NOTES IN MATHEMATICS

Prepared by: Ms. Jennifer C. Gonzales

2014

1 | P a g e

Permutation




Example:

Let S = . The set

of all permutations of S consists of the permutations.

Even and Odd Permutations






Determinants





Example: 1

If

Then, we obtain

Thus, if


then

Definition: Let S = be the set of integers from 1 to n, arranged in ascending order.
A rearrangement

of the elements of S is called a permutation of S.

1
2
3
3
2
2
3
1
1
3
3
1
2
2
1
Definition: A permutation is called even if the total number of inversions in it is even or
odd if the total number of inversions in it is odd. If , there are

and

odd
permutations in

Definition: Let be a matrix. The determinant function, denoted by det, is defined by

of the set . The sign is taken as according to

whether the permutation

is even or odd. Another notation for is.

NOTES IN MATHEMATICS
Prepared by: Ms. Jennifer C. Gonzales
2014

2 | P a g e


Example: 2

If

Thus, If








Quadratic Formula









Example: Use the quadratic formula to find the real solutions, if any, of the equation

Solution: The equation is in standard form with .

Consider the quadratic equation

. The solution(s) of this equation

is (are) given by the quadratic formula






NOTES IN MATHEMATICS
Prepared by: Ms. Jennifer C. Gonzales
2014

3 | P a g e

Summation Notation










Illustration:

Example: Evaluate the following sum.

Solution:

= 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 = 32
Instantaneous Velocity






Example: An object, initially at rest, falls due to gravity. Find its instantaneous velocity at
t =3.8 seconds and at t = 5.4 seconds.
Solution: Calculate the instantaneous velocity at t = c seconds. Since f(t) =

Thus, at and at

Definition: It is a short way of expressing a sum. It uses the Greek letter, Sigma





n is called the
upper limit of
the summation

is the formula
used to generate
each term of the
sum
k is called the
index of
summation

Definition: If an object moves along a coordinate line with position function f(t), then its
instantaneous velocity at time c is


provided that the limit exists and is not .

NOTES IN MATHEMATICS
Prepared by: Ms. Jennifer C. Gonzales
2014

4 | P a g e

5 cm
6 cm
12 cm
4 cm

Trigonometric Functions of Right Triangle









Area of a Trapezoid











Example:
Find the area of the trapezoid.
Solution:

In h righ riangl BC, shown in h figur blow, h rigonomric funcions of ar as follows:

A
C
B
c
b
a

The area of a trapezoid can be obtained by using the area of the triangle.

Illustration:










Area of Trapezoid ABCD = Area of ABD + Area of BCD
=

A B
C
D
E
F
a
b
h h