Trong mch khuch i cng sut loi B, ngi ta phn cc vi V
B
=0V
nn bnh thng transistor khng dn in v ch dn in khi c tn hiu ln
a vo. Do phn cc nh th nn transistor ch dn in c mt bn k ca
tn hiu (bn k dng hay m ty thuc vo transistor NPN hay PNP). Do
mun nhn c c chu k ca tn hiu ng ra ngi ta phi dng 2 transistor,
mi transistor dn in mt na chu k ca tn hiu. Mch ny gi l mch cng
sut y ko (push-pull).


Cng sut cung cp: (cng sut vo)
Ta c: Pi(dc) = V
CC
. I
DC

Trong I
DC
l dng in trung bnh cung cp cho mch. Do dng
ti c c hai bn k nn nu gi I
P
l dng nh qua ti ta c:





. Cng sut ra:
Cng sut ra ly trn ti R
L
c th c tnh:






. Cng sut tiu tn trong transistor cng sut:
Tiu tn trong 2 transistor:
P
2Q
= P
i(dc)
- P
o(ac)

Vy cng sut tiu tn trong mi transistor cng sut:








Cng sut tiu tn ti a ca 2 transistor cng sut khng xy ra khi
cng sut ng vo ti a hay cng sut ng ra ti a. Cng sut tiu tn s ti a
khi in th hai u ti l:



9.4 DNG MCH CNG SUT LOI B:
9.5.1 Mch cng sut push-pull lin lc bng bin th.
9.5.2 Mch cng sut kiu i xng b tc.
9.5.3 Kho st vi mch thc t.

Trong phn ny ta kho st mt s dng mch cng sut loi B thng
dng.
Tn hiu vo c dng hnh sin s cung cp cho 2 tng cng sut khc
nhau. Nu tn hiu vo l hai tn hiu sin ngc pha, 2 tng cng sut ging ht
nhau c dng, mi tng hot ng mt bn k ca tn hiu. Nu tn hiu vo
ch c mt tn hiu sin, phi dng 2 transistor cng sut khc loi: mt NPN hot
ng bn k dng v mt PNP hot ng bn k m.
to c 2 tn hiu ngc pha ng vo (nhng cng bin ),
ngi ta c th dng bin th c im gia (bin th o pha), hoc dng
transistor mc thnh mch khuch i c li in th bng 1 hoc dng op-amp
mc theo kiu voltage-follower nh din t bng cc s sau:


9.4.1 Mch khuch i cng sut Push-pull lin lc bng bin th:
Dng mch c bn nh sau:


- Trong bn k dng ca tn hiu, Q
1
dn. Dng i
1
chy qua bin
th ng ra to cm ng cp cho ti. Lc ny pha ca tn hiu a vo Q
2
l m nn
Q
2
ngng dn.
- n bn k k tip, tn hiu a vo Q
2
c pha dng nn Q
2
dn.
Dng i
2
qua bin th ng ra to cm ng cung cp cho ti. Trong lc pha tn
hiu a vo Q
1
l m nn Q
1
ngng dn.
Ch l i
1
v i
2
chy ngc chiu nhau trong bin th ng ra nn
in th cm ng bn cun th cp to ra bi Q
1
v Q
2
cng ngc pha nhau,
chng kt hp vi nhau to thnh c chu k ca tn hiu.

Thc t, tn hiu ng ra ly c trn ti khng c trn vn nh trn
m b bin dng. L do l khi bt u mt bn k, transistor khng dn in ngay
m phi ch khi bin vt qua in th ngng V
BE
. S bin dng ny gi l s
bin dng xuyn tm (cross-over). khc phc, ngi ta phn cc V
B
dng mt
cht (th d transistor NPN) transistor c th dn in tt ngay khi c tn hiu
p vo chn B. Cch phn cc ny gi l phn cc loi AB. Ch l trong cch
phn cc ny dn in ca transistor cng sut khng ng k khi cha c tn
hiu

Ngoi ra, do hot ng vi dng I
C
ln, transistor cng sut d b nng
ln. Khi nhit tng, in th ngng V
BE
gim (transistor d dn in hn) lm
dng I
C
cng ln hn, hin tng ny chng cht dn n h hng transistor.
khc phc, ngoi vic phi gii nhit y cho transistor, ngi ta mc thm mt
in tr nh (thng l vi ) hai chn E ca transistor cng sut xung mass.
Khi transistor chy mnh, nhit tng, I
C
tng tc I
E
lm V
E
tng dn n V
BE

gim. Kt qu l transistor dn yu tr li.



Ngoi ra, ngi ta thng mc thm mt in tr nhit c h s nhit m
(thermistor) song song vi R
2
gim bt in th phn cc V
B
b tr khi nhit
tng.
9.4.2 Mch cng sut kiu i xng - b tc:
Mch ch c mt tn hiu ng vo nn phi dng hai transistor
cng sut khc loi: mt NPN v mt PNP. Khi tn hiu p vo cc nn ca hai
transistor, bn k dng lm cho transistor NPN dn in, bn k m lm cho
transistor PNP dn in. Tn hiu nhn c trn ti l c chu k.



Cng ging nh mch dng bin th, mch cng sut khng dng bin th mc
nh trn vp phi s bin dng cross-over do phn cc chn B bng 0v. khc
phc, ngi ta cng phn cc mi cho cc chn B mt in th nh (dng i vi
transistor NPN v m i vi transistor PNP). n nh nhit, 2 chn E cng
c mc thm hai in tr nh.

Trong thc t, tng cng sut ca mch, ngi ta thng dng
cc cp Darlington hay cp Darlington_cp hi tip nh c m t hnh 9.18 v
hnh 9.19.



9.4.3 Kho st vi dng mch thc t:
Trong phn ny, ta xem qua hai dng mch rt thng dng trong
thc t: mch dng transistor v dng op-amp lm tng khuch i in th.
9.4.3.1 Mch cng sut vi tng khuch i in th l
transistor:
Mch c dng c bn nh hnh 9.20



Cc c im chnh:
- Q
1
l transistor khuch i in th v cung cp tn hiu cho 2
transistor cng sut.
- D
1
v D
2
ngoi vic n nh in th phn cc cho 2 transistor
cng sut (gi cho in th phn cc gia 2 chn B khng vt qu 1.4v) cn c
nhim v lm ng lin lc cp tn hiu cho Q
2
(D
1
v D
2
c phn cc thun).
- Hai in tr 3.9( n nh hot ng ca 2 transistor cng sut v
phng din nhit .
- T 47F to hi tip dng cho Q
2
, mc ch nng bin ca tn
hiu tn s thp (thng c gi l t Boostrap).
- Vic phn cc Q
1
quyt nh ch lm vic ca mch cng sut.
9.4.3.2 Mch cng sut vi tng khuch i in th l op-amp
Mt mch cng sut dng AB vi op-amp c m t nh hnh
9.21:
- Bin tr R
2
: dng chnh in th offset ng ra (chnh sao cho ng
ra bng 0v khi khng c tn hiu vo).
- D
1
v D
2
phn cc thun nn:
V
B1
= 0.7v
V
B2
= - 0.7v



- in th V
BE
ca 2 transistor cng sut thng c thit k
khong 0.6v, ngha l gim th qua in tr 10 l 0.1v.
- Mt cch gn ng dng qua D
1
v D
2
l:


Nh vy ta thy khng c dng in phn cc chy qua ti.
- Dng in cung cp tng cng:
I
n
= I
1
+ I + I
C
= 1.7 + 9.46 + 10 = 21.2 mA
(khi cha c tn hiu, dng cung cp qua op-amp 741 l 1.7mA -nh
sn xut cung cp).
- Cng sut cung cp khi cha c tn hiu:
Pin (standby) = 2V
CC
. I
n
(standby)
= (12v) . (21.2) = 254 mw
- khuch i in th ca mch:

- Dng in qua ti:

- in th nh qua ti:
V
o(p)
= 0.125 . 8 = 1v
- Khi Q
1
dn (bn k dng ca tn hiu), in th nh ti chn B
ca Q
1
l:
V
B1(p)
= V
E1(p)
+ 0.7v = 2.25 + 0.7 = 2.95v
- in th ti ng ra ca op-amp:
V
1
= V
B1
- V
D1
= 2.95 - 0.7 = 2.25v
- Tng t khi Q
2
dn:
V
B2(p)
= V
E2(p)
- 0.7v = -2.25 - 0.7 = -2.95v
- in th ti ng ra op-amp:
V
1
= V
B2(p)
+ V
D2
= -2.95 + 0.7 = -2.25v
- Khi Q
1
ngng (Q
2
dn)
V
B1
= V
1
+ V
D1
= -2.25 + 0.7 = -1.55v
- Tng t khi Q
1
dn (Q
2
ngng)
V
B2
= V
1
- V
D2
= 2.25 - 0.7 = 1.55v
- Dng bo ha qua mi transistor:

- in th V
o
ti a:
V
o(p) max
= 333.3 * 8 =2.67v


9.4.3.3 Mch cng sut dng MOSFET:
Phn ny gii thiu mt mch dng MOSFET cng sut vi tng
u l mt mch khuch i vi sai. Cch tnh phn cc, v nguyn tc cng ging
nh phn trn. Ta ch mt s im c bit:
- Q
1
v Q
2
l mch khuch i vi sai. R
2
to in th phn cc cho
cc nn ca Q
1
. R
1
, C
1
dng gii hn tn s cao cho mch (chng nhiu tn
s cao).
- Bin tr R
5
to cn bng cho mch khuch i visai.
- R
13
, R
14
, C
3
l mch hi tip m, quyt nh li in th ca
ton mch.
- R
15
, C
2
mch lc h thng c tc dng gim sng d trn ngun
cp in ca tng khuch i vi sai.
- Q
4
dng nh mt tng o pha rp theo mch khuch i hng A.
- Q
3
hot ng nh mt mch n p n nh in th phn cc
gia hai cc cng ca cp cng sut.
- D
1
dng gii hn bin vo cc cng Q
5
. R
16
v D
1
tc dng
nh mt mch bo v.
- R
17
v C
8
to thnh ti gi xoay chiu khi cha mc ti.

Hinh 9.23 Cong suat 30W dung MOSFET
9.5 IC CNG SUT:
Trong mch cng sut m tng u l op-amp, nu ta phn cc bng
ngun n th mch c dng nh sau:
- R
1
, R
2
dng phn cc cho ng vo c in th bng V
CC
/2.
- Mch hi tip m gm R
7
, R
8
v C
3
vi R
8
<< R
7
. t C
3
to
li in th mt chiu bng n v. Nh vy khi cha c tn hiu vo, hai ng
vo + v ng vo - cng nh ng ra ca tng op-amp u c in th phn cc
bng V
CC
/2, bng vi in th mt chiu ng ra ca mch cng sut.

- T C
2
(t xut) ngn in th mt chiu qua ti v m bo in
th phn cc ng ra bng V
CC
/2.
- li in th ca ton mch: Av 1+R
7
/R
8



Cc IC cng sut thng c ch to bn trong c cu trc gn
tng t nh mch trn. Vi nhng IC cng sut ln, tng cui c th l cc cp
darlington-cp hi tip. Ngoi ra nng cao cht lng, ngi ta cn ch to
thm mt s mch c chc nng c bit nh bo v ni tt ng ra, b chnh tn s ...
Th d ta xem Ic cng sut LM1877 (bn trong c 2 mch cng sut
vi cng sut ra ti a l 1w/knh) c s chn nh sau:

Mch sau y cho thy cch rp thnh mch cng sut 1watt vi cc
linh kin bn ngoi khi dng 1 knh.



Trong ch mt s c im:
- R
2
, C
7
, R
3
, C
4
quyt nh khuch i ca mch (mch hi tip
m).
- R
4
, C
5
lm ti gi cho mch v iu ha tng tr loa tn s cao.
- T C
7
quyt nh p ng tn s cao.
- R
1
phn cc ng vo.
R
1
khng c qu nh s lm bin tn hiu vo.
- khuch i ca mch tn s gia

Trong trng hp rp 2 knh, mch in nh hnh sau:








BI TP CUI CHNG IX
******

Bi 1: Tnh cng sut vo, cng sut ra v hiu sut ca mch sau, bit rng
khi c tn hiu ng vo dng I
B
s dao ng vi bin nh l 10mA.


Bi 2: Trong mch khuch i cng sut sau y:
1. Tnh cng sut vo, cng sut ra v cng sut
tiu ph trong mi transistor.
2. Tnh cng sut v hiu sut ca mch khi tn hiu vo c bin
hiu dng l 12V(r
ms
).



Bi 3: Mt mch cng sut loi A dng bin th vi t s vng 4:1. Dng
ngun cp in V
CC
= 36V mch cho cng sut 2 watt trn ti 16.
Tnh:
a/. P
(ac)
trn cun s cp.
b/. v
L(ac)
.
c/. v
(ac)
trn cun s cp.
d/. Tr hiu dng ca dng in qua ti v trn
cun s cp.

Bi 4: Mt mch khuch i cng sut loi A nh hnh v. Xc nh:
a/. li in th gn ng ca mch.
b/. Cng sut vo P
i(dc)
.
c/. Cng sut ra P
o(ac)
.
d/. Hiu sut ca mch.
Cho bit dng tiu th ca LM324 khi cha c tn hiu l 0.8mA.


Bi 5: Trong mch cng sut hnh 9.23 cho bit V
GS(th)
ca IRF532 thay i
t 2v n 4v v V
GS(th)
ca IRF9532 thay i t -2v n -4v. Mt cch gn ng,
tnh in th ti a v ti thiu gia 2 cc cng ca cp cng sut.




















Chng 10

MCH DAO NG (Oscillators)
*******

1. Mc tiu.
2. Kin thc c bn cn c khi hc chng ny.
3. Ti liu tham kho lin quan n chng.
4. Ni dung:
10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 Mch dao ng sin tn s thp.
10.2 Dao ng sin tn s cao.
10.3 Dao ng thch anh.
10.4 Dao ng khng sin.

Bi tp cui chng.
5. Vn nghin cu ca chng k tip.



Ngoi cc mch khuch i in th v cng sut, dao ng
cng l loi mch cn bn ca ngnh in t. Mch dao ng
c s dng ph bin trong cc thit b vin thng. Mt cch
n gin, mch dao ng l mch to ra tn hiu.
Tng qut, ngi ta thng chia ra lm 2 loi mch dao ng: Dao ng
iu ha (harmonic oscillators) to ra cc sng sin v dao ng tch thot (th gin
- relaxation oscillators) thng to ra cc tn hiu khng sin nh rng ca, tam
gic, vung (sawtooth, triangular, square).
10.1 MCH DAO NG SIN TN S THP:
10.1.1 Dao ng dch pha.
10.1.2 Dao ng cu Wien.











Ta xem li mch khuch i c hi tip




- Nu pha ca v
f
lch 180
0
so vi v
s
ta c hi tip m.
- Nu pha ca v
f
cng pha vi v
s
(hay lch 360
0
) ta c hi tip
dng.
li ca mch khi c hi tip:


Trng hp c bit A
v
= 1 c gi l chun c Barkausen
(Barkausen criteria), lc ny A
f
tr nn v hn, ngha l khi khng c tn hiu
ngun v
s
m vn c tn hiu ra v
0
, tc mch t to ra tn hiu v c gi l mch
dao ng. Tm li iu kin c dao ng l:
Av=1

A
+
B
= 0
0
(360
0
) iu kin ny ch tha mt tn s no , ngha
l trong h thng hi tip dng phi c mch chn tn s.
Nu Av >> 1 (ng iu kin pha) th mch dao ng t n nh
nhanh nhng dng sng mo nhiu (thin v vung) cn nu Av > 1 v gn bng
1 th mch t n n nh chm nhng dng sng ra t mo. Cn nu Av < 1
th mch khng dao ng c.
10.1.1 Dao ng dch pha (phase shift oscillator):
- To sng sin tn s thp nht l trong di m tn.
- Cn gi l mch dao ng RC.
- Mch c th dng BJT, FET hoc Op-amp.
- Thng dng mch khuch i o (lch pha 180
0
) nn h thng
hi tip phi lch pha thm 180
0
to hi tip dng.
a. Nguyn tc:

- H thng hi tip gm ba mc R-C, mi mc c lch pha ti a
90
0
nn lch pha l 180
0
phi dng ba mc R-C.
- Mch tng ng tng qut ca ton mch dao ng dch pha c m
t hnh 10.2


Nu R
i
rt ln v R
0
nh khng ng k
Ta c: v
0
= v
1
= Av.v
i

v
i
= v
2

- H thng hi tip gm 3 mc C-R, v c v li nh hnh 10.3.


- phn gii mch ta theo 4 bc:
+ Vit phng trnh tnh li in th = v
2
/v
1
ca h thng
hi tip.
+ Rt gn thnh dng a + jb
+ Cho b = 0 xc nh tn s dao ng f
0

+ Thay f
0
vo phng trnh ca bc 1 xc nh gi tr ca
ti f
0
.

T :


V:



mch lch pha 180
0
:


Thay
0
vo biu thc ca ta tm c:




b. Mch dch pha dng op-amp:
- Do op-amp c tng tr vo rt ln v tng tr ra khng ng k
nn mch dao ng ny minh ha rt tt cho chun c Barkausen. Mch cn bn
c v hnh 10.4
- Tn s dao ng c xc nh bi:

c. Mch dao ng dch pha dng FET:
- Do FET c tng tr vo rt ln nn cng thch hp cho loi mch
ny.
- Tng tr ra ca mch khuch i khi khng c hi tip:
R0 = RD||rD phi thit k sao cho R
0
khng ng k so vi tng tr vo ca h
thng hi tip tn s dao ng vn tha mn cng thc:

Nu iu kin trn khng tha mn th ngoi R v C, tn s dao
ng s cn ty thuc vo R
0
(xem mch dng BJT).
- li vng h ca mch: A
v
= -g
m
(R
D
||r
D
) 29 nn phi chn Fet
c g
m
, r
D
ln v phi thit k vi R
D
tng i ln.

d. Mch dng BJT:
- Mch khuch i l cc pht chung c hoc khng c t phn dng
cc pht.


- iu kin tng tr vo ca mch khng tha mn nn in tr R
cui cng ca h thng hi tip l:
R = R + (R
1
||R
2
||Z
b
) (10.8)
Vi Z
b
= r
e
nu c C
E
v Z
b
= (r
e
+ R
E
) nu khng c C
E
.
- Tng tr ca mch khi cha c hi tip R
0
R
C
khng nh lm nn
lm nh hng n tn s dao ng. Mch phn gii c v li



-p dng cch phn gii nh phn trc ta tm c tn s dao
ng:

- Thng ngi ta thm mt tng khuch i m cc thu chung
ti khng nh hng n mch dao ng.
10.1.2 Mch dao ng cu Wien: (wien bridge oscillators)
- Cng l mt dng dao ng dch pha. Mch thng dng op-amp
rp theo kiu khuch i khng o nn h thng hi tip phi c lch pha 0
0
.
Mch cn bn nh hnh 10.8a v h thng hi tip nh hnh 10.8b




Ti tn s dao ng
0
:



Trong mch c bn hnh 10.8a, ta ch :
- Nu li vng h A
v
< 3 mch khng dao ng
- Nu li vng h A
v
>> 3 th tn hiu dao ng nhn c b
bin dng (nh dng v nh m ca hnh sin b ct).
- Cch tt nht l khi khi ng, mch to A
v
> 3 ( d dao ng)
xong gim dn xung gn bng 3 c th gim thiu ti a vic bin dng.
Ngi ta c nhiu cch, hnh 10.9 l mt v d dng diode hot ng trong vng
phi tuyn thay i li in th ca mch.
- Khi bin ca tn hiu ra cn nh, D
1
, D
2
khng dn in v
khng nh hng n mch. li in th ca mch lc ny l:

- li ny mch dao ng. Khi in th nh ca tn hiu
ngang qua R
4
khong 0.5 volt th cc diode s bt u dn in. D
1
dn khi ng ra
dng v D
2
dn khi ng ra m. Khi dn mnh nht, in th ngang diode xp x
0.7 volt. l hai diode ch dn in phn nh ca tn hiu ra v n hot ng
nh mt in tr thay i ni tip vi R
5
v song song vi R
4
lm gim li ca
mch, sao cho li lc ny xung gn bng 3 v c tc dng lm gim thiu s
bin dng. Vic phn gii hot ng ca diode trong vng phi tuyn tng i
phc tp, thc t ngi ta mc thm mt in tr R
5
(nh hnh v) iu chnh
li ca mch sao cho bin dng t c mc thp nht.

- Ngoi ra cng nn l bin dng s cng nh khi bin tn
hiu ng ra cng thp. Thc t, ly tn hiu ra ca mch dao ng ngi ta c
th mc thm mt mch khng o song song vi R
1
C
1
nh hnh v thay v mc
ni tip ng ra ca mch dao ng. Do tng tr vo ln, mch ny gn nh
khng nh hng n h thng hi tip nhng tn hiu ly ra c bin dng c
gim thiu ng k do tc ng lc ca R
1
C
1
.
- Mt phng php khc gim bin dng v tng n nh bin tn
hiu dao ng, ngi ta s dng JFET trong mch hi tip m nh mt in tr thay i.
Lc ny JFET c phn cc trong vng in tr (ohmic region-vng ID cha bo ha)
v tc ng nh mt in tr thay i theo in th (VVR-voltage variable resistor).



- Ta xem mch hnh 10.10


- D
1
, D
2
c dng nh mch chnh lu mt bn k (m); C
3
l t
lc. Mch ny to in th m phn cc cho JFET.
- Khi cp in, mch bt u dao ng, bin tn hiu ra khi cha
lm cho D
1
v D
2
dn in th V
GS
= 0 tc JFET dn mnh nht v r
ds
nh nht
v li in th ca op-amp t gi tr ti a.
- S dao ng tip tc, khi in th nh ng ra m t tr s xp x -
(V
z
+ 0.7v) th D
1
v D
2
s dn in v V
GS
bt u m.
- S gia tng ca tn hiu in th nh ng ra s lm cho V
GS
cng
m tc r
ds
tng. Khi r
ds
tng, li A
v
ca mch gim cui cng t c li
vng bng n v khi mch hot ng n nh.
- Thc t, mch hot ng iu kin tt nht, ngi ta dng
bin tr R
4
c th chnh t bin dng thp nht.
Vn iu chnh tn s:
- Trong mch dao ng cu Wien, tn s v h s hi tip c xc
nh bng cng thc:

- Nh vy thay i tn s dao ng, ta c th thay i mt trong
cc thnh phn trn. Tuy nhin, l khi c h s hi tip cng thay i theo
v li vng cng thay i, iu ny c th lm cho mch mt dao ng hoc tn
hiu dao ng b bin dng.
- khc phc iu ny, ngi ta thng thay i R
1
, R
2
hoc C
1
,
C
2
cng lc (dng bin tr i hoc t xoay i) khng lm thay i h s.
Hnh 10.11 m t vic iu chnh ny.

- Tuy nhin, hai bin tr rt kh ng nht v thay i ging ht
nhau nn kh gi vng. Mt cch khc iu chnh tn s dao ng l dng k
thut hi tip m v ch thay i mt thnh phn mch v khng lm thay i
li vng d v A
v
u thay i. Mch in nh hnh 10.12
- Tn s dao ng ca mch vn c xc nh bi:


Vy khi R
1
tng th f
0
gim, tng. Ngc li khi R
1
gim th f
0
tng
v gim. Mch A
2
a vo trong h thng hi tip dng gi vng li vng
lun bng n v khi ta iu chnh tn s (tc thay i R
1
). Tht vy, ta th tnh
li vng h A
v
ca mch

Ton b mch dao ng cu Wien c iu chnh tn s v bin dng
tham kho c v hnh 10.14


10.2 MCH DAO NG SIN TN S CAO:
10.2.1 Mch cng hng.
10.2.2 Tng qut v dao ng LC.
10.2.3 Dao ng Colpitts.
10.2.4 Dao ng Clapp.
10.2.5 Dao ng Hartley.

Dao ng dch pha khng dng c tn s cao do lc t in phi c
in dung rt nh. to sng tn s cao ngi ta thng a vo h thng hi
tip cc mch cng hng LC (song song hoc ni tip).
10.2.1 Mch cng hng (resonant circuit):
a. Cng hng ni tip (series resonant circuit):
- Gm c mt t in v mt cun cm mc ni tip.
- Cm khng ca cun dy l jX
L
= 2f
L




- Thc t, cun cm L lun c ni tr R nn tng tr thc ca mch
l: Z = R + jX
L
- jX
C
.
- Ti tn s cng hng f
0
th X
L
= X
C
nn Z
0
= R


- Vy ti tn s cng hng tng tr ca mch c tr s cc tiu.
- Khi tn s f < f
0
tng tr c tnh dung khng.
- Khi tn s f > f
0
tng tr c tnh cm khng.


b. Cng hng song song (parallel resonant ci rcuit)
Tng tr ca mch:





10.2.2 Tng qut v dao ng LC:
-Dng tng qut nh hnh 10.17a v mch hi tip nh hnh 10.17b

- Gi s R
i
rt ln i vi Z
2
(thng c tha v Z
2
rt nh)
tnh h s hi tip ta dng hnh 10.17b

xc nh A
v
( li ca mch khuch i cn bn ta dng mch
10.17c






10.2.3 Mch dao ng Colpitts:
Ta xem mch dng JFET





So snh vi mch tng qut:
Z
1
= C
1
; Z
2
= C
2
; Z
3
= L
1
; C
3
: t lin lc ng vo lm cch ly in th
phn cc.
L
2
: cun chn cao tn (Radio-frequency choke) c ni tr khng
ng k nhng c cm khng rt ln tn s dao ng, dng cch ly tn hiu dao
ng vi ngun cp in.
Ti tn s cng hng: Z
1
+ Z
2
+ Z
3
= 0


Kt qu trn cho thy mch khuch i phi l mch o v li
vng h phi c tr tuyt i ln hn C
2
/C
1
.
A
v(oc)
l li khng ti: A
v(oc)
= -g
m
(r
d
//X
L2
)
Do X
L2
rt ln ti tn s cng hng, nn: A
v(oc)
-g
m
r
d

Mt mch dng BJT


10.2.4 Dao ng Clapp (clapp oscillator):
Dao ng clapp tht ra l mt dng thay i ca mch dao ng
colpitts. Cun cm trong mch dao ng colpitts i thnh mch LC ni tip. Ti
tn s cng hng, tng tr ca mch ny c tnh cm khng.


Ti tn s cng hng: Z
1
+ Z
2
+ Z
3
= 0


l do mch L
1
C
3
phi c tnh cm khng tn s dao ng nn
C
3
phi c tr s nh, thng l nh nht trong C
1
, C
2
, C
3
v f
0
gn nh ch ty
thuc vo L
1
C
3
mc ni tip.
Ngi ta cng c th dng mch clapp ci tin nh hnh 10.21
Tn s dao ng cng c tnh bng cng thc trn nhng ch do
dng mch cc thu chung (A
v
, 1) nn h s phi c tr tuyt i ln hn 1.


10.2.5 Dao ng Hartley (hartley oscillators)
Cng ging nh dao ng colpitts nhng v tr ca cun dy v t
hon i nhau.
Z
1
= L
1
; Z
2
= L
2
; Z
3
= C
1


Hai cun cm L
1
v L
2
mc ni tip nn in cm ca ton mch l
L = L
1
+ L
2
+ 2M vi M l h cm.


T iu kin: Z
1
+ Z
2
+ Z
3
= 0 ti tn s cng hng vi
Z
1
+Z
2
=Z
l
=j
0
L



Ta cng c th dng mch cc thu chung nh hnh 10.23




10.3 DAO NG THCH ANH (crystal oscillators)
10.3.1 Thch anh.
10.3.2 Dao ng thch anh.

10.3.1 Thch anh
Tinh th thch anh (quaRtz crytal) l loi trong m trong thin
nhin, chnh l dioxyt silicium (SiO
2
).
Tinh th thch anh dng trong mch dao ng l mt lt mng c ct ra
t tinh th. Ty theo mt ct m lt thch anh c c tnh khc nhau. Lt thch anh c
din tch t nh hn 1cm
2
n vi cm
2
c mi rt mng, phng (vi mm) v 2 mt tht
song song vi nhau. Hai mt ny c m kim loi v ni chn ra ngoi d s dng.


c tnh ca tinh th thch anh l tnh p in (piezoelectric effect)
theo khi ta p mt lc vo 2 mt ca lt thch anh (nn hoc ko dn) th s
xut hin mt in th xoay chiu gia 2 mt. Ngc li di tc dng ca mt
in th xoay chiu, lt thch anh s rung mt tn s khng i v nh vy to ra
mt in th xoay chiu c tn s khng i. Tn s rung ng ca lt thch anh
ty thuc vo kch thc ca n c bit l dy mt ct. Khi nhit thay i,
tn s rung ng ca thch anh cng thay i theo nhng vn c n nh tt
hn rt nhiu so vi cc mch dao ng khng dng thch anh (tn s dao ng
gn nh ch ty thuc vo thch anh m khng l thuc mch ngoi).
Mch tng ng ca thch anh nh hnh 10.25


Tinh th thch anh cng hng hai tn s khc nhau:








Ta c th dng thch anh thay th mch ni tip LC, mch s dao ng
tn s f
S
. Cn nu thay th mch song song LC, mch s dao ng tn s f
p

(hoc f
op
). Do thch anh c in cm L
S
ln, in dung ni tip rt nh nn thch
anh s quyt nh tn s dao ng ca mch; linh kin bn ngoi khng lm thay
i nhiu tn s dao ng (di 1/1000). Thng ngi ta ch to cc thch anh
c tn s dao ng t 100khz tr ln, tn s cng thp cng kh ch to.
10.3.2 Dao ng thch anh:
Dao ng dng thch anh nh mch cng hng ni tip cn gi l
mch dao ng Pierce (Pierce crystal oscillator). Dng tng qut nh sau:


Ta thy dng mch ging nh mch dao ng clapp nhng thay cun
dy v t in ni tip bng thch anh. Dao ng Pierce l loi dao ng thng
dng nht ca thch anh.
Hnh 10.29 l loi mch dao ng Pierce dng rt t linh kin. Thch
anh nm trn ng hi tip t cc thot v cc cng.


Trong C
1
= C
dS
; C
2
= Cg
S
t lin cc ca FET.
Do C
1
v C
2
rt nh nn tn s dao ng ca mch:

v thch anh c dng nh mch cng hng song song.

Thc t ngi ta mc thm mt t tinh chnh C
M
(Trimmer) nh
hnh 10.29 v c tc ng gim bin dng ca tn hiu dao ng.

Ta c th dng mch hnh 10.30 vi C
1
v C
2
mc bn ngoi.


Trng hp ny ta thy thch anh c dng nh mt mch cng
hng ni tip
10.4 DAO NG KHNG SIN
10.4.1 10.4.1 10.4.1 10.4.1 Dao ng tch thot dng OP-AMP.
10.4.2 To sng vung, tam gic v rng ca vi
mch dao ng a hi.
10.4.3 To sng tam gic t mch so snh v tch
phn.
10.4.4 To sng tam gic n cc.
10.4.5 To sng rng ca.
10.4.1 Dao ng tch thot dng OP-AMP (op-amp relaxation
oscillator)
y l mch to ra sng vung cn gi l mch dao ng a hi phi
n (astable mutivibrator). Hnh 10.31 m t dng mch cn bn dng op-amp



Ta thy dng mch ging nh mch so snh o c hi tip dng vi
in th so snh vi c thay bng t C.

in th thm trn V
UTP
=.(+V
SAT
)>0
in th thm di V
LTP
=.(-V
SAT
)<0
Gi s khi m in v
0
= +V
SAT
, t C np in, in th hai u t
tng dn, khi V
C
(in th ng vo -) ln hn v
f
= V
UTP
(in th ng vo +) ng ra
i trng thi thnh -V
SAT
v v
f
by gi l: v
f
= V
LTP
= .(-V
SAT
). T C bt u
phng in qua R1, khi V
C
= 0 t C np in th m n tr s V
LTP
th mch li
i trng thi (v0 thnh +V
SAT
). Hin tng trn c tip tc to ra ng ra mt
dng sng vung vi nh dng l +V
SAT
v nh m l -V
SAT
. Thi gian np
in v phng in ca t C l chu k ca mch dao ng.
Do t C np in v phng in u qua in tr R1 nn thi gian
np in bng thi gian phng in.



Khi C np in, in th 2 u t l:






Thc t |+V
SAT
| c th khc |-V
SAT
| nn c sng vung i xng, c
th s dng mch nh hnh 10.33


Trong cc mch hnh trn ng ra ta c sng vung u (t
1
= t
2
).
Mun t
1
t
2
ta c th th R
2
bng mch


10.4.2 To sng vung, tam gic v rng ca vi mch dao ng a
hi:
Dng tn hiu ra ca mch dao ng tch thot c th thay i nu ta
thay i cc thnh phn ca h thng hi tip m.
a. To sng tam gic:
Mt cu chnh lu v JFET c a vo h thng hi tip m nh
hnh 10.35. l in th ti cc thot D ca JFET lun dng hn cc ngun S
(bt chp trng thi ca ng ra V0). JFET nh vy hot ng nh mt ngun dng
in v tr s ca ngun ny ty thuc JFET v R1 khi V
DS
ln hn 3v. Th d vi
JFET 2N4221, ta c:



- Gi s v
0
= +V
SAT
th D
1
, D
2
dn. Dng in qua D
1
, JFET, D
2
np
vo t C t tr
s

- Khi v
C
= V
UTP
, v
0
i trng thi thnh -V
SAT
; D
3
, D
4
dn, t C
phng in cho n ht v np in th m n V
LTP
trong thi gian tn. Sau
hin tng li tip tc.




Nu 4 diode ng nht th ta c thi gian np in bng thi gian
phng in, tc t
p
= t
n
, v chu k dao ng T = t
p
+ t= = 2t
p


Nh vy ng ra ta c sng vung v ng vo tr ta c sng tam
gic.
b. Thay i dc ca sng tam gic
thay i dc ca sng tam gic ta phi thay i t
p
v t
n
(nu t
p

t
n
ta c sng tam gic khng u). Mun vy ta to dng np v dng phng
khc nhau.
Gi dng phng l I
n
v dng np l I
p
, ta c:

Mch minh ha nh hnh 10.37


c. To sng rng ca:
to sng rng ca ta tm cch gim tht nh thi gian phng in.
C th dng mch nh hnh 10.38

- Thi gian C phng in qua D
n
rt nh (vi chc micro giy).
- Chu k dao ng T = t
p
+ t
n
t
p



10.4.3 To sng tam gic t mch so snh v tch phn:
Ta xem mch tch phn sau y:

Gi s thi im t = 0, SW v tr 1 (E
i
= 15v) dng in qua R l:
.
Dng in ny s np vo t C to ra v
0
(gim dn)

Gi s khi v
0
= V
LTP
ta chuyn SW sang v tr 2, t C s phng in
v np theo chiu ngc li to ra v
0
(dng dn).

Khi v
0
= V
UTP
ta chuyn SW sang v tr 1. Mch tip tc hot ng
nh trc.


t ng b giao hon v to dng hng cho t in ca mch tch
phn, ngi ta c th dng mt mch so snh v mch tch phn ghp vi nhau;
xong ly ng ra ca mch tch phn lm in th iu khin cho mch so snh.
Ton b mch c dng nh hnh 10.41


phn gii mch ta ch l khi ng ra ca mch so snh bo ha
dng (+V
SAT
) th v
0
= V
Z
+ 0.7v = V
0
> 0. Cn khi bo ha m v
0
= -(V
Z
+0.7v) =
-V
0
< 0.



in th nh - nh ca tam gic:

Ch l nu V
R
= 0 th V
max
= -V
min

Xc nh tn s:



+ Khi V
S
0
Khi v
0
= -V
0
(ng tin) th ta c:




10.4.4 To sng tam gic n cc:
Ta xem li mch to sng tam gic khi V
R
= 0





V khi V
S
= 0 t
p
= t
n

to sng tam gic n cc (gi s dng) ta mc thm mt diode ni
tip vi R
1
nh hnh 10.43a
Khi v
0
= -V
0
: diode D dn
Khi v
0
= +V
0
: diode D ngng





Mun to sng tam gic n cc m ta ch cn i chiu ca diode
D. Tn s dao ng khng thay i.
10.4.5 To sng rng ca:
Nh phn trc, to sng rng ca, ta gim nh T
2
. Mun vy, ta
to iu kin cho t C ca mch tch phn phng in nhanh. Ta c th dng mch
nh hnh 10.44. Do E
i
m, khi m in t C np to v(t) dng (tch phn o)
tng dn t 0v. Lc ny do V
ref
> 0 v ln hn v(t) nn v0 trng thi -V
SAT
(
diode D v transistor Q ngng khng nh hng n mch tch phn. Tn hiu
rng ca tng dn, khi V
c
= V
ref
mch so snh i trng thi v v
0
thnh +V
SAT
lm
cho D v Q dn bo ha. T C phng nhanh qua Q ko v(t) xung 0v. Mch so
snh li i trng thi...