Resistivities of common metals and alloys

Material (10
-8
-
m)
Aluminum (Al) 2.6
Brass 6
Carbon (C) 350
Constantan
(60% Cu and 40% Ni)
50
Copper (Cu) 1.7
an!anin
("4% Cu# 12% n and 4%
Ni)
44
Ni$%rome 100
&il'er (A!) 1.5
(un!sten ()) 5.6
Inferred absolute zero temperatures
Materials Inferred absolute
zero (C)
Aluminum *236
Copper# annealed *234.5
Copper# %ard*dra+n *242
,ron *1"0
Ni$-el *147
&il'er *243
&teel# so.t *21"
(in *21"
(un!sten *202
/in$ *250
Common primary cells
Cell Name Classicati
on
!olta"e
per cell
Carbon*0in$
(1e$lan$%e $ell)
2rimar3 1.5
/in$ C%loride 2rimar3 1.5
an!anese 4io5ide
(Al-aline)
2rimar3 6
&e$ondar3
1.5
er$uri$ 75ide 2rimar3 1.35
&il'er 75ide 2rimar3 1.5
Common secondary cells
Cell Name Classicati
on
!olta"e
per cell
an!anese 4io5ide
(Al-aline)
2rimar3 6
&e$ondar3
1.5
1ead*a$id &e$ondar3 2.1
Ni$-el*Cadmium
(Ni*Cd)
&e$ondar3 1.25
Ni$-el*,ron
(8dison Cell)
&e$ondar3 1.2
Ni$-el*metal
%3dride
(Ni*m%)
&e$ondar3 1.2
&il'er*0in$ &e$ondar3 1.5
&il'er*$admium &e$ondar3 1.1
Color Codin" #able
Color 1st di"it $nd
di"it
Multiplie
r
#oleranc
e (%&)
Reliabilit
y
(&'1000
(r)
#emperatu
re
coe)cient
(ppm'C)
Bla$- 0 0 10
0
20 * 0
Bro+n 1 1 10
1
1 1 *33
9ed 2 2 10
2
2 0.1 *75
7ran!e 3 3 10
3
3 0.01 *150
:ello+ 4 4 10
4
;<= 0.001 *220
;reen 5 5 10
5
5 * *330
Blue 6 6 10
6
* * *470
<iolet 7 7 10
7
* * *750
;ra3 " " 10
"
* * >30
)%ite ? ? 10
?
* * >500
;old * * 0.1 5 * >100
&il'er * * 0.01 10 * B3pass
None * * * 20 * *
=;<@;uaranteed inimum <alueA *0%# >100%
==4ouble*+idt% band indi$ates +ire+ound t3pe
NoteA B.t% band on some $olor*$oded resistors indi$ates t%e resistorCs reliabilit3 in per$ent
o. .ailures per 1000%ours o. use
Memory aids for resistor color code
*ielectric
Material
r (+vera"e
value)
<a$uum 1.0000
Air 1.0006
(eDon 2.0
2aper# paraEned 2.5
9ubber 3.0
(rans.ormer oil 4.0
i$a 5.0
2or$elain 6.0
Ba-elite 7.0
;lass 7.5
4istilled )ater "0.0
Barium*strontium
titanite ($erami$)
7500.0
*ielectric stren"t( of some dielectric
material
*ielectric
Material
*ielectric
,tren"t(
(+vera"e !alue)
in !'mil)
Air 75
Barium*strontium
titanite ($erami$)
75
2or$elain 200
(rans.ormer oil 400
Ba-elite 400
9ubber 700
2aper# 2araEned 1300
(eDon 1500
;lass 3000
i$a 5000
#ypical (-parameter values
(-
parameter
C- C. CC
%i 20 1- 1-
%r 3 5 10
*4
2.5 5 10
*4
1
%. * 0.?" 50 * 50
%o 0.5 & 25 & 25 &
Comparison bet/een transistor
con"urations
0aramete
r
C- C. CC
,nput
impedan$e
(/i)
1o+ oderate Fi!%
7utput
,mpedan$e
(/o)
Fi!% oderate 1o+
Current
!ain (Ai)
1o+
( 1)
oderate Fi!%
<olta!e
!ain (A')
Fi!% oderate
1o+
( 1)
2o+er !ain
(Ap)
oderate Fi!% 1o+
2%ase &%i.t None 1"0 none
Comparison bet/een transistor
models
Model Common 1sa"e
(*eGui'alent
$ir$uit
Hno+n as t%e transistor
p%3si$al representation
8bers*oll
model
4C anal3sis
F3brid model &mall si!nal anal3sis
F3brid*pi model
or ;ia$olleto
model
Fi!% .reGuen$3 anal3sis
43nami$ or re
model
&mall si!nal and lar!e
si!nal anal3sis