Machine Guarding

MODULE 19
2 2006 TEEX
What hazards exist?
Crushed by or drawn into equipment
Struck by moving parts
Struck by failed components or particles
3 2006 TEEX
Key parts of machines
1. Point of operation: where work is
performed on the material, such as cutting,
shaping, boring, or forming of stock.
2. Power Transmission Device: transmits
energy to the part of the machine performing
the work
Includes flywheels, pulleys, belts, connecting
rods, couplings, cams, spindles, chains, cranks,
and gears.
4 2006 TEEX
Key parts of machines
3. Operation Controls: Control
mechanisms
4. Other moving parts: can include
reciprocating, rotating, and transverse
moving parts, feed mechanisms, and
auxiliary parts of the machine
5 2006 TEEX
Hazards to be Guarded
Things to guard include
In-running nip points
Rotating equipment
Flying chips or sparks
Belts or gears
Parts that impact or shear
6 2006 TEEX
Rotating Parts
Can grip hair or clothing
Can force the body into a dangerous
position
Projecting pieces increase risk
7 2006 TEEX
In-Running Nip Points
Between 2 rotating parts
Between rotating and tangential parts
Between rotating and fixed parts which
shear, crush, or abrade

8 2006 TEEX
Reciprocating Parts
Risk of being struck between stationary
and moving part
9 2006 TEEX
Transverse motion
Continuous straight line motion
Worker struck or caught in pinch or
shear point
10 2006 TEEX
Cutting action
Direct injury from cutting action
Flying chips or sparks
Saws, drills, lathes, mills
11 2006 TEEX
Punching action
Ram stamps materials
Danger at point of operation
12 2006 TEEX
Shearing action
Powered blade that shears materials
Hazard at point of operation
13 2006 TEEX
Bending action
Power applied to a slide to stamp/shape
materials
Hazard at point of operation
14 2006 TEEX
Guarding Principles
Prevent contact between hazardous moving
parts and body or clothing
Secure guard: not easily removed
Protect from objects falling into machinery
No new hazards: sharp/rough edges
No interference with job/comfort/speed
Allow safe lubrication: without removing
guards if possible
15 2006 TEEX
Guarding Methods
Location / distance
Guards
Fixed
Interlocked
Adjustable
Self-adjusting
16 2006 TEEX
Guarding Methods
Devices
Presence sensing
Pullback
Restraint
Safety controls (tripwire cable, two-hand
control, etc.)
Gates
17 2006 TEEX
Guarding Methods
Feeding & ejection methods
Automatic and/or semi-automatic feed and
ejection
Robots
Miscellaneous aids
Awareness barriers
Protective shields
Hand-feeding tools
18 2006 TEEX
Fixed Guard
Barrier is a
permanent part of
machine
Preferable over other
types

19 2006 TEEX
Interlocked Guard
Stops motion when guard is opened or
removed
Interlocked
guard on
revolving drum
20 2006 TEEX
Adjustable Guard
Barrier may
be adjusted
for variable
operations
What are the
drawbacks?
Bandsaw blade
adjustable guard
21 2006 TEEX
Self-Adjusting Guard
Adjusts according to size/position of
material
Circular table saw
self-adjusting guard
22 2006 TEEX
Pullback Device
Cables attached to
operators hands or
wrists
Removes hands
from point of
operation during
danger period
What are the
drawbacks?
23 2006 TEEX
Restraint Device
Cables attached to
fixed point and
wrists or hands
Adjustable to let
hands travel in
predetermined area
May be
accompanied by
hand-feeding tools

24 2006 TEEX
Safety Tripwire Cable
Device located
around the
perimeter of or
near the danger
area
Operator must be
able to reach the
cable to stop the
machine
25 2006 TEEX
Two-Hand Control
Requires constant
pressure on both
pads to activate
the machine
Hands on controls
at safe distance
while machine is
in dangerous
cycle
26 2006 TEEX
Gate
Must close fully to protect user before
cycle will start

Gate Open Gate Closed
27 2006 TEEX
Safeguarding by
Location/Distance
Location of hazardous parts that is
inaccessible or not a hazard during
normal operation
Must maintain safe distance
Training, warning, communication
necessary
28 2006 TEEX
Protective Shields
Protection from flying particles or
splashing fluids
Do not protect
completely from
machine hazards
29 2006 TEEX
What regulations apply?
29 CFR 1910 Subpart O
29 CFR 1910 Subpart P for hand and
portable power tools
API RP 54 6.8 Machinery and Tools



Machinery and Machine Guarding
29 CFR 1910 SUBPART O
31 2006 TEEX
Organization
211.Definitions
212.General requirements for all machines
213.Woodworking machinery requirements
215.Abrasive wheel machinery
216.Mills and calenders in the rubber and
plastics industries
217.Mechanical power presses
218.Forging machines
219.Mechanical power-transmission apparatus

General Requirements
29 CFR 1910.212
33 2006 TEEX
1910.212(a) Machine guarding
1. One or more types of guarding to
protect from hazards.
Barrier guards
Two-hand tripping devices
Electronic safety devices
Etc.
2. Affixed to machine where possible
Guard must not cause its own hazard
34 2006 TEEX
1910.212(a) Machine guarding
3. Point of operation guarding:
ii. Guarded if exposes employee to injury
According to standards or
Keep any part of body out of danger zone
iii. Hand tools to permit material handling
in addition to guards, not instead
iv. Examples of machines requiring guards
on point of operation

35 2006 TEEX
1910.212(a) Machine guarding
4. Revolving barrels, drums, containers
guarded by interlocked enclosure
(cannot turn without guard in place)
5. Exposure to fan blades: guard
openings 1/2 inch
36 2006 TEEX
1910.212(b) Anchoring fixed
machinery
Machines designed for fixed location
must be anchored to prevent moving
This pedestal grinder is
designed for anchoring,
but is not anchored

Abrasive Wheel Machinery
29 CFR 1910.215
38 2006 TEEX
1910.215(a) General
requirements
Abrasive wheels
must be guarded,
with exceptions
Guard design
dependent on type
of work and type of
wheel

39 2006 TEEX
1910.215(a) General
requirements
Work rests:
Rigid, clamped in place securely
Adjusted to within 1/8 inch of wheel
Never adjusted while in motion

Work rest is closely
adjusted
40 2006 TEEX
1910.215(b)(9) Exposure
adjustment
For type where operator
stands in front of
opening: Adjustable for
decreasing wheel size
Adjustable tongue
guard must never be
more than inch from
wheel
41 2006 TEEX
1910.215(d) Mounting
Inspect for damage and ring test
immediately before mounting
Tap with light nonmetallic implement
(screwdriver, wooden mallet)
If sound is dead, cracked ring may not be
used
Check spindle speed against maximum
for wheel
42 2006 TEEX
Ring Test

Mechanical Power-Transmission
Apparatus
29 CFR 1910.219
44 2006 TEEX
Organization of 1910.219
(a) General requirements
(b) Prime-mover guards
(1) Flywheels
(2) Cranks and connecting rods
(3) Tail rods or extension piston rods
(c) Shafting
(d) Pulleys
45 2006 TEEX
Organization of 1910.219
(e) Belt, rope, and chain drives
(f) Gears, sprockets, and chains
(g) Guarding friction drives
(h) Keys, setscrews, and other projections
(i) Collars and couplings
(j) Bearings and facilities for oiling
(k) Guarding of clutches, cutoff couplings,
and clutch pulleys
46 2006 TEEX
Organization of 1910.219
(l) Belt shifters, clutches, shippers, poles,
perches, and fasteners
(m) Standard guards-general
requirements
(o) Approved materials
(p) Care of equipment


Hazards on Oil and Gas Sites
Machine Guarding
48 2006 TEEX
Parts Requiring Guarding
Drive belts and shafts mud pumps
and tank area
Pony rods
Rotating parts
Shale shaker
Agitator shafts & couplings
Moving generator parts
(explore)
49 2006 TEEX
Mud Pumps
50 2006 TEEX
Shale Shaker

51 2006 TEEX
Generators
52 2006 TEEX
Parts Requiring Guarding
Air compressors
Crown sheaves
Kelly bushing or controls
Rotary chain drive
Air hoist line
Drawworks
Bench grinder wheels
53 2006 TEEX
Crown Sheaves
54 2006 TEEX
Kelly and Bushing
Alternative Abatement:
STD 1-12.28 CH-1
55 2006 TEEX
Drawworks
56 2006 TEEX
Parts Requiring Guarding
Belts, drive chains, gears and drives on
power and hand tools
Traveling blocks
Sheaves
Cathead?
57 2006 TEEX
Drilling Line
58 2006 TEEX
Traveling Block

59 2006 TEEX
Hoisting Line

Safety Responsibilities
Machine Guarding
61 2006 TEEX
Safety Responsibilities
Management:
Ensure all machinery is properly guarded
Supervisors:
Train employees on specific guard rules in their areas
Ensure machine guards remain in place and are
functional
Immediately correct machine guard deficiencies
Employees:
Do not remove guards unless machine is locked and
tagged
Report machine guard problems to supervisors
immediately
Do not operate equipment unless guards are in place
62 2006 TEEX
Training
Operators/affected employees should receive
training on:
Hazards associated with particular machines
How the safeguards provide protection and the
hazards for which they are intended
How and why to use the safeguards
How and when safeguards can be removed and
by whom
What to do if a safeguard is damaged, missing, or
unable to provide adequate protection

Hand and Portable Power Tools
29 CFR 1910 Subpart P and 1926 Subpart I
64 2006 TEEX
Construction vs. General
Industry
Construction, alteration, or repair?
Applicable standard depends on type of
operations:
1910 Subpart P: Hand and Portable
Powered Tools and Other Hand-Held
Equipment
1926 Subpart I: Tools Hand and Power
65 2006 TEEX
1910.242 General
Employer is responsible for safe
condition of tools and equipment
Including equipment furnished by
employee
Compressed air must not be used for
cleaning unless:
Reduced to <30 p.s.i.
Only with effective chip guarding and PPE
66 2006 TEEX
1910.243(a) Portable powered
tools
Portable circular saws >2 in. guarded
Automatic return to covering position
Switches and controls:
constant pressure control for circular and
chain saws
other controls for other tools as
appropriate
67 2006 TEEX
1910.243(a) Portable powered
tools
Portable belt sanding machine guarding
Nip points
Unused run of sanding belt
Cracked saws: remove from service
Grounding: Meet Subpart S
68 2006 TEEX
1910.243(b) Pneumatic powered
tools and hose
Tool retainer to prevent ejection
Airhose designed for applied pressure
and service
69 2006 TEEX
1910.243 Guarding of portable
powered tools
c. Portable abrasive wheels:
Must be guarded
Ring test and inspection
d. Explosive actuated fastening tools
e. Power lawnmowers
Guarding
Controls and shutoff device
Labeling, manuals
Design
70 2006 TEEX
1910.244 Other portable tools
and equipment
a. Jacks
Loading and marking
Operation and maintenance
b. Abrasive blast cleaning nozzles:
operating valve and support
71 2006 TEEX
1926.300 General requirements
Maintained in safe condition whether
furnished by employer or employee
Shall be guarded when designed to
accommodate guards
Moving parts that create hazards shall
be guarded by one or more methods
Fan openings; anchoring machinery
72 2006 TEEX
1926.300 General requirements
Abrasive wheel guards
PPE if necessary for objects, particles,
gases
Allowable switches by tool type
73 2006 TEEX
1926.301 Hand tools
Use of unsafe hand tools not
permitted
Wrenches shall not be used when
jaws are sprung to the point of
slippage
Including adjustable, pipe, end &
socket wrenches
Impact tools shall be kept free of
mushroomed heads
Such as drift pins, wedges & chisels
Wooden handles shall be kept
Free of splinters or cracks
Tight in the tool
74 2006 TEEX
1926.302 Power-operated hand
tools
Electric power-operated tools
Double-insulated or grounded
Never hold by the cord
Pneumatic power-operated tools
Secure tools, attachments, and muzzle
Compressed air use restrictions
Never hold by the hose
Reduce pressure in case of hose failure
75 2006 TEEX
1926.302 Power-operated hand
tools
Fuel operated tools
Stop while refueling or servicing
Watch concentrations in enclosed spaces
Hydraulic power tools
Fire-resistant fluids
Safe operating pressures
Powder-actuated tools
76 2006 TEEX
1926 Subpart I Organization
1926.303 Abrasive wheels and tools
1926.304 Woodworking tools
1926.305 Jacks
1926.306 Air receivers
1926.307 Mechanical power-
transmission apparatus