Communications

The Radio Frequency Spectrum

Band name
ABBR
ITU
band
frequency wavelength
propagation
mode
< 3 Hz > 100,000 km -
Etreme!y !o" #requency E$F 1 3%30 Hz 100,000 km % 10,000 km -
Super !o" #requency S$F & 30%300 Hz 10,000 km % 1000 km -
'!tra !o" #requency '$F 3 300%3000 Hz 1000 km % 100 km -
(ery !o" #requency ($F ) 3%30 kHz 100 km % 10 km *round +a,e
$o" #requency $F - 30%300 kHz 10 km % 1 km *round +a,e
.edium #requency .F / 300%3000 kHz 1 km % 100 m *round +a,e
Hi0h #requency HF 1 3%30 .Hz 100 m % 10 m Sky +a,e
(ery hi0h #requency (HF 2 30%300 .Hz 10 m % 1 m Space +a,e
'!tra hi0h #requency 'HF 3 300%3000 .Hz 1 m % 100 mm Space +a,e
Super hi0h #requency SHF 10 3%30 *Hz 100 mm % 10 mm Space +a,e
Etreme!y hi0h #requency EHF 11 30%300 *Hz 10 mm % 1 mm Space +a,e
Tremendou4!y hi0h #requency THF 300 *Hz 3000*H5 < 1 mm
Sate!!ite4
$o" Earth 6r7it (!"# .edium Earth 6r7it ($!"#
*eo4tationary 8
*eo4ynchronou4 (%!"#
6r7it Hei0ht 100 - 300 mi /,000 - 1&,000 mi &&,300 mi
6r7ita! ,e!ocity 11,-00 mph 3-20 mph /213 mph
6r7ita! time 9period: 1;- hour4 --1& mph &) hour4
Sate!!ite <,ai!a7i!ity 1- min per or7it & - ) hour4 per or7it &) hour4 per or7it
6peratin0 Frequency 1;0 *Hz to &;- *Hz 1;& *Hz - 1;// *Hz & *Hz - 12 *Hz
.otoro!a=4 >ridium Sate!!ite 4y4tem 9//-
4ate!!ite con4te!!ation #or mo7i!e phone
4y4tem:
*?S, @<(ST<R
Sate!!ite c!a44i#ication to 4ize
&i'e $ass Cost
$ar0e Sate!!ite > 1,000 k0 > A 100 .
Sma!! Sate!!ite -00 - 1,000 k0 A -0 - 100 .
.ini Sate!!ite 100 - -00 k0 A - - &0 .
.icro Sate!!ite 10 - 100 k0 A & - 3 .
@ano Sate!!ite < 10 k0 < A 1 .
$oudne44 !e,e!
0 - 1- dB ,ery #aint
1- - 30 dB #aint
30 - /0 dB moderate
/0 - 20 dB !oud
20 - 130 dB ,ery !oud
130 dB dea#enin0
.icro"a,e #requency 7and4
Band (requency in %)'
$ 1-&
S &-)
C )-2
D 2-1&
Eu 1&-12
E 12-&1
Ea &1-)0
.i!!imeter )0-300
Su7-mi!!imeter >300
10 6cta,e4 o# human hearin0
14t octa,e &0 - )0 Hz
ower Bass
&nd octa,e )0 - 20 Hz
3rd octa,e 20 - 1/0 Hz
Upper Base
)th octa,e 1/0 - 3&0 Hz
-th octa,e 3&0 - /)0 Hz
ower $idrange /th octa,e /)0 - 1&20 Hz
1th octa,e 1&20 - &-/0 Hz
2th octa,e &-/0 - -1&0 Hz Upper midrange
3th octa,e -1&0 - 10&)0 Hz
Treble
10th octa,e 10&)0 - &0)20 Hz
6ptimum ,o!ume per per4on #or ,ariou4
type4 o# ha!!
Type of )all
"ptimum *olume
+person (m
,
#
concert ha!!4 1;1
>ta!ian-type opera
hou4e4
);& - -;&
churche4 1;1 - 3;3
cinema4 3;1
Room4 #or 4peech &;2
Sound ?re44ure $e,e!4
&ource &- (dB#
#ainte4t audi7!e 4ound 0
"hi4per &0
Fuiet re4idence 30
So#t 4tereo in re4idence )0
Speech ran0e -0-10
ca#eteria 30
?neumatic Gack hammer 30
$oud cro"d noi4e 100
<cce!eratin0 motorcyc!e 100
Rock concert 1&0
Het En0ine 91- #eet a"ay: 1)0
6ptimum re,er7eration 9I-00 to 1kHz:
Room (unction Reverberation time (s#
Recordin0 and
7roadca4tin0 4tudio4 0;)- - 0;--
E!ementary c!a44room4 0;/ - 0;2
?!ayhou4e4, intimate
drama production 0;3 - 1;1
$ecture and con#erence
room4 0;3 - 1;1
Cinema 0;2 - 1;&
4ma!! theater4 1;& - 1;)
Hi0h 4choo! auditorium4 1;- - 1;/
*enera! purpo4e
auditorium4 1;- - 1;/
Churche4 1;) - 3;)
Super *roup Carrier Frequency
.// $astergroup U.// $astergroup
&upergroup
Carrier
frequency
(0)'#
&upergroup
Carrier
frequency
(0)'#
1 /1& 13 111/
& Jirect 1) 13/)
3 111/ 1- 1/1&
) 13/) 1/ 12/0
- 1/1& 11 &102
/ 12/0 12 &3-/
1 &102 J&- &/-&
2 &3-/ J&/ &300
3 &1&) J&1 31)2
10 3100 J&2 333/
<TKTL4 FJ. Hierarchy
*B channels %roups supergroups mastergroups 1umbogroups
%roup 1& - - - -
supergroup /0 - - - -
mastergroup /00 -0 10 - -
2umbogroup 3/00 300 /0 / -
&uper1umbogroup 10200 300 120 12 3
CC>TTL4 FJ. Hierarchy
*B channels %roups supergroups mastergroups
%roup 1& - - -
supergroup /0 - - -
mastergroup 300 &- - -
2umbogroup 300 1- 1- 3
Ji0ita! .u!tip!ein0 Hierarchy 9@orth <merican:
ine Type
3igital
&ignal
Bit rate
($bps#
Channel
Capacity
4 of T5 &ervices "ffered $edium
JS0 /)E7p4 18&) o# T-1 t"i4ted pair
T1 JS1 1;-)) &) 1 (B te!ephone t"i4ted pair
T1C JS1c 3;1-& )2 & (B te!ephone
t"i4ted pair,
micro"a,e
T& JS& /;31& 3/ ) (B te!, picture phone Coa, micro"are
T3 JS3 ));13/ /1& &2
(B te!, picture phone,
T(
Coa, #i7er optic4
T). JS) &1);11/ )03& 1/2
4ame a4 T3 7ut more capacity
#i7er optic4
Ji4tre44 Frequency
aeronautical 1&1;- .Hz
$aritime 9radiote!e0raphy: &12& kHz
CB 9)0 channe!4, 2Em: &/;3/--&1;)1- .Hz
.otor4
$otor
class
ma6
temperature
(
/
C#
< 10-
B 130
F 1--
H 120
.ode identi#ication #or
.u!ti,i7rator
C75 C78 $ode
Re4i4tor Re4i4tor Bi4ta7!e
Re4i4tor Capacitor .ono4ta7!e
Capacitor Capacitor <4ta7!e
Jata rate4
%-R& 110 k7p4
!3%! 32) k7p4
,% & .7p4
Bluetooth 1&0 E7p4
(iber
"ptics
10 *7p4
modulation technique Application
F<. - ?SE Ji0ita! .icro"a,e
*FSE 9JECT:Cord!e44 phone
*.SE *?RS
2?SE EJ*E
B?SE CJ.<
M8)-JF?SE J-<.?S
9?reci4e K Standard ?o4itionin0 Ser,ice:
%-& --& &-&
horizonta! && m 100 m
,ertica! &1;1 m 1-/ m
Time inter,a! &00 n4ec 3)0 n4ec
.a0netic Fie!d >nten4ity
!quator 3&,000 nT
7orth -ole /),000 nT
(e!ocity o# Sound
9ater -000 #t84ec
&teel -1-0 m84
9ood 3300 m84
Hapane4e .u!tip!ein0 Hierarchy
evel 3ata Rate ($bps# Channel Capacity
1 1;-)) &)
& /;31& 3&
3 3&;0/) )20
) 31;1&2 11)0
- -/-;1)2 1/20
European 4tandard
evel 3ata Rate ($bps#
Channel
Capacity
time
slots
E-1 &;0)2 30 3&
E-& 2;))2 1&0 1&2
E-3 3);3/2 )20 -1&
E-) 133;&/) 13&0 &0)2
E-- -/-;33& 1/20 213&
!!CTR"7IC&
Summary #or a!! &-input 0ate4
Inputs "utput of each gate
A B A73 7A73 "R 7"R !:;"R !:;7"R
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
Typica! Characteri4tic4 o# >C $o0ic Fami!ie4
IC ogic (amily (an "ut
-ower
3issipation (m9#
-ropagation
3elay (ns#
7oise
margin (*#
Standard TT$ 10 10 10 0;)
Schottky TT$ 10 && 3 0;)
$o" po"er Schottky TT$ &0 & 10 0;)
EC$ &- &- & 0;&
C.6S -0 0;1 &- 3
$e,e! o# >nte0ration
evel "f Integration 7o< of gates per chip
Sma!! Sca!e >nte0ration 9SS>: !e44 than 1&
.edium Sca!e >nte0ration 9.S>: 1&-33
$ar0e Sca!e >nte0ration 9$S>: 100-3,333
(ery $ar0e Sca!e >nte0ration 9($S>: 10,000-33,333
'!tra $ar0e Sca!e >nte0ration 9'$S>: 100,000 or more
<mp!i#ier
E!ectron Capacity N 8n
8
Amplifier class efficiency
conduction
angle
input signal
used
< -0O 3/0P 100O
<B -1-33O 121P to 3-3P > -0O < 100O
B 12O 120P -0O
C 2-O 0P to 113P -0O
!nergy
evel
(-rincipal
=uantum
7umber#
&hell
etter
!lectron
Capacity
1 E 8
& $ >
3 . 5>
) @ ,8
- 6 12
/ ? 2
1 F &
&pecifications Cable Type
$a6 ength
(m#
10Ba4eT 'n4hie!ded T"i4ted ?air 100
10Ba4e& Thin Coa Ca7!e 120
10Ba4e- Thick Coa Ca7!e -00
10Ba4eF Fi7er optic ca7!e &000
100Ba4eT 'n4hie!ded T"i4ted ?air 100
100Ba4eTD 'n4hie!ded T"i4ted ?air &&0
T( channe! Frequency a!!ocation
channel
4
(requency band
($)'#
& ?@ - /0
$o" (HF Channe!4
3 /0 - //
) // - A8
- A. - 2&
/ 2& - 22
22 - 102 F. 7and
1 5A@ - 120
Hi0h Band (HF
Channe!4
2 120 - 12/
3 12/ - 13&
10 13& - 132
11 132 - &0)
1& &0) - &10
13 &10 - &1/
1)-23 )10-230 'HF
Re4onant % Circuit Feed7ack 64ci!!ator4
"scillator Type :5 :8 :,
Hart!ey $ $ C
Co!pitt4 C C $
C!app C C Serie4 $C 9net $:
?ierce Cry4ta! C C Cry4ta! 9net $:
Colpitts tapped capacitor
)artley tapped inductor
Armstrong .a0netic Coup!in0
Clapp 4erie4 $C
IC types
(i!m
)y7rid
$ono!ithic
IC
pac0aging
T6
F!atpack
J>?
A&I$" Honda
=RI" Sony
)UB" Eorea
Robosapien toy !ike ro7ot
Bang;bang Robot $imit 4top
B!ackout
R5 +eak 7!ack out
R8 10 min4
R, < 1 hour
R@ 1-& hour4
R? more than & hour4
Common!y ma0netized a!!oy4
-ermalloy &&O iron and 12O nicke!
)iperni0 )0O Fe and /0O @i
-erminvar @i )3O, >ron 3)O, Co7a!t &3O
Constantan )0-/0O copper 8 thermocoup!e4
7ichrome 1--&0O chromium and ha4 hi0h e!ectrica! re4i4tance
.o7i!e ?hone4 9+:
; Analog 3igital
Class I 0;/ )
Class II 1;/ 1;/
Class III 3 0;/
C<T(
Class I T( Channe!8Station-- o##-the-air channe!4, JBS #eed4
Class II "8o aui!iary equipment % 4cram7!in0
Class III "8 aui!iary equipment
Class I* pro,ide4 4i0na!in0 path C<T(, ??(
S'F #or 3* 9.Hz8mi!!ion:Q
(requency paired unpaired
- .Hz ? -. ? 3.
--10 2. /.
10-1- 10. 2.
>1- 1-. 1&.
$-!% 5 CJ8internet
$-!% 8 9JCT: - J(J - S(CJ ripper
$-!% , HJT(
$-!% @ Ji,D
$-!% A
.u!timedia content Je4cription >nter#ace
$-!% 85 .u!timedia Frame"ork
7/7 'n-.od carrier, @o in#o
A5A Te!e0raphy
C,( (SB T #or T( 4i0na!
(5B FSE
(>! F. 4tereo .u 4i0na!
A,C <. Fa
(,C F. Fa
A,! <. Te!ephony, JSB
(,! F. Te!ephony
%,! ?. Te!ephony
),! SSB FC
2,! SSB SC
R,! SSB RC
Brain wavesB
C % < 3 Hz
D % ) to 2 Hz
E % 2 to 1& Hz
F % 13 to 30 Hz
.ono!ithic >C 9Rm:
transistor &0 1&
resistor / 30
diodes 10 1-
?acka0in0
evel / Re4i4tor, diode4 9non repaira7!e part4:
evel 5
Su7-modu!e4 attached to circuit card4
evel 8 circuit card4, mother 7oard4 etc;
evel ,
Jra"er4
evel @ Ca7inet4
spi0e /000, in 4ec
surge 110O
dip + sag 20O - 2- O
I&;@5 Roamin0
I&;?@ J-<.?S
I&;G? CJ.< 6ne
I&;5,. TJ.<, @orth <merican Ji0ita! Ce!!phone
I&;5,.<8 roamin0, M8)-JF?SE
6? <.?S
$ 5/5 *enera! purpo4e 6?-<mp
$ A@5C >ndu4trie4 Standard
"- 5AAA '!tra ?reci4ion <mp
secondary cell battery
!ead-acid
nicke! cadmium
4i!,er-zinc
4i!,er-cadmium
- AC (mA# at ./ )' 3C (mA#
-erception 0 to 1 0 to )
&urprise 1 to ) ) to 1-
Refle6 action ) to &1 1- to 20
$ascular inhibition &1 to )0 20 to 1/0
Respiratory failure )0 to 100 1/0 to 300
(atal 6,er 1/00 300m<
Commercia!4 9minute4:
-rogram
duration
$A "UT;$A
/0 1- 11
30 1;- 2;-
1- 3;- )
- 1-4ec 1;-
?ho4phor
-5 *reen 64ci!!o4cope
-@ +hite .onochrome
-88 R*B co!ored
-,5 *reen 64ci!!o4cope
; %-& %"7A&&
&atellites
&) &1 93 4pare:
"rbital -lanes / 3
&atellites + -lanes ) 2
-lane &eparation /0
0
1&0
0
&atellite &eparation /0
0
)-
0
Inclination --
0
/);2
0
"rbital -eriod 1& Hour4 11 Hour4 K 1-min4
Altitude &0,&00 km 13,100 km
Type4 o# Ro7ot4
&emi;Autonomous @eed4 4ome human inter,ention
Autonomous @eed4 no human inter,ention
Tele;"perated Remote contro!!ed
Androids Re4em7!e human4
Cyborgs .iture o# human and machine part4
Automatons <utomatica!!y #o!!o" pro0rammed in4truction4
.icrophone4
ow H )igh H
dynamic cry4ta!
car7on conden4er
ri77on e!ectret
Curie temperature 9
0
C:
Cobalt 1130
Iron 110
7ic0el 3-2
%ondolinium 1/
.ooreL4 $a" 97p4:
8/5? 8/?/
1 Bi!!ion -00 Tri!!ion
Broad7and "ire!e44 acce44 #or #ied, nomadic, mo7i!eQ 9.Hz:
>.T &000 maimum
data rate
F!icker noi4e (o!ta0e
Ca7!e T(Q
@ame4 and <ccomp!i4hment
I 5 5;8 8;, ,;? ?;5/ J 5/
)-0-)10 1300-1310 &)00-&)23 3)00-3/00 -1-0--3-0 101-0-10/-0
- 1320-1330 &-00-&100 - -)10--2-0 -
S!o" mo,in0 ,ehic!e4S ,>@ 0bps
Hi0h 4peed ,ehic!eS 5@@ 0bps
9ire;wound resistorK 0;01 R( to 0;&R(
Carbon;compositionK 0;1R( to &R(
carbon film 0;0-R(-3T(
metallic film (wire# 0;0&R(-0;&R(
matchin0 9RF: 1/ dB
termina! i4o!ation &2 dB
4ound carrier i4o!ator )0 dB
4puriou4 radiation reGection /0 dB
cro44 modu!ation 20 dB
adGacent channe! i4o!ation -/0 dB
audio 4i0na! !e,e! 1 dB
,ideo S@R #or modu!ator 3/ dB
Abraham Abesamis Chairman @TC
7eil Bhor
Ca!cu!ated the radiu4 and
,e!ocity o# e!ectron
!rnest Rutherford .ea4ure atomic radiu4
Christian )ulsmeyer Radar
Theodor $aiman Je,e!oped $<SER
Bac0ham L MA" C!ad 0!a44 #i7er
$arc Anderseen .6S<>C
7orio Taniguchi @anotech
Burell &mith .<C .other Board
Bob Mhan L *inton Cerf Je4i0ned TC?8>?
Ted )off Je4i0ned .icroproce44or
%ilbert )yatt >n,ented .icroproce44or
Isaac Asimov 3 !a" o# URo7otic4V, 13/3
Marel Nape0 coined Ro7ot, 13&0
Tim Bernes;ee designed HTTP
Tomas 9atson >B. #ounder
9illiam %ibson Cy7er4pace
3ouglas !ngelbart .ou4e
Bob $etcalfe Ethernet
arry Robert <rpanet
2ohn Barger +e7-!o0
Brattain and Bardeen >n,entor Tran4i4tor
2ohn -ierce Coined Wtran4i4torW
*inton Cerf FT?8Father o# internet
2ac0 st< Claire Milby >C
Ted 7elson Coined UHyper tetV
2ac0 Ras0in Founder o# .acinto4h
&eymour Roger Cray Super Computer
Bob 7oyce L %ordon $oore >nte! #air chi!d
%iovanni Caselli ?ante!e0raph
Antonio $eucci 1
4t
>n,entor o# the te!ephone
*ic )ayce Father o# +i-Fi
Agusta Ada Bryon +or!d 1
4t
Computer ?ro0rammer
&teve 2obsO &teven 9o'nia0 <pp!e computer
!dwin Armstron Superheterodyne 9radio:
$ar0 Tilden Ro7o4apien
)arry 7yquist @e0ati,e Feed7ack <mp!i#ier
Carl Beredic0s di4co,ered 0ermanium in 131-
3r Carl Hener de,e!opment o# zener diode
3r eo !sa0i in,ented tunne! diode
Randall and Boot >n,entor o# .a0netron
Richard (eynman 4u7atomic to atom manipu!ation
!rlang B do not reappear durin0 te4t period
!rlang C He!d in the 4y4tem unti! 4ati4#ied
-oisson 4ati4#ied or a7andoned
&CR @?@ X ?@?
3iac t"o )-!ayer SCR
Triac t"o SCR 7ack-to-7ack
(e!ocity Factor
Coa6 0;// 8 0;/-0;2
Twin lead 0;2
"pen wire 0;3
*<,8 3/00 7p4
*<,@bis 33;/ k7p4
*<G/ -/ k7p4
Turn4 Ratio o# Tran4#ormer
step up !e44 than unity
step down 0reater than unity
$a6well Bridge .edium F
)ay Bridge Hi0h F
RF>J #requency 7and4
13;--3 .Hz 13;-/1 .Hz
312 .Hz 3&0 .Hz
&))/ .Hz &)-) .Hz
.echanica! Con#i0uration4 o# >ndu4tria! Ro7ot4
Articulated arm or Goined- arm con#i0uration
&pherical configurations up, do"n, !e#t, ri0ht, pi,ot at certain an0!e
Cylindrical configuration 3/0
Cartesian or rectilinear up8do"n8!e#t8 ri0ht
&CARA 9Se!ecti,e Comp!iance
<44em7!y Ro7ot <rm:
) ai4 ro7ot "ith rotatin0 e!ement4 that mo,e
in 4in0!e p!ane
-roton & up quark4 1 do"n quark
7eutron & do"n quark4 1 up quark
F<D
- %roup 5 %roup 8 %roup ,
.in4 8 pa0e / 3 /-1- 4ec 8 pa0e
4can !ine4 8 inch 30 100
&tandard (ine &uperfine
100 or 32 &00 or 13/ )00 or 33&
B!uetooth
class
$a6imum -ermitted
dB -ower (m9+dBm#
Range
class 5 100 m+ 9&0dBm: Y100m
class 8 &;- m+ 9)dBm: Y10m
class , 1 m+ 90dBm: Y1m
I- version Addresses
>?,) &
3&
>?,/ &
1&2
+e!din0 Type
Carbon Arc 9elding 6ccurrence o# 7!o" ho!e4
!lectron Beam 9elding (acuum tu7e8 hi0h ,e!ocity e!ectron4 app!ied in the materia!4
&pot 9elding a type o# re4i4tance "e!din0
$I% (metal inert gas# hi0h depo4it rate8u4e4 con4uma7!e "ire e!ectrode4
TI% (tungsten inert gas# '4e4 non-con4uma7!e "ire e!ectrode4
-lasma arc 9elding "ine 0!a44 8 4hie!din0 0a4
-ressure 9elding atom-atom 7ond
!lectric Resistance &eam 9elding u4e4 di4c e!ectrode4