Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare

ISSN 2224-3208 (a!er" ISSN 222#-0$3% (&nline"

'ol(4, No()*, 20)4

Determination of Trace Metals
Oliefera using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Adigrat +ni,er-ity, .e!art/ent of 0he/i-try 0ollege of Nat
0orre-!onding author e/ail1 2a--a(3elay)4g/ail(co/

Abstract
5he le,el- of trace /etal- 6ere deter/ined in 7oringa &leifera( 5he lea,e -a/!le of 7oringa &leifera 6a-
analy8ed for trace /etal- u-ing ato/ic a3-or!tion -!ectro/etry after dry a-hing the
for )hr( 9enerally, the !lant accu/ulate /etal- in order Ni :0u:7n( 5he re-ult re,ealed the accu/ulated
a/ount of trace /etal- in lea,e -a/!le 0u, 7n and Ni 2(8;;
3(2002 /g<2g re-!ecti,ely(
Keywords: =la/e Ato/ic A3-or!tion -!ectro/etry, 7oringa &leifera, 5race 7etal-

1. INT!D"#TI!N
7ineral- are nece--ary for health add a- -uch are !art of all a-!ect of cellular function >)?(5hey are in,ol,ed in
-tructural co/!onent-( @Aa/!le calciu/ and ho-!horou- are -
cofactor- for en8y/e acti,itie-(7ineral- al-o for/an integral !art of en8y/e or !rotein -tructure( 7ineral- are
e--ential for gro6th, de,elo!/ent and /aintenanc
infor/ation, the effecti,ene-- of i//une -y-te/, the !re,ention of cell da/age( In general, /ineral- increa-e
re-i-tance to /any chronic and -o/e infectiou- di-ea-e-( 7ineral- are nutritionally i/!ortant co/!onent- in
food( 5hey could 3e cla--ified a- e--ential or non e--ential ele/ent-( @--ential ele/ent- are not -ynthe-i8ed
internally and /u-t 3e con-u/ed fro/ it- en,iron/ent( 5he-e include the /aBor ele/ent- and /inor ele/ent-( >2?
7aBor ele/ent- are tho-e ele/ent- that are reCuired in large Cuant
()00/g<day" of each /aBor ele/ent-( 5he /aBor ele/ent- are co/!onent- of cell- and 3ody fluid- and are
-tructural co/!onent- of cell- >2?( @Aa/!le- of /aBor ele/ent- include calciu/, chloride, /agne-iu/,
!ho-!horou- (!re-ent a- !ho-!hate-", !ota--iu/, -odiu/(
5race ele/ent- e--ential for life generally occur in the 3ody in /icrogra/- !er gra/ of ti--ue and are
u-ually reCuired 3y hu/an- in /illigra/- !er day( 5hu- the 3ody reCuire- le-- than t6enty (20/g<day" of ea
trace ele/ent- >2?( 5he-e trace ele/ent- include co!!er, iron, /angane-e, 8inc, -eleniu/, and iodine( 5he ne6er
trace ele/ent- are one- that are !o--i3ly e--ential( 0hro/iu/, /angane-e nic2el, tin, ,anadiu/, ar-enic, lithiu/,
-trontiu/, ce-iu/, and -ilicon are regarded a- ne6 trace ele/ent- in the -en-e that they ha,e only recently 3een
con-idered e--entialin hu/an diet-( Non
health and can either 3e 3eneficial or toAic( 5he-e non e--enti
accu/ulated in li,ing organi-/-, though are not reCuired(
A/ong the role- !layed 3y e--ential ele/ent- are gro6th and !roduction of 3one-, teeth, hair, 3lood,
ner,e-, -2in, ,ita/in-, en8y/e- and hor/one-( @--
3lood circulation, cellular integrity, energy !roduction and /u-cle contraction( It i- no6 6ell recogni8ed that
-e,eral trace ele/ent- are e--ential con-tituent- of en8y/e- and !lay ,ital role i
nutrient ele/ent- are !ri/arily -u!!lied throughdiet( 5he a/ount neededde!end- on age, -eA, and health -tatu-,
geogra!hical and cli/atic condition- >3?(
5here eAi-t- a range of inta2e o,er 6hich the -u!!ly of e--ential ele/ent-
Ho6e,er, a3o,e and 3elo6 thi- rang, toAic and deficiency effect- are o3-er,ed re-!ecti,ely >4?( A- a re-ult of
thi-, it i- e--ential to deter/ine ele/ental content- of food ite/- and to e-ti/ate their daily dietary inta2e(
@--ential ele/ent- can 3e -y-te/ic toAin- 6ith -!ecific neurotoAin, ne!hrotoAic, fetotoAic, and tetratogenic
effect-( @--ential ele/ent- can influence 3eha,ior 3y i/!airing i//une, /ental and neurological function,
influencing neurotran-/itter !roduction and utili8a
+!ta2e of ele/ent- fro/ 3oth the at/o-!here, leaf -urface- and fro/ -oil through root- /ay account for the
ele,ated le,el- of ele/ent- in !lant-
A /aBor -ource of hu/an eA!o-ure to trace ele/en
fro/ 3lood >;?( @le/ent- can al-o find their 6ay into hu/an- 3y direct a3-or!tion ,ia air or drin2ing 6ater(
&ther ele/ent- find their 6ay into food either naturally or through anthro!ogenic acti,itie- -uch
!ractice-, indu-trial e/i--ion and eAhau-t fu/e-( 7oringa li2e /o-t !lant- i- a chea! -ource of e--ential trace
/etal-( Ho6e,er, little attention ha- 3een gi,en to their eAact concentration- !re-entin different !re!aration- of
the !lant-( Studie- ha,e -ho6n that high inta2e of ele/ent- can lead to /etal !oi-oning 6herea- lo6 inta2e
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
0$3% (&nline"
#2
f Trace Metals $Mn% #u &Ni' #ontent
sing Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Da--a Belay
E


Hailay Diro-
Adigrat +ni,er-ity, .e!art/ent of 0he/i-try 0ollege of Natural and co/!utational -cience-
Adigrat, @thio!ia, (&( BoA #0
0orre-!onding author e/ail1 2a--a(3elay)4g/ail(co/
5he le,el- of trace /etal- 6ere deter/ined in 7oringa &leifera( 5he lea,e -a/!le of 7oringa &leifera 6a-
analy8ed for trace /etal- u-ing ato/ic a3-or!tion -!ectro/etry after dry a-hing the -a/!le at 3#0
for )hr( 9enerally, the !lant accu/ulate /etal- in order Ni :0u:7n( 5he re-ult re,ealed the accu/ulated
a/ount of trace /etal- in lea,e -a/!le 0u, 7n and Ni 2(8;; 0(043;, )()0#0
/g<2g re-!ecti,ely(
e Ato/ic A3-or!tion -!ectro/etry, 7oringa &leifera, 5race 7etal-
7ineral- are nece--ary for health add a- -uch are !art of all a-!ect of cellular function >)?(5hey are in,ol,ed in
-tructural co/!onent-( @Aa/!le calciu/ and ho-!horou- are -tructural co/!onent- in 3one and act- a-
cofactor- for en8y/e acti,itie-(7ineral- al-o for/an integral !art of en8y/e or !rotein -tructure( 7ineral- are
e--ential for gro6th, de,elo!/ent and /aintenance of ti--ue- and are al-o lin2ed to the eA!re--ion of g
infor/ation, the effecti,ene-- of i//une -y-te/, the !re,ention of cell da/age( In general, /ineral- increa-e
re-i-tance to /any chronic and -o/e infectiou- di-ea-e-( 7ineral- are nutritionally i/!ortant co/!onent- in
a- e--ential or non e--ential ele/ent-( @--ential ele/ent- are not -ynthe-i8ed
internally and /u-t 3e con-u/ed fro/ it- en,iron/ent( 5he-e include the /aBor ele/ent- and /inor ele/ent-( >2?
7aBor ele/ent- are tho-e ele/ent- that are reCuired in large Cuantitie-( 5he 3ody reCuire- /ore than hundred
()00/g<day" of each /aBor ele/ent-( 5he /aBor ele/ent- are co/!onent- of cell- and 3ody fluid- and are
-tructural co/!onent- of cell- >2?( @Aa/!le- of /aBor ele/ent- include calciu/, chloride, /agne-iu/,
u- (!re-ent a- !ho-!hate-", !ota--iu/, -odiu/(
5race ele/ent- e--ential for life generally occur in the 3ody in /icrogra/- !er gra/ of ti--ue and are
u-ually reCuired 3y hu/an- in /illigra/- !er day( 5hu- the 3ody reCuire- le-- than t6enty (20/g<day" of ea
trace ele/ent- >2?( 5he-e trace ele/ent- include co!!er, iron, /angane-e, 8inc, -eleniu/, and iodine( 5he ne6er
trace ele/ent- are one- that are !o--i3ly e--ential( 0hro/iu/, /angane-e nic2el, tin, ,anadiu/, ar-enic, lithiu/,
con are regarded a- ne6 trace ele/ent- in the -en-e that they ha,e only recently 3een
con-idered e--entialin hu/an diet-( Non-e--ential co/!onent- of food- can -till ha,e -ignificant i/!act on
health and can either 3e 3eneficial or toAic( 5he-e non e--ential ele/ent- are ho6e,er freCuently con-u/ed and
accu/ulated in li,ing organi-/-, though are not reCuired(
A/ong the role- !layed 3y e--ential ele/ent- are gro6th and !roduction of 3one-, teeth, hair, 3lood,
ner,e-, -2in, ,ita/in-, en8y/e- and hor/one-( @--ential ele/ent- al-o !lay a /aBor role in ner,e tran-/i--ion,
3lood circulation, cellular integrity, energy !roduction and /u-cle contraction( It i- no6 6ell recogni8ed that
-e,eral trace ele/ent- are e--ential con-tituent- of en8y/e- and !lay ,ital role in hu/an /eta3oli-/( All the
nutrient ele/ent- are !ri/arily -u!!lied throughdiet( 5he a/ount neededde!end- on age, -eA, and health -tatu-,
geogra!hical and cli/atic condition- >3?(
5here eAi-t- a range of inta2e o,er 6hich the -u!!ly of e--ential ele/ent- adeCuate for the 3ody(
Ho6e,er, a3o,e and 3elo6 thi- rang, toAic and deficiency effect- are o3-er,ed re-!ecti,ely >4?( A- a re-ult of
thi-, it i- e--ential to deter/ine ele/ental content- of food ite/- and to e-ti/ate their daily dietary inta2e(
ele/ent- can 3e -y-te/ic toAin- 6ith -!ecific neurotoAin, ne!hrotoAic, fetotoAic, and tetratogenic
effect-( @--ential ele/ent- can influence 3eha,ior 3y i/!airing i//une, /ental and neurological function,
influencing neurotran-/itter !roduction and utili8ation and altering other /eta3olic !roce-- -ingin the 3ody >#?(
+!ta2e of ele/ent- fro/ 3oth the at/o-!here, leaf -urface- and fro/ -oil through root- /ay account for the
ele,ated le,el- of ele/ent- in !lant-
A /aBor -ource of hu/an eA!o-ure to trace ele/ent- (a- 6ell a- hea,y /etal-" fro/ en,iron/ent i-
fro/ 3lood >;?( @le/ent- can al-o find their 6ay into hu/an- 3y direct a3-or!tion ,ia air or drin2ing 6ater(
&ther ele/ent- find their 6ay into food either naturally or through anthro!ogenic acti,itie- -uch
!ractice-, indu-trial e/i--ion and eAhau-t fu/e-( 7oringa li2e /o-t !lant- i- a chea! -ource of e--ential trace
/etal-( Ho6e,er, little attention ha- 3een gi,en to their eAact concentration- !re-entin different !re!aration- of
Studie- ha,e -ho6n that high inta2e of ele/ent- can lead to /etal !oi-oning 6herea- lo6 inta2e
666(ii-te(org
#ontent in Moringa
sing Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
ural and co/!utational -cience-
5he le,el- of trace /etal- 6ere deter/ined in 7oringa &leifera( 5he lea,e -a/!le of 7oringa &leifera 6a-
-a/!le at 3#0
o
0 in furnace
for )hr( 9enerally, the !lant accu/ulate /etal- in order Ni :0u:7n( 5he re-ult re,ealed the accu/ulated
and
7ineral- are nece--ary for health add a- -uch are !art of all a-!ect of cellular function >)?(5hey are in,ol,ed in
tructural co/!onent- in 3one and act- a-
cofactor- for en8y/e acti,itie-(7ineral- al-o for/an integral !art of en8y/e or !rotein -tructure( 7ineral- are
e of ti--ue- and are al-o lin2ed to the eA!re--ion of genetic
infor/ation, the effecti,ene-- of i//une -y-te/, the !re,ention of cell da/age( In general, /ineral- increa-e
re-i-tance to /any chronic and -o/e infectiou- di-ea-e-( 7ineral- are nutritionally i/!ortant co/!onent- in
a- e--ential or non e--ential ele/ent-( @--ential ele/ent- are not -ynthe-i8ed
internally and /u-t 3e con-u/ed fro/ it- en,iron/ent( 5he-e include the /aBor ele/ent- and /inor ele/ent-( >2?
itie-( 5he 3ody reCuire- /ore than hundred
()00/g<day" of each /aBor ele/ent-( 5he /aBor ele/ent- are co/!onent- of cell- and 3ody fluid- and are
-tructural co/!onent- of cell- >2?( @Aa/!le- of /aBor ele/ent- include calciu/, chloride, /agne-iu/,
5race ele/ent- e--ential for life generally occur in the 3ody in /icrogra/- !er gra/ of ti--ue and are
u-ually reCuired 3y hu/an- in /illigra/- !er day( 5hu- the 3ody reCuire- le-- than t6enty (20/g<day" of each
trace ele/ent- >2?( 5he-e trace ele/ent- include co!!er, iron, /angane-e, 8inc, -eleniu/, and iodine( 5he ne6er
trace ele/ent- are one- that are !o--i3ly e--ential( 0hro/iu/, /angane-e nic2el, tin, ,anadiu/, ar-enic, lithiu/,
con are regarded a- ne6 trace ele/ent- in the -en-e that they ha,e only recently 3een
e--ential co/!onent- of food- can -till ha,e -ignificant i/!act on
al ele/ent- are ho6e,er freCuently con-u/ed and
A/ong the role- !layed 3y e--ential ele/ent- are gro6th and !roduction of 3one-, teeth, hair, 3lood,
ential ele/ent- al-o !lay a /aBor role in ner,e tran-/i--ion,
3lood circulation, cellular integrity, energy !roduction and /u-cle contraction( It i- no6 6ell recogni8ed that
n hu/an /eta3oli-/( All the
nutrient ele/ent- are !ri/arily -u!!lied throughdiet( 5he a/ount neededde!end- on age, -eA, and health -tatu-,
adeCuate for the 3ody(
Ho6e,er, a3o,e and 3elo6 thi- rang, toAic and deficiency effect- are o3-er,ed re-!ecti,ely >4?( A- a re-ult of
thi-, it i- e--ential to deter/ine ele/ental content- of food ite/- and to e-ti/ate their daily dietary inta2e(
ele/ent- can 3e -y-te/ic toAin- 6ith -!ecific neurotoAin, ne!hrotoAic, fetotoAic, and tetratogenic
effect-( @--ential ele/ent- can influence 3eha,ior 3y i/!airing i//une, /ental and neurological function,
tion and altering other /eta3olic !roce-- -ingin the 3ody >#?(
+!ta2e of ele/ent- fro/ 3oth the at/o-!here, leaf -urface- and fro/ -oil through root- /ay account for the
t- (a- 6ell a- hea,y /etal-" fro/ en,iron/ent i-
fro/ 3lood >;?( @le/ent- can al-o find their 6ay into hu/an- 3y direct a3-or!tion ,ia air or drin2ing 6ater(
&ther ele/ent- find their 6ay into food either naturally or through anthro!ogenic acti,itie- -uch a- agricultural
!ractice-, indu-trial e/i--ion and eAhau-t fu/e-( 7oringa li2e /o-t !lant- i- a chea! -ource of e--ential trace
/etal-( Ho6e,er, little attention ha- 3een gi,en to their eAact concentration- !re-entin different !re!aration- of
Studie- ha,e -ho6n that high inta2e of ele/ent- can lead to /etal !oi-oning 6herea- lo6 inta2e
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare 666(ii-te(org
ISSN 2224-3208 (a!er" ISSN 222#-0$3% (&nline"
'ol(4, No()*, 20)4

#3
le,el- can lead to deficiency effect-( 5hi- -tudy 6a- therefore conducted to in,e-tigate the e--ential /etal- in
leaf !o6der of 7oringa oleifera(
5hi- -tudy 6a- de-igned 6ith the general o3Becti,e of co/!aring deter/ine the eAtent of accu/ulation
of e--ential /etal- in 7oringa oleiferal !roduction in Fu2ro( Fith thi- general o3Becti,e, the -!ecific o3Becti,e-
of thi- -tudy 6ere1
5o deter/ine -elected nutrient co/!o-ition 3oth e--ential (7n" and non e--ential (Ni, 0u" 3y u-ing
AAS
5o co/!arethe le,el of /etal- in @thio!ia 7oringa oleifera 6ith FH& 9uide line-

1.1. TA#( M(TA)S
5race /etal- are /etal- in eAtre/ely -/all Cuantitie- that are !re-ented in ani/al, !lant cell- and ti--ue >3?(
5race /etal- include iron, /agne-iu/, lithiu/, 8inc, co!!er, chro/iu/ and nic2el, co3alt, ,anadiu/, ar-enic,
/oly3denu/, /angane-e, -eleniu/ and other le,el of /etal- of in the 7oringa oleifera( Sa/!le i- generally
3ello6ing the FH& and =A& 7aAi/u/ !er/i--i,e li/it- >;?(
5he en,iron/ental /etal contain- a 6ide range of hea,y /etal- 6ith ,arying concentration de!ending on the
-urrounding geological en,iron/ental and natural acti,itie- occurring or that ha- once occurred( 5he-e ha,e =e,
Gn, 0d, 7n, Hg, etc( Ho6e,er hea,y /etal- li2e d, Gn, 0d, Hg, and there are great concern 3ecau-e of their
!otential effect- on hu/an health, agricultural and en,iron/ental(
1.*. M!IN+A !)(I,(A
7oringa oleifera, fa/ily /oringaceac i- a nati,e tree in arid and -e/i-arid region- in the -outhern Hift ,alley of
@5HI&IA( 5he local far/er- u-e the -!ecie- a- one of the /aBor ara3le tree inter-cro! in /ulti--torey -y-te/
e-!ecially 3y the 2on-o !eo!le in ga/ogofa( 7orinaoleifera ha- a6ide range of ada!tation fro/ arid to hu/id
cli/ate- 6ith a !ro-!ect of to 3e gro6n in a 6ide range of land u-e cla--e-( 5he !otential gro6th area fall in a
rainfall rangefro/ 300-)400// !er year 6ith -oil reaction of ;-* 7ayer >))?( It doe- not reCuire fertile -oil- in
Sudan a- re!orted in 7ayer >*?(
7oringa oleifera, a -/ooth 3ar2ed deciduou- tro!ical !lant, i- a traditional /edicinal and nutritional !ilot in
@thio!ia >))?(It i- 6idely di-tri3uted in -outh 6e-tern !art of @thio!ia at an altitude range of a3out ))00 to );00
7eter-( 5he /aBor gro6ing area- are Ar3a/ich, Negelle and Fellayta -odo( 7oringa oleifera i- co//only
called -hifera6 in A/haric >8?( 7oringaoleiferaco//enlyu-edin fol2 /edicine- a- anti /alarial, anti
hy!erten-i,e, again-t -to/ach !ain, anti dia3etic, anti chole-terol, anti -!a-/odic and to eA!el retained
!lacecentae during 3irth >$?(

*. MAT(IA)S AND M(T-!DS
5hi- cha!ter -tart- 3y !re-enting and di-cu--ing a3out the -tudy area, eA!eri/ental -ite and -a/!ling !rocedure(
It al-o goe- through the detailed /ethodology follo6ed in the eA!eri/ent -uch a- eA!eri/ental !rocedure,
/aterial- and reagent- u-ed and /ethod of data analy-i-( =inally, it 6ind- u! 3y -!ecifying the analytical /ethod,
and -oft6are u-ed(
*.1. (.perimental Site
Sa/!le 7oringa &leifera Iea,e- 6ere collected fro/ Fu2ro Agricultural 0ollege 6hich i- located in northern
!art of @thio!ia in 5igray National Hegional -tate, @a-tern 5igray Gone, 6u2ro 6ereda at a di-tance 82; 2/
fro/ Addi- A3a3a, 4; 2/ fro/ 7e2elle( It- a-trono/ical location i- 3$
0
3*
J
Northern latitude and 3$
o
2$
J
@a-tIongitude( 5he -a/!le 7oringa &leifera lea,e- 6a- rando/ly collected( 5he lea,e- 7oringa 6ere -et in
6hite !la-tic( 5he re!re-entati,e -a/!le 6a- air dried in the la3oratory, and then !lace in an o,en to co/!lete
the drying at a te/!erature of a3out )0#
o
c(5he dried -a/!le 6ere cru-hed in to !o6dered for/ and -ie,ed to
o3tain fine-t !o6der(
*.*. Apparatus
5he follo6ing a!!aratu- 6ere u-ed in the -tudy1 -ie,e of 0(# // /e-h -i8e-K cruci3leK analytical 3alance
(&HA+S, /ade in S6it8erland"K o,en (9enla3, +D"K ty!e )#00 furnace, de-iccator-, and Ato/ic A3-or!tion
S!ectro!hoto/eter( All gla--6are u-ed 6ere rin-ed and -oa2ed in )0L (,<," HN&
3
o,ernight( 5hey 6ere rin-ed
6ith de-ioni8ed 6ater and dried 3efore u-e(
*./. eagents and #0emicals
Heagent and che/ical- u-ed during the la3oratory 6ere all analytical gradeK $$(;L Ni(N&
3
"
2
(;H
2
&, $$L
0uS&
4
(#H
2
& and $$(4L 7n0l
2
(4H
2
&( HN&
3
(;#L" 6a- u-ed for .ige-tion of the -a/!le(
a. 1reparation of Standard solutions
.eter/ination the /etal concentration in the eA!eri/ental -olution 6a- 3a-ed on cali3ration cur,e( In !lotting
the cali3ration cur,e- Nic2el, 7angane-e, co!!er -toc2 -olution- of )000 !!/ 6ere !re!ared 3y di--ol,ing )(;g
Ni (N&
3
"
2
(;H
2
&, 2(*4g 7n0l
2
(4H
2
0 and 2(83g 0uS&
4
(#H
2
& in de-ioni8ed 6ater re-!ecti,ely( Blan2 -olution
6ere !re!ared for the /ethod- and for the -tandard 6or2ing -olution, to !re!are )00 !!/, )0 /l of the -tandard
Ni (N&
3
"
2
(;H
2
o, 7n0l
2
(4H
2
& and 0u-o
4
(#H
2
& -toc2 -olution 6ere !itted and added in to )00 /l cali3rated
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (a!er" ISSN 222#-0$3% (&nline"
'ol(4, No()*, 20)4

fla-2- finally diluted 6ith de-ioni8ed 6ater and the -olution 6a- /iAed thoroughly( Net to!re!are#0!!/
-tandard -olution of each /etal, #0 /l each of )00 !!/ -toc2 -olution 6a- !i!ette in to )00 /l ,olu/etric fla-2-
and diluted 6ith de-ioni8ed 6ater(
6or2ing -olution 2(#, #, )0, 20, 30 /l 6a- !i!ette fla-2- fro/ #0 !!/ -tandard -olution in to #0 /l cali3rated
fla-2- and /ade u! to ,olu/e 6ith .e
*.2. Sample 1reparation
7oringa &leifera lea,e- -a/!le 6ere 6a-hed thoroughly 6ith ta! 6ater follo6ed 3y de
in the o,en at a te/!erature of )0#
o
and !e-tle to o3tain fine !article- that !a-- through a 0(# // /e-h and 2e!t dry in a !olyethylene 3ag in
de-iccator- until analy-i-(
*.3. Digestion Met0ods
*.3.1. Dry As0ing
&ne gra/ of each -!ice -a/!le 6a- !laced into !orcelain cruci3le( 5he furnace te/!erature 6a- -lo6
increa-ed fro/ roo/ te/!erature to 3#0M0( 5he -a/!le 6a- a-hed for a3out 3 hr until a 6hite or grey a-h
re-idue 6a- o3tained( 5he re-idue 6a- di--ol,ed in # /l of HN&
)0 /I ,olu/etric fla-2 and /ade u! to ,olu/e >)*?(
*.4. Determination of Detection )imits
.etection li/it i- the lo6e-t concentration le,el that can 3e deter/ined at $#L confidence le,el or the /ini/u/
concentration that can 3e detected 3y the analytical /ethod 6ith a gi,en certainty( =or a /ea-ure/ent, detection
li/it can 3e !ro!erly e-ti/ated fro/ the -tandard de,iation of -e,eral 3lan2 deter/ination- >)8?( 5here are
nu/erou- 6ay- of deter/ining detection li/it- of a gi,en /ea-ure/ent( A general acce!ted definition of
detection li/it i- the concentration that gi,e-
3ac2ground -ignal( In thi- -tudy the detection li/it of each ele/ent 6a- calculated a- three ti/e- the -tandard
de,iation of the 3lan2 (3N 3lan2, n O #", a- -u//ari8ed in 5a3le 2(
5a3le )( For2ing 0ondition- of Ato/ic A3-or!tion S!ectro-co!y
@le/ent Fa,elength
n/
Slit Fidth n/
0u 324(8 ) (0
Ni 23# )(0
7n 2*$(# )(0

ID) 5instrument detection limit MD) 5met0od detection limit

/. (S")T AND DIS#"SI!N
/.1. Total Metal #oncentrations in t0e sample
7oringa -a/!le 6ere analy-ed for three hea,y /etal-( 5hree of the /etal- na/ely /angane-e (7n", co!!er (0u"
and Nic2el (Ni" are e--ential /icronutrient-(
5a3le 2, 7ean concentration (/g<2g" of trace /etal- in the ,ariou- !art of 7oringa oleifera
Hea,y /etal (/g<2g"
7oring oleifera
0urrent re-ult
re,iou- re-ult-
er/i--i3le le,el- in
food a- !er FH& P =A&

5he cali3ration cur,e 6ere !lot- a- a function of A3-or3ance '- concentration of the -tandard-olution- in thi-
-tudy three cali3ration cur,e- 6ere !lotted for t
in /g<2g in the lea,e -a/!le 6a- Ni :0u:7n( And all the /etal concentration- are 3elo6 the FH& guide line(

6. #!N#)"SI!N AND (#!MM(NDATI!N
6.1. #onclusion
In thi- -tudy the /etal content of -o/e fre-hly !re!ared and co//ercially a,aila3le
@thio!ian 7oringa oleifera ha- 3een in,e-tigated(
5he le,el of /etal- o3tained -ho6ed a co/!ara3le re-ult 6ith other re!orted ,alue- in -o/e ca-e-( 5he
concentration of Ni in,e-tigated in thi- -tudy 6a- highe
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
0$3% (&nline"
#4
ioni8ed 6ater and the -olution 6a- /iAed thoroughly( Net to!re!are#0!!/
-tandard -olution of each /etal, #0 /l each of )00 !!/ -toc2 -olution 6a- !i!ette in to )00 /l ,olu/etric fla-2-
ioni8ed 6ater( =inally to !re!are 0(#, )(0, 2(0, 4(0, ;(0, !!/ aliCuot ion of thi- -tandard
6or2ing -olution 2(#, #, )0, 20, 30 /l 6a- !i!ette fla-2- fro/ #0 !!/ -tandard -olution in to #0 /l cali3rated
fla-2- and /ade u! to ,olu/e 6ith .e-ioni8ed 6ater (A&A0, )$$#"(
7oringa &leifera lea,e- -a/!le 6ere 6a-hed thoroughly 6ith ta! 6ater follo6ed 3y de-ioni8ed 6ater and dried
o
0 for 24 hr 6a- dried in o,en and dried -a/!le- 6ere ground u-ing /ortal
in fine !article- that !a-- through a 0(# // /e-h and 2e!t dry in a !olyethylene 3ag in
&ne gra/ of each -!ice -a/!le 6a- !laced into !orcelain cruci3le( 5he furnace te/!erature 6a- -lo6
te/!erature to 3#0M0( 5he -a/!le 6a- a-hed for a3out 3 hr until a 6hite or grey a-h
re-idue 6a- o3tained( 5he re-idue 6a- di--ol,ed in # /l of HN&
3
(2#L, ,<,"( 5he -olution 6a- tran-ferred to a
)0 /I ,olu/etric fla-2 and /ade u! to ,olu/e >)*?(
ination of Detection )imits
.etection li/it i- the lo6e-t concentration le,el that can 3e deter/ined at $#L confidence le,el or the /ini/u/
concentration that can 3e detected 3y the analytical /ethod 6ith a gi,en certainty( =or a /ea-ure/ent, detection
it can 3e !ro!erly e-ti/ated fro/ the -tandard de,iation of -e,eral 3lan2 deter/ination- >)8?( 5here are
nu/erou- 6ay- of deter/ining detection li/it- of a gi,en /ea-ure/ent( A general acce!ted definition of
detection li/it i- the concentration that gi,e- a -ignal three ti/e- the -tandard de,iation of the 3lan2 or
3ac2ground -ignal( In thi- -tudy the detection li/it of each ele/ent 6a- calculated a- three ti/e- the -tandard
de,iation of the 3lan2 (3N 3lan2, n O #", a- -u//ari8ed in 5a3le 2(
0ondition- of Ato/ic A3-or!tion S!ectro-co!y
Slit Fidth n/ Ia/! 0urrent /A I.I /g<I 7.I /g<I
4-)0 0(008 0(003
4-)0 0(04 0(003
4-)0 0(0) 0(003
ID) 5instrument detection limit MD) 5met0od detection limit

/.1. Total Metal #oncentrations in t0e sample
7oringa -a/!le 6ere analy-ed for three hea,y /etal-( 5hree of the /etal- na/ely /angane-e (7n", co!!er (0u"
d Nic2el (Ni" are e--ential /icronutrient-(
5a3le 2, 7ean concentration (/g<2g" of trace /etal- in the ,ariou- !art of 7oringa oleifera
0u Ni
2(8;; 0(043; 3(2002

2($0; 0(02# 2($802 0(0)2
4(0 3(#
5he cali3ration cur,e 6ere !lot- a- a function of A3-or3ance '- concentration of the -tandard-olution- in thi-
-tudy three cali3ration cur,e- 6ere !lotted for the /etal-( 5a3le 2 -ho6- the /ean concentration- of trace /etal-
in /g<2g in the lea,e -a/!le 6a- Ni :0u:7n( And all the /etal concentration- are 3elo6 the FH& guide line(
#!N#)"SI!N AND (#!MM(NDATI!N
o/e fre-hly !re!ared and co//ercially a,aila3le
@thio!ian 7oringa oleifera ha- 3een in,e-tigated(
5he le,el of /etal- o3tained -ho6ed a co/!ara3le re-ult 6ith other re!orted ,alue- in -o/e ca-e-( 5he
concentration of Ni in,e-tigated in thi- -tudy 6a- higher than the ,alue- re!orted 3y different author- cited in
666(ii-te(org
ioni8ed 6ater and the -olution 6a- /iAed thoroughly( Net to!re!are#0!!/
-tandard -olution of each /etal, #0 /l each of )00 !!/ -toc2 -olution 6a- !i!ette in to )00 /l ,olu/etric fla-2-
=inally to !re!are 0(#, )(0, 2(0, 4(0, ;(0, !!/ aliCuot ion of thi- -tandard
6or2ing -olution 2(#, #, )0, 20, 30 /l 6a- !i!ette fla-2- fro/ #0 !!/ -tandard -olution in to #0 /l cali3rated
ioni8ed 6ater and dried
0 for 24 hr 6a- dried in o,en and dried -a/!le- 6ere ground u-ing /ortal
in fine !article- that !a-- through a 0(# // /e-h and 2e!t dry in a !olyethylene 3ag in
&ne gra/ of each -!ice -a/!le 6a- !laced into !orcelain cruci3le( 5he furnace te/!erature 6a- -lo6ly
te/!erature to 3#0M0( 5he -a/!le 6a- a-hed for a3out 3 hr until a 6hite or grey a-h
(2#L, ,<,"( 5he -olution 6a- tran-ferred to a
.etection li/it i- the lo6e-t concentration le,el that can 3e deter/ined at $#L confidence le,el or the /ini/u/
concentration that can 3e detected 3y the analytical /ethod 6ith a gi,en certainty( =or a /ea-ure/ent, detection
it can 3e !ro!erly e-ti/ated fro/ the -tandard de,iation of -e,eral 3lan2 deter/ination- >)8?( 5here are
nu/erou- 6ay- of deter/ining detection li/it- of a gi,en /ea-ure/ent( A general acce!ted definition of
a -ignal three ti/e- the -tandard de,iation of the 3lan2 or
3ac2ground -ignal( In thi- -tudy the detection li/it of each ele/ent 6a- calculated a- three ti/e- the -tandard
7.I /g<I =la/e ty!e
0(003 Hich<yello6
0(003 Iean<3lue
0(003 Iean<3lue
7oringa -a/!le 6ere analy-ed for three hea,y /etal-( 5hree of the /etal- na/ely /angane-e (7n", co!!er (0u"
5a3le 2, 7ean concentration (/g<2g" of trace /etal- in the ,ariou- !art of 7oringa oleifera
7n
)()0#0

2(2043 0(003
2(#
5he cali3ration cur,e 6ere !lot- a- a function of A3-or3ance '- concentration of the -tandard-olution- in thi-
he /etal-( 5a3le 2 -ho6- the /ean concentration- of trace /etal-
in /g<2g in the lea,e -a/!le 6a- Ni :0u:7n( And all the /etal concentration- are 3elo6 the FH& guide line(
5he le,el of /etal- o3tained -ho6ed a co/!ara3le re-ult 6ith other re!orted ,alue- in -o/e ca-e-( 5he
r than the ,alue- re!orted 3y different author- cited in
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (a!er" ISSN 222#-0$3% (&nline"
'ol(4, No()*, 20)4

thi- !a!er( 5he concentration of the /etal- 0u, Ni and 7n i-
, and )()0#0
acce!ta3le le,el (/aAi/u/ 4(0 /g<2g"(

6.*. ecommendations
5he follo6ing reco//endation- are /ade a- a re-ult of the outco/e of thi- -tudy
5hi- -tudy /ight 3e re!eated 6ith I0
5he concentration- of hea,y /etal- in 7oringa -hould 3e a--e--ed(
If it i- !o--i3le -a/!le 6ould 3e directly -a/!led fro/ the area- of culti,ation
7onitoring of the le,el- of hea,y /etal- in 7oringa -hould 3e encouraged(

2. (,(AN#(
>)?( Shen2in, a (2004"( 5he role of /ineral and trace ele/ent- in relation to long
inK Alli-on S P 9& 'IF ed-(7eta3olic i--ue- of clinical Nutrition !!
>2?( 7ader, S((200;", @--ential of Biology, 7cgra6 Hill !u3li-her N(Q(
>3?( &
(
.eland-unde H(A ()$$*", Hand 3oo2 of Nutritionally @--ential @le/ent-, Ne6 Qor2, 7ar
>4?( 7erian, @ ()$$)", 7etal- And 5heir co/!ound- in the en,iron/ent ('0H, N@Fyor2"(
>#?( Alle-io, I ()$$2", Heference ,alue- for -tudy of lo6 doe-, -cience- of the total @n,iron(
>;?( 9oyer, H(A( ()$$)", RtoAic effect- of hea,y /etal-J
and .oull- 5oAicology 4
th
ed (erga/o/ !re--, Ne6 Qor2( !! ;23
>*?( 7e2onnen Q( 9e--e--e A( .ocu/entation of the u-e- of /oringaoleifera and it- !o--i3le anti lei-h/alial,
@thio!ia Bournal of -cience )$$812)-
>8?( 7e2onnen Q( , effect of ethanol eAtract of /ringaoleifera lea,e- on guinea, !ig- and /ou-e -/ooth /u-cle,
!hytothra!y He-earch )$$$1)31442-444
>$?( 5e-ho/e B, 7e2onnen y, +/eta 7( =ood ,alue of 7oringa olefera(200)K.e!art/ent of BiologyK Addi-
A3a3a +ni,er-ity, @thio!ia(
>)0?( John SA, 5he traditional do/e-tication of the /ulti !ur!o-e tree /oringaoleifera (Ba2f" cuff, in the
@thio!ia Hift 'alley, A/3io )$$)K 201 244
>))?( 7engel, D(K Dir23y, @( A( Principles of plant nutrition
S6it8erland, 1748, !! 3;*-#)$(
>)2?( Bar3er, S( A( Soil Nutrient Bioavailability
1786, !! 22$-3;)(
>)3?( +(0( 0hatur,edi,H( Shri,a-ta,a and H(D(+!reti, ,irel infection- and trace ele/ent-K a co/!leA in
current -cience,8*,)),2004
>)4?( A3u-5ar3ou-h, H( 7(, H( A( Al
e,aluation of -o/e honey ty!e-( Food Chem
>)#?( Ioannidou, 7(.(, 9(A( Gachariadi-, A(N( Anthe
/etal- in honey and -ugar- u-ing inducti,ely cou!led !la-/a ato/ic e/i--ion -!ectro/etry(
>);?(Io!e8 9arcia, I(, ( 'ina-, 0( Blanco, 7( Hernande8 0ordo3a, )$$$( .eter/inatio
honey fro/ different floral origin- 3y flo6 inBection analy-i- cou!led to ato/ic -!ectro-co!y(
food science and technology, 34144)
>)* ?(7u-tafa S(, 5(7u-tafa, N(I3rahi/ and S(Hayati, 2004(0o/!ari-on of dig
deter/ination of trace /etal content- in -!ice -a/!le- !roduced in 5ur2ey(
Food and Drug Analysis, Vol !"# $%, P"&'
>)8?(7iller, J( N(, J( 0( 7iller, 2000( Stati-tic- and 0he/o /etric- for Analytical 0he/i-try
Practice (all1 @nglandK !! )20 S)22(



Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
0$3% (&nline"
##
thi- !a!er( 5he concentration of the /etal- 0u, Ni and 7n i- 2(8;; 0(043;, 3(2002
Tg<2g re-!ecti,ely( 5hi- concentration i- 3elo6 the FH&
acce!ta3le le,el (/aAi/u/ 4(0 /g<2g"(
5he follo6ing reco//endation- are /ade a- a re-ult of the outco/e of thi- -tudy
5hi- -tudy /ight 3e re!eated 6ith I0-&@S to co/!are the /etal content- of 7oringa
5he concentration- of hea,y /etal- in 7oringa -hould 3e a--e--ed(
!o--i3le -a/!le 6ould 3e directly -a/!led fro/ the area- of culti,ation
7onitoring of the le,el- of hea,y /etal- in 7oringa -hould 3e encouraged(
>)?( Shen2in, a (2004"( 5he role of /ineral and trace ele/ent- in relation to long-ter/ heal
inK Alli-on S P 9& 'IF ed-(7eta3olic i--ue- of clinical Nutrition !!
>2?( 7ader, S((200;", @--ential of Biology, 7cgra6 Hill !u3li-her N(Q(
.eland-unde H(A ()$$*", Hand 3oo2 of Nutritionally @--ential @le/ent-, Ne6 Qor2, 7ar
>4?( 7erian, @ ()$$)", 7etal- And 5heir co/!ound- in the en,iron/ent ('0H, N@Fyor2"(
>#?( Alle-io, I ()$$2", Heference ,alue- for -tudy of lo6 doe-, -cience- of the total @n,iron(
>;?( 9oyer, H(A( ()$$)", RtoAic effect- of hea,y /etal-J
ed (erga/o/ !re--, Ne6 Qor2( !! ;23-;80(
>*?( 7e2onnen Q( 9e--e--e A( .ocu/entation of the u-e- of /oringaoleifera and it- !o--i3le anti lei-h/alial,
-28*-2$3(
thanol eAtract of /ringaoleifera lea,e- on guinea, !ig- and /ou-e -/ooth /u-cle,
444
>$?( 5e-ho/e B, 7e2onnen y, +/eta 7( =ood ,alue of 7oringa olefera(200)K.e!art/ent of BiologyK Addi-
n SA, 5he traditional do/e-tication of the /ulti !ur!o-e tree /oringaoleifera (Ba2f" cuff, in the
@thio!ia Hift 'alley, A/3io )$$)K 201 244-24*
Principles of plant nutrition, 'ol )), International ota-h
Soil Nutrient Bioavailability ) A *echanistic Approach( John Filey and Son-,Ne6 Qor2,
>)3?( +(0( 0hatur,edi,H( Shri,a-ta,a and H(D(+!reti, ,irel infection- and trace ele/ent-K a co/!leA in
5ar3ou-h, H( 7(, H( A( Al-Dahtani, 7( S( @l-Sarrage, )$$3( =loral-ty!e identification and Cuality
Food Chemi-try, 4;1)3-)*(
>)#?( Ioannidou, 7(.(, 9(A( Gachariadi-, A(N( Anthe/idi-, J(A( Strati-, 200#( .irect deter/ination of toAic trace
/etal- in honey and -ugar- u-ing inducti,ely cou!led !la-/a ato/ic e/i--ion -!ectro/etry(
>);?(Io!e8 9arcia, I(, ( 'ina-, 0( Blanco, 7( Hernande8 0ordo3a, )$$$( .eter/ination of /ineral ele/ent- in
honey fro/ different floral origin- 3y flo6 inBection analy-i- cou!led to ato/ic -!ectro-co!y(
, 34144)-44$(
>)* ?(7u-tafa S(, 5(7u-tafa, N(I3rahi/ and S(Hayati, 2004(0o/!ari-on of dige-tion !rocedure- for the
deter/ination of trace /etal content- in -!ice -a/!le- !roduced in 5ur2ey( +ournal of
Food and Drug Analysis, Vol !"# $%, P"&')"&,
>)8?(7iller, J( N(, J( 0( 7iller, 2000( Stati-tic- and 0he/o /etric- for Analytical 0he/i-try
)22(

666(ii-te(org
0(043;, 3(2002
( 5hi- concentration i- 3elo6 the FH&
&@S to co/!are the /etal content- of 7oringa

ter/ health and chronic di-ea-e,
.eland-unde H(A ()$$*", Hand 3oo2 of Nutritionally @--ential @le/ent-, Ne6 Qor2, 7arrcel, .e22er(
>4?( 7erian, @ ()$$)", 7etal- And 5heir co/!ound- in the en,iron/ent ('0H, N@Fyor2"(
>#?( Alle-io, I ()$$2", Heference ,alue- for -tudy of lo6 doe-, -cience- of the total @n,iron(
ca-arett
>*?( 7e2onnen Q( 9e--e--e A( .ocu/entation of the u-e- of /oringaoleifera and it- !o--i3le anti lei-h/alial,
thanol eAtract of /ringaoleifera lea,e- on guinea, !ig- and /ou-e -/ooth /u-cle,
>$?( 5e-ho/e B, 7e2onnen y, +/eta 7( =ood ,alue of 7oringa olefera(200)K.e!art/ent of BiologyK Addi-
n SA, 5he traditional do/e-tication of the /ulti !ur!o-e tree /oringaoleifera (Ba2f" cuff, in the
, 'ol )), International ota-h In-titute, Berne,
( John Filey and Son-,Ne6 Qor2,
>)3?( +(0( 0hatur,edi,H( Shri,a-ta,a and H(D(+!reti, ,irel infection- and trace ele/ent-K a co/!leA interection,
ty!e identification and Cuality
/idi-, J(A( Strati-, 200#( .irect deter/ination of toAic trace
/etal- in honey and -ugar- u-ing inducti,ely cou!led !la-/a ato/ic e/i--ion -!ectro/etry( -alanta, ;#1$2S$*(
n of /ineral ele/ent- in
honey fro/ different floral origin- 3y flo6 inBection analy-i- cou!led to ato/ic -!ectro-co!y( Spanish .ournal of
e-tion !rocedure- for the
>)8?(7iller, J( N(, J( 0( 7iller, 2000( Stati-tic- and 0he/o /etric- for Analytical 0he/i-try, 4
th
ed( Pearson
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