)(2

)Electricity (2

- 2 )(

)(2

:
- 3

- 5
)( 3
2 (1) :

Simple Electric Circuit

- 1
- 4

 ) (

) (
V
)
(
Ah
) ( V
) ( Hz
1-3 1- 3 phase
) (

,
,
) (
m
,
,
...

 ) (

:electrical & electronic symbols

,
.
.
http://www.rapidtables.com/electric/electrical_symbols.htm
) ( ):electric circuit component (elements
:
- 1 ) ( electric power source
- 2 )( ) ( conductor
- 3 ) , ( electric load
(apparatus, device, resistance
- 4 ) , ( fuses, circuit barker
- 5 ) ( On/Off switch
-1 :battery
, .

.
:
-

) (

:
(A, AA, AAA, D, C, ) size 12 9 1.5) volt ( ) capacity ) ( ) . ampere hour (A h : ,100 A h
5 A 20.
:battery connections
parallel ,series
.

:potential difference, voltage

V ,J/C
. , ,
.
) ,(electromotive force ) .(potential drop
.

- 2 )( :conductor
)( .
.
, , )( .
.
,
,
.
:
) ( , ,
. .
:
. , .
.
:
.
.
,
.

Conductors

 Semiconductors
- 2 )():conductor (wire
: . ,
:
. , ,
:
. resistance R conductance G
:

:
= R )resistance (
= G conductance
= L )wire length (m
= A ) cross section area (m2
= )electrical resistivity ( m
= )electrical conductivity (S/m
) (:
.
.
:
) ( .solid core ) ( , ,
. .

. .

 ) ( .stranded core .
.
, ,
) ( ,
,
,
.

) ( Litz .wire
.high frequencies
.

skin effect
,
.
-

) ( :twisted pairs
,1 GHz .
electromagnetic
.radiation )
( .
.

:coaxial cables .
, .
,
.

.

.multiple conductor ) (

 .
.

:wire color code

,
.
.

,
) ,grounding (earth ,neutral wire
.hot wire

:
:Copper wiring . , , .
:Aluminum wiring . , .
:Alloys , .
-

:fiber optics .200 GHz

:wi re gage
, wire diameter
.wire cross sectional area
, , .
. ,
. 6 ,
3 .
) ,American wire gauge (AWG
) , .( .... , ,Diameter
,Area ,Resistance
,Max Current .Max Frequency
12 .12-gauge, 14-gauge 14
12 1/12 14 1/14 . (20 A) 12
, outlet ) 14 (15 A .

Max
Resist ance Resist ance Max
Diamet er Diamet er Area
Frequency
AWG
[Ohms /
[Ohms /
Current
][inches
][mm
for 100%
] [mm 2] 1000 ft
]km
][Amperes
skin dept h
0000
0.46
11.684
107
0.049
0.16072
302
125 Hz
)(4/0
000
0.4096
10.40384
85
0.0618
0.202704
239
160 Hz
)(3/0
00
0.3648
9.26592
67.4 0.0779
0.255512
190
200 Hz
)(2/0
0
)(1/0
1
2
3
4
5

250 Hz

150

0.322424

0.0983

53.5

8.25246

0.3249

325 Hz
410 Hz
500 Hz
650 Hz
810 Hz

119
94
75
60
47

0.406392
0.512664
0.64616
0.81508
1.027624

0.1239
0.1563
0.197
0.2485
0.3133

42.4
33.6
26.7
21.2
16.8

7.34822
6.54304
5.82676
5.18922
4.62026

0.2893
0.2576
0.2294
0.2043
0.1819

1100 Hz
1300 Hz
1650 Hz
2050 Hz
2600 Hz
3200 Hz

37
30
24
19
15
12

1.295928
1.634096
2.060496
2.598088
3.276392
4.1328

0.3951
0.4982
0.6282
0.7921
0.9989
1.26

13.3
10.5
8.37
6.63
5.26
4.17

4.1148
3.66522
3.2639
2.90576
2.58826
2.30378

0.162
0.1443
0.1285
0.1144
0.1019
0.0907

6
7
8
9
10
11

4150 Hz
5300 Hz
6700 Hz

9.3
7.4
5.9

5.20864
6.56984
8.282

1.588
2.003
2.525

3.31
2.62
2.08

2.05232
1.8288
1.62814

0.0808
0.072
0.0641

12
13
14

ht t p://www.powerst ream.com/Wire_Size.ht m
*(AWG) American wire gauge

.
,
) , , (......
.

:number of strands
, .
, . 7
6 . 19 12

 , . 19 .
:
2 ,
)

.Chassis ground
, ) (..... single
phase AC electricity 2 active .neutral
, 3
) 3 ( . 3 , 1
.
:electric charge
, .
.
) ,coulomb (C
. ) ampere-hour (A h
.
.
.
e
1.602x10-19 C 6.242x1018 e
.
Q , q .
,electrometer
.ballistic galvanometer
:
q=ne
:
= n number of electrons
= e ) ( )electron charge (e = 1.6 x 10-19 C
:electric current
electric current electric charge
. conductive medium
.
) ( ,
.
.ammeter

 = I )electric current (amperes A

= q ) ( )electric , coulombs (C = A s
charge
= t )time (second s
- 3 :electrical resistance or electrical load
) , , (.......
.
) short
.( circuit ,
) .(power consumption
, )
.( open circuit
:resistor
.
)
( .
.
.ohmmeter
.
:resistor color code
.
, .
. 0 .9
) (,
) (...., 1000 ,100 ,10 ,1
2 2
2 2200 . )(.

color

Black

Brown

10

Red

100

Orange

1000

Yellow

10000

Green

100000

Blue

1000000

Purple

Gray

White

1% Brown

2% Red

5% Gold

% 10 Silver

:
, , , = 4700 = 100 47 %5
, , , = 100000 =10000 10 %5
, , , = 1000 = 100 10 %5
, , , = 1000000 =100000 10 %10
* )
(:
Resist or color code calculat or -

:resistance connection
.
series
parallel . ,
, )
( .
, ) .
,series circuit
.parallel circuit

, Equivalent (total) resistance

 :
V = V1+V2 +V3
)I R = I R1+ I R2 + I R3 = I (R1+R2 +R3
R = R1+ R2+ R3

:
I = I1 + I2 + I3
)V/R = V/R1 + V/R2 + V/R3 = V(1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
, .
,
. .
.
, .
,
) /1 ( ,electric conductance
.
. ) ,ohm (
).siemens (s
,
.

 ) (
:wire resistance
,
.
, ) ( , , ,
:electrical resistivity, specific electrical resistance
) ( R
,L .A
superconductors .
.
) ,(ohm meter m
).rho (
:
=E/J, E = V/L, J= I/A
:
=E/J = (V/m) /J = (V/L) /(I/A)= V/I (A/L) = R A/L
:
:
= E ) /( )electric field (N/C, V/m
= V )( )electric potential, electric potential deference (V
= L ) ( )length (m
= I )( )current (A
2
2
= A ) ( ) cross sectional area of wire (m
= ) ( specific electric resistance
= J ) ( )electric charge (C
20 .

Resistivity (

)m
)
(
1.59 x 10-8

Material

Silver

1.7 x 10-8

Copper

2.4 x 10-8

Gold

2.8 x 10-8

Aluminum

5.6 x 10-8

Tungst en

10 x 10-8

Iron

11 x 10-8

Plat inum

22 x 10-8

Lead

150 x 10-8

- Nichrome

3.5 x 105

Carbon

107 - 1011

Polyst yrene

108 - 109

Polyet hylene

1010 - 1014
1013

Glass
Hard Rubber

:electrical conductivity, specific conductance

) ,( 1/
. .sigma
).siemens per meter (S/m
:
) ,(atoms ) .(nucleus
) ,(protons
) ( ) .(neutrons
. ,
,
. ,
. ,
.
) ( ):direct current (DC
) (
) (

:circuit analysis
:

 -1 ) ( A
-2 ) ( V
-3 ) ( W
:
Ohms law power relationship volt law current law-

:Ohms law

.

:
= I )( current (I), ampere
)amp (A
= R )( resistance (R), ohm
)(
= V )( )potential (V), volt (V
difference
:power relationshipP = I V = I2 R = V2 /R
:
= P ) ( )power (watt, W
:
:loop rule ) .
(
:junction rule )
(
-

) ( :
I = V/R = V/ = 0

) ( :
= I = V/R = V/0

* :
Elect ric Circuit -

- 4 :circuit protection
fuse circuit breaker
current . short circuit
)( :fuse

,
. open circuit

. .
,

.
)( ,
.

Dark Blue

0.5

Black

Gray

Green

Violet

Brown

35

Pink

Orange

40

Tan

Red

50

Brown

7.5

Blue

60

Red

10

Amber/Tan

70

Blue

15

Clear

80

Yellow

20

Violet

100

Clear

25

Purple

120

Green

30

Blue Green

35

Orange

40

Yellow

20

Gray

25
30

 :circuit breaker
,
.
. , )
( , ) (
.
.

.

)
(

-5 :electric switch
) ( .
,
. :
) ( ) ( ,
, .
, ,
, .
. ,,
, , , , .

 ) (