Hydrogen & Pin nhin liu

Vit bi Ha Hc Ngy Nay

Th nm, 18 Thng 3 2010 06:00 - Ln cp nht cui Th su, 19 Thng 3 2010 05:40
Ti tin rng mt ngy no , nc s c s dng nh nhin liu, rng hydrogen v oxy, hai
thnh phn to nn nc, c s dng n l hay kt hp, s cung cp mt ngun nhit v
nh sng v tn vi mc m than khng th so snh c. Ti tin rng khi cc m than
cn kit, chng ta s si m mnh nh nng lng t nc. Nc s l than ca tng
lai. Jules Vernes (1874).

Hn mt trm nm trc, Jules Verne trong cun tiu thuyt vin tng Hn o huyn
b tng d bo rng nc s l ngun nng lng ca tng lai, ging nh than
ang thnh hnh thi by gi vy. T , mt nim c gi m, thu ht s quan
tm ca nhiu nh khoa hc v mt ngun nng lng l tng, sch v gn nh v tn
cho con ngi: nc v mt thnh phn ca n, hydrogen.
Ngy nay, iu tin on nm xa ang dn tr thnh hin thc khi nhiu nc pht
trin trn th gii bt u hoch nh mc tiu hng n nn kinh t hydrogen
(hydrogen economy) trong chin lc nng lng ca mnh. Nn kinh t hydrogen l g?
N em li nhng li ch no cho cuc sng? Tin trnh i n mt nn kinh t
hydrogen c gp nhng kh khn cn tr no khng? Bi vit ny c gng gii p ln
lt phn no cc cu hi , t khi qut s lc cc vn k thut c bn, nhng
cng ngh sn xut, lu tr, ng dng hydrogen cho n nhng n lc hin nay trn
ton cu nhm hng n vin cnh nng lng sch v bn vng trong tng lai.

15.1. T nn kinh t da trn nhin liu ha thch n nn kinh t hydro

Nh cp cc phn trc, th gii chng ta ang b ph thuc nng n vo mt nn
kinh t nhin liu ha thch. Nhin liu ca a s cc phng tin giao thng hin ti: xe hi,
xe la, my bay l xng du. Hn na, mt t l kh cao cc nh my in l nhit in dng
du ha, kh thin nhin hay than . Nu khng c nhin liu ha thch, nn kinh t cng vi
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Hydrogen & Pin nhin liu
Vit bi Ha Hc Ngy Nay
Th nm, 18 Thng 3 2010 06:00 - Ln cp nht cui Th su, 19 Thng 3 2010 05:40
cc phng tin giao thng lin lc, vn ti, s ri vo khng hong, ngng tr. Gn nh ton
b nn kinh t, chnh xc hn l ton b x hi hin i ph thuc vo nhin liu ha thch.

Trong khi nhin liu ha thch ng mt vi tr quan trng trong vic a x hi n mc pht
trin nh ngy nay th n cng tn ti nhng vn nhc nhi ln: nhim khng kh, cc vn
mi trng nh trn du, nguy him v nng bng hn c l vn bin i kh hu ton
cu cng vi s nng ln ca tri t. Ngoi ra, nhin liu ha thch ch l ngun ti nguyn
hu hn khng th c ti to, v nn kinh t da trn nhin liu ha thch cn lm cho mt
s nc khng c nhiu ti nguyn s b ph thuc vo nhng nc vn c ngun du di do
vng Trung ng, t dn n nhiu h qu chnh tr v kinh t khc, thm ch c nhng
cuc chin tranh ginh du m.

Gia bi cnh , khi nim v mt nn kinh t hydro da trn ngun nng lng sch, di
do phc v mc tiu pht trin bn vng ca nhn loi xut hin nh mt gii php y tim
nng. Nn kinh t hydro l mt h thng lu tr, phn phi v s dng nng lng da trn
nhin liu chnh hydrogen. Thut ng ny c tp on General Motors t ra nm vo
1970. Nn kinh t hydrogen ha hn y li tt c nhng vn do nn kinh t da trn nhin
liu ha thch gy ra.

Mt cch tm tt, nhng li ch chnh ca nn kinh t hydrogen l:

- Khng gy nhim: khi hydrogen c s dng trong pin nhin liu, n l mt cng ngh
hon ton sch. Sn phm ph duy nht sinh ra l nc, do s khng lm ny sinh nhng
vn ng lo ngi nh trn du

- Khng thi ra kh gy hiu ng nh knh: qu trnh in phn nc to hydrogen khng h
to nn kh nh knh no. l mt qu trnh l tng v hon ho in phn hydrogen t
nc, hydrogen li ti kt hp vi oxygen to ra nc v cung cp in nng trong pin
nhin liu.

- Khng ph thuc v kinh t: khng dng du m cng c ngha l khng phi ph thuc vo
cc thng du nhp khu t nc ngoi.

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Hydrogen & Pin nhin liu
Vit bi Ha Hc Ngy Nay
Th nm, 18 Thng 3 2010 06:00 - Ln cp nht cui Th su, 19 Thng 3 2010 05:40
- Hydrogen c th c sn xut t nhiu ngun khc nhau: nht l t cc ngun nng lng
ti sinh.

Nh vy, nhng li ch v mt mi trng, kinh t v x hi ca hydrogen l rt ng k v
ngha. Tt c nhng th mnh ny to nn c hch mnh m hng nhn loi tin n nn
kinh t hydrogen.
15.2. Sn xut hydrogen

Hydrogen l nguyn t ph bin nht, cu thnh n 90% vt cht ca v tr (75% theo trng
lng). Mt Tri, hu ht cc ngi sao v mt s hnh tinh nh Jupiter (sao Mc hnh tinh
ln nht Thi Dng h) c to nn ch yu bi hydrogen. Phn ng tng hp ht nhn
gia cc ng v ca hydrogen, deuterium v tritium cung cp ngun nng lng khng l
cho mt tri v cc ngi sao, nh duy tr s sng.

Hydrogen l thnh vin nh nht v c cu trc n gin nht trong gia nh cc nguyn t ha
hc, ch gm mt proton v mt electron. Phn t hydrogen cha hai nguyn t hydrogen, l
kh khng mu, khng mi, khng v, rt d chy. Hydrogen c trng lng nh nht trong cc
loi kh v hydrogen dng nguyn cht gn nh khng tn ti trong t nhin.

Trn Tri t, hydrogen phn ln dng kt hp vi oxygen trong nc, hay vi carbon v cc
nguyn t khc trong v s cc hp cht hu c to nn c th mi loi ng thc vt. Khc
vi cc ngun nng lng c bn (v d nh du m c th bm trc tip t lng t ln ri s
dng), hydrogen l ngun nng lng th cp, tc l chng khng th c khai thc trc tip
m phi c to ra t mt ngun s cp ban u. iu ny l mt im bt li, nhng ng
thi li l im mnh ca hydrogen do ngi ta c th sn xut kh hydrogen t nhiu ngun
khc nhau, c bit t cc ngun nng lng ti sinh.

C ba phng php c bn to ra hydro:

+ Phng php chuyn ha hydrocarbon (nhin liu ha thch, sinh khi) bng nhit
(Reforming)

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Hydrogen & Pin nhin liu
Vit bi Ha Hc Ngy Nay
Th nm, 18 Thng 3 2010 06:00 - Ln cp nht cui Th su, 19 Thng 3 2010 05:40
+ Phng php in phn nc (Electrolysis)

+ Phng php sinh hc (Biological method)

15.2.1 Ha nhit nhin liu hydrocarbon

a) Ha nhit kh thin nhin vi hi nc (Natural gas steam reforming)
Qu trnh ny gm hai bc chnh.

Trc ht, kh thin nhin (vi thnh phn ch yu l methane) c tch carbon v chuyn
ha thnh hydrogennh hi nc dng siu nhit di p sut cao, xc tc thch hp nhit
khong 900C.

CH4 + H2O => CO + 3 H2 (15.1)

Carbon mono-oxide sinh ra li tip tc c phn ng vi hi nc v xc tc chuyn ha
thnh kh carbonic v to ra thm kh hydrogen.

CO + H2O => CO2 + H2 (15.2)

y l phng php cng nghip ph bin hin nay sn xut hydrogen. Tuy nhin phng
php ny khng c p dng to mt ngun nng lng m ch cung cp nguyn liu
cho cc ngnh ha cht, phn bn, tinh lc du m v.v.

b) Kh ha hydrocarbon nng (Gasification heavy hydrocarbon)

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Hydrogen & Pin nhin liu
Vit bi Ha Hc Ngy Nay
Th nm, 18 Thng 3 2010 06:00 - Ln cp nht cui Th su, 19 Thng 3 2010 05:40
Thut ng hydrocarbon nng l ni n du m v than . Than trc khi kh ha phi
c nghin thnh dng bt ri ha trn vi nc. Thng thng, nhin liu c ha nhit
khong 14000C vi oxygen hay khng kh (oxygen ha khng hon ton), to ra hn hp gm
hydrogen, carbon mono oxide (CO) v vi sn phm ph. CO sinh ra li tip tc c phn
ng vi hi nc v xc tc chuyn ha thnh kh carbonic v to ra thm kh hydrogen, tng
t nh bc th hai ca qu trnh ha nhit kh thin nhin.

R rng y khng phi l phng php ti u. Bt li ln nht ca n l s dng nhin liu
ha thch lm nguyn liu v ng thi cng lm nhin liu cung cp nhit lng cho qu
trnh. Nhin liu ha thch l ngun ti nguyn hu hn, thm vo , vic t chng to ra kh
carbonic gy hiu ng nh knh. Do phng php ny xt v lu di khng bn vng.

Tuy vy, phng php sn xut kh hydrogen t nhin liu ha thch v s cn chim u
th trong tng lai gn. L do chnh yu l do tr lng nhin liu ha thch cn tng i di
do, nht l i vi kh thin nhin. Hn na, nhng cng ngh ny (phng php sn xut
hydrogen cng nghip t kh thin nhin ni ring v nhin liu ha thch ni chung) kh
quen thuc trong cng nghip ha cht, trong khi c s h tng cho vic pht trin sn xut
hydrogen t cc ngun khc cn thiu thn. V vy, mt khi nhin liu ha thch vn cn r th
phng php ny vn c chi ph thp nht. Thm vo , hn ch mt tiu cc ny ca
nhin liu ha thch, ta c th dng cng ngh tch kh carbonic ri thu hi v chn lp chng
(Xem thm Chng 13).

c) Quy trnh hin i to ra hydrogen t kh thin nhin m khng thi ra CO2

T nhng nm 1980, Kvrner mt tp on du kh ca Na Uy pht trin cng ngh
mang tn Kvrner Carbon Black and Hydrogen Process (KCB&H). Nh my u tin da
trn quy trnh Kvrner hin i ny t Canada v bt u sn xut vo thng 6 nm 1999.
Quy trnh cung plasma Kvrner nhit cao (16000C) tch hydrogen v than hot tnh t
hp cht hydrocarbon nh du m hay kh thin nhin m khng thi ra CO2.

Than en tinh khit ny c dng trong sn xut v xe hi v dng nh cht kh trong cng
nghip luyn kim. Nh mt s tnh cht c bit m chng cn c th dng lu tr hydrogen
(ng carbonnano).

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Hydrogen & Pin nhin liu
Vit bi Ha Hc Ngy Nay
Th nm, 18 Thng 3 2010 06:00 - Ln cp nht cui Th su, 19 Thng 3 2010 05:40
d) Kh ha sinh khi v nhit phn (biomass gasification and pyrolysis)

Sinh khi c th c s dng sn xut hydrogen. u tin, sinh khi c chuyn thnh
dng kh qua qu trnh kh ha nhit cao c to ra hi nc. Hi nc cha hydrogen
c ngng t trong cc du nhit phn v sau c th c ha nhit sinh ra hydrogen.
Qu trnh ny thng to ra sn lng hydrogen khong t 12%-17% trng lng hydrogen
ca sinh khi. Nguyn liu cho phng php ny c th gm cc loi mnh g bo vn, sinh
khi thc vt, rc thi nng nghip v th v.v. Do cc cht thi sinh hc c s dng lm
nguyn liu nh vy, phng php sn xut hydrogen ny hon ton ti to c (renewable)
v bn vng.
15.2.2. in phn nc

Phng php ny dng dng in tch nc thnh kh hydrogen v oxygen. Qu trnh gm
hai phn ng xy ra hai in cc. Hydrogen sinh ra in cc m v oxygen in cc
dng:

Phn ng trn cathode: 2 H2O + 2e- => H2 + 2 OH- (15.3)

Phn ng trn anode: 2 OH- => H2O + O2 + 2e- (15.4)

________________________________________________________

Tng qut: 2 H2O + in nng => 2 H2 + O2 (15.5)

Sau y l mt s cc dng in phn ph bin:

a) in phn thng thng

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Hydrogen & Pin nhin liu
Vit bi Ha Hc Ngy Nay
Th nm, 18 Thng 3 2010 06:00 - Ln cp nht cui Th su, 19 Thng 3 2010 05:40
Qu trnh tin hnh vi cht in phn l nc hay dung dch kim. Hai phn ode v cathode
c tch ring bi mng ngn ion (microporous) trnh ha ln hai kh sinh ra.

b) in phn nc p sut cao

in phn nc p sut cao c th sinh ra hydrogen p sut n 5 MPa. Qu trnh vn ang
trong giai on nghin cu v hon thin dn.

c) in phn nc nhit cao

u im ca phng php ny l a mt phn nng lng cn thit cho qu trnh in phn
dng nhit nng, nhit 800-10000C vo qu trnh, do c th hn ch bt lng in
nng tiu th. Nhiu nghin cu hng n vic thu nhit t cc cho parabol tp trung
nng lng mt tri hay tn dng nhit tha t cc trm nng lng.

d) Quang in phn (photoelectrolysis)

Cc panel mt tri, cht bn dn (ng dng hin tng quang in), chuyn ha trc tip nh
sng mt tri thnh in nng. Kh hydrogen c sinh ra khi dng quang in ny chy qua
thit b in phn t trong nc. S dng nng lng mt tri to ra in dng trong in
phn nc, tng t, chng ta cng c th s dng cc ngun nng lng ti to khc nh
nng lng gi, thy in in phn nc to ra hydrogen. Nh th vic sn xut hydrogen
s l mt qu trnh sch (khng kh thi), ti sinh v bn vng.

15.2.3. Phng php sinh hc

Mt s to v vi khun chuyn bit c th sn sinh ra hydrogen nh l sn phm ph trong
qu trnh trao i cht ca chng. Cc sinh vt ny thng sng trong nc, phn tch nc
thnh kh hydrogenv oxygen. Hin ti, phng php ny vn ang trong giai on nghin
cu.
7 / 22
Hydrogen & Pin nhin liu
Vit bi Ha Hc Ngy Nay
Th nm, 18 Thng 3 2010 06:00 - Ln cp nht cui Th su, 19 Thng 3 2010 05:40

V d ca phng php ny l vic ng dng mt loi to n bo c tn Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii. Cc nghin cu cho thy loi to ny cha enzyme hydrogenase c kh nng tch
nc thnh hai thnh phn hydrogen v oxygen. Cc nh khoa hc xc nh c c ch
qu trnh, iu ny c th gip mang li mt phng php gn nh v hn sn xut
hydrogen sch v ti sinh. C ch ny pht trin qua hng triu nm tin ha gip to tn
ti trong mi trng khng c oxygen. Mt khi trong chu trnh ny, to th bng oxygen ly
t nc v gii phng ra kh hydrogen.

Gn y, cc nh khoa hc ti trung tm nng lng hydrogen ca trng H tiu bang
Pennsylvania cng nghin cu thnh cng phng php to ra hydrogen t qu trnh vi
khun phn hy cc cht thi hu c sinh hc, nh nc thi sinh hot, nc thi nng nghip
v.v. ng dng nghin cu ny s m ra trin vng to ln y hu ch, va kt hp x l nc
thi v va sn xut hydrogen cung cp cho pin nhin liu vi khun (micro-fuel cell), to ra
in nng.
15.3. Lu cha hydrogen

Vi vai tr chuyn ch nng lng (energy carrier) hn l mt ngun nng lng c bn,
ging nh in nng, hydrogen gip cho vic phn phi, s dng nng lng c thun tin.
Thm vo , khc vi in nng, hydrogen cn c th lu tr c lu di. V c bn c ba
phng thc lu tr hydrogen nh sau:

(i) Lu cha hydrogen trong cc bnh kh nn p sut cao.

(ii) Lu cha hydrogen di dng kh ha lng.

(iii) Lu cha hydrogen trong hp cht khc (hp th ha hc, hp ph trong hp cht khc
nh vi cc hyrua kim loi hay ng carbon nano rng).

15.3.1. Lu cha hydrogen di dng kh nn

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Hydrogen & Pin nhin liu
Vit bi Ha Hc Ngy Nay
Th nm, 18 Thng 3 2010 06:00 - Ln cp nht cui Th su, 19 Thng 3 2010 05:40
Hydrogen c th c nn trong cc bnh cha vi p sut cao. Cc loi bnh cha khc nhau
v cu trc ty theo dng ng dng i hi mc p sut nh th no. Phn ln cc bnh ng
dng tnh c mc p sut thp hn. Trong khi , yu cu cho cc ng dng di ng li kh
khc bit bi s hn ch v khng gian lu tr. i vi cc ng dng ny, p sut trong bnh
c tng ln n 700 bar cha c cng nhiu hydrogen cng tt trong mt khng gian
gii hn.

Cc bnh p sut cha kh nn thng lm bng thp nn rt nng. Cc bnh p sut hin i
c lm t nhng vt liu composite v nh hn nhiu.

15.3.2. Lu cha hydrogen di dng kh ha lng

Hydrogen ch tn ti th lng di nhit cc lnh, 200K hay m 2350C. Nn, lm lnh
(ha lng) hydrogen tiu tn kh nhiu nng lng, do tn tht nng lng hao ht n
khong 30% khi dng phng php ny. Tuy nhin, u im ca vic lu tr hydrogen di
dng lng l tn t khng gian nht, do hydrogen c t trng nng lng theo th tch cao nht
khi ha lng. V th m cch ny c bit thch hp vi cc ng dng di ng nh cc phng
tin giao thng. Hin ti ngi ta sn xut c nhng robot t ng tip nhin liu
(re-fuelling). Vi cc dng lu tr tnh, cch thc ny ch c dng khi hydrogen thc s cn
thit phi dng lng, v d nh trong cc trm nhin liu hay khi cn vn chuyn hydrogen
ng di (bng tu bin chng hn). Ngoi ra, vi tt c cc ng dng khc ta nn trnh dng
cch lu tr ny bi s tiu tn kh nhiu nng lng cn ha lng.

15.3.3. Lu cha hydrogen nh hp th ha hc

Hydrogen c th c gi trong nhiu hp cht nh lin kt ha hc. V khi cn thit, phn
ng ha hc s xy ra gii phng chng, sau hydrogen c thu thp v a vo s
dng trong pin nhin liu. Cc phn ng ha hc thay i ty theo hp cht dng lu tr
hydrogen. V d nh: vi NH3BH3, hydrogen c gii phng nh nhit 100-3000C; hay
hydrogen c th c gii phng qua qu trnh thy phn (tc dng vi nc) ca cc hydride
nh LiH, LiBH4, NaBH4 Vi phng php ny, ta c th iu chnh c lng hydrogen
sinh ra theo nhu cu.

15.3.4. Lu cha hydrogen trong cc hyrua kim loi (metal hydride)
9 / 22
Hydrogen & Pin nhin liu
Vit bi Ha Hc Ngy Nay
Th nm, 18 Thng 3 2010 06:00 - Ln cp nht cui Th su, 19 Thng 3 2010 05:40

Phng php ny s dng mt s hp kim c kh nng c o, c th hp ph hydrogen.
Cc hp kim ny hot ng ging nh ming xp c th ht nc vy, chng ht bm
hydrogen, to nn cc hyrua kim loi. Khi mt hyrua kim loi c lp kn dn vi cc
nguyn t kh hydrogen, n s ta nhit, do , khi mun gii phng hydrogen, ta s phi cung
cp nhit cho n.

Cng thc tng qut ca qu trnh hp ph v nh hp hyrua kim loi:

M + xH2 < => MH2x (15.6)

Phng php ny c th cha c mt lng rt ln th tch kh hydrogenhp ph vo kim
loi. Tuy nhin, lng hydrogen hp ph ch chim khong 1% 2% tng trng lng bnh
cha (kim loi). V th m cc bnh cha dng ny kh nng v v vy chng khng th s
dng trong cc ng dng di ng.

u im ca phng php ny l hu ht cc hyrua kim loi c th hot ng p sut bnh
thng, do xt v mt s dng v an ton, y l nhng im thun li ca vic lu tr
hydrogen nh cc hyrua kim loi. Mun gii phng kh hydrogen cn cung cp nhit, v th,
trng hp cc thng cha b b v chng hn th hydrogen vn gi kt ni trong kim loi m
khng b hao ht.

Lu tr hydrogen bng cc hyrua kim loi hin nay ang c ng dng nhiu trong cc tu
ngm.

15.3.5. Lu cha hydrogen trong ng carbon nano rng

Phng php ny v nguyn tc tng t nh hyrua kim loi trong c ch lu gi v gii
phng hydrogen. Vt liu carbon nano ny c th to nn mt cuc cch mng trong cng
ngh lu tr hydrogen trong tng lai. Cch y vi nm, cc nh khoa hc khm ph c
c tnh hu ch ca carbon nano l c th cha c nhng lng ln hydrogen trong cc vi
10 / 22
Hydrogen & Pin nhin liu
Vit bi Ha Hc Ngy Nay
Th nm, 18 Thng 3 2010 06:00 - Ln cp nht cui Th su, 19 Thng 3 2010 05:40
cu trc than ch dng ng. Hydrogen c th chui vo trong ng, cng nh vo khong trng
gia cc ng. Lng hydrogen hp th ph thuc vo p sut v nhit , nn v nguyn tc,
ngi ta c th thay i p sut hoc nhit , ri bm hydrogen vo lu tr, hay y
hydrogen ra s dng. Vn hin nay l phi tm ra cc loi ng nano carbon cha c
nhiu hydrogen. Ngoi ra, ta cng cn vt liu vi t l ng nano carbon cao, khng ln vi
nhiu loi bi than khc.

u im mang tnh t ph ca cng ngh nano ny chnh l lng ln hydrogen m n c th
lu cha c, hn na, so vi cch lu tr bng hp kim th ng carbon nano cng nh hn.
ng carbon nano c th cha c lng hydrogen chim t 4% 65% trng lng ca
chng. Hin nay, cng ngh ny ang c quan tm nghin cu rt nhiu trn th gii, ha
hn mt phng thc lu tr hydrogen y tim nng, nht l cho cc ng dng pin nhin liu
di ng v nh gn nh my tnh xch tay, my nh, in thoi di ngv.v.

Ngoi ra, cn mt phng php lu tr hydrogen khc tuy t ph bin nhng cng kh th v,
l cha hydrogen trong cc vi cu bng knh.

15.3.6. Lu cha hydrogen trong cc vi cu thy tinh (glass microsphere)

Cc khi cu thy tinh rng t hon c th c dng nh mt phng thc lu tr hydrogen an
ton. Nhng vi cu rng ny c lm nng do, gia tng kh nng thm ca thnh thy tinh,
ri c lp y khi c t ngp trong kh hydrogen vi p sut cao. Cc khi cu ny sau
c lm ngui, kha li hydrogen bn trong khi thy tinh. Khi ta tng nhit ,
hydrogen s c gii phng ra khi khi cu v s dng. Phng php vi cu ny rt an ton,
tinh khit v c th cha c hydrogen p sut thp, v th gia tng gii hn an ton.

15.4. Vn an ton

Hydrogen l kh khng mu, khng mi, khng v v rt hot ng. Khi hydrogen chy n mang
mi nguy him tim n bi ngn la ca n khng th nhn thy bng mt thng. Do n
c th lan i m ngi ta khng th nhn bit cnh bo. Tuy nhin, trong chng mc no
, hydrogen chy an ton hn cc nhin liu ha thch thng thng. Hydrogen c tc
bng chy rt cao v tiu tn mau. Do , nhng v chy, thm ch bt ngun t hydrogen
lng, thng bng ln rt nhanh ri ht. Theo tnh ton ca cc nh khoa hc cho thy mt
11 / 22
Hydrogen & Pin nhin liu
Vit bi Ha Hc Ngy Nay
Th nm, 18 Thng 3 2010 06:00 - Ln cp nht cui Th su, 19 Thng 3 2010 05:40
v chy xe c lin quan n xng du, m chy c th ko di hai mi n ba mi pht,
trong khi , ngn la t m chy ca chic xe chy bng lng hydrogen tng ng ch
ko di t mt n hai pht!

Hydrogen khi b t chy sinh ra nhit v hi nc. Do khng c carbon, hn na hi nc li
l cht hp th nhit nn hydrogen chy ta nhit t hn nhiu so vi khi cc hydrocarbon chy
v m chy khng lan i, ch c nhng vt trc tip b t di ngn la mi b chy nng.
Nhng vt khc gn ngn la s kh m t bt chy c. V th m mi nguy him v khi
c v vic chy lan ko di i vi hydrogen c gim i ng k. iu ny c ngha
rt quan trng trong vn cu ha.

T trng thp v kh nng khuch tn nhanh cho php hydrogen thot nhanh vo kh quyn
nu nh c s r r xy ra. Trong khi , propane v xng du, vi t trng cao v kh nng
khuch tn thp, d t li gn mt t, lm gia tng ri ro chy n. Hydrogen phi t n
nng 4% trong kh quyn mi gy nguy him, khi kh nng bt la ca hydrogen s
tng ln nhanh. Mc d nng 4% xem nh khng cao, nhng nu so snh vi nng cn
t bc chy ca xng du ch c 1%, hydrogen cho thy mc ri ro chy n thp hn ng
k.

Hydrogen khng c v khng n mn. Xng v du rt c vi con ngi v sinh vt nu nh
v tnh chng b r r ra mi trng bn ngoi. Trong khi , nu hydrogen b thot ra, chng s
bay hi gn nh hon ton v ch li nc ng sau.

15.5. ng dng nhin liu hydrogen

Chng ta kh quen thuc vi hnh nh hydrogen nh l nguyn liu cho nhiu ngnh cng
nghip ha hc: ch to ammonia, methanol, lc du, phn bn, luyn kim, m phm, cht bn
dn v.v. Th nhng, khng ch c vy, hydrogen cn l mt ngun nhin liu y tim nng vi
nhiu u im thun li v mi trng v kinh t. Hydrogen l ngun nng lng sch, gn
nh khng pht thi kh nhim m ch sinh ra hi nc. T nc qua qu trnh in phn ta
li c th thu c hydrogen. V vy, hydrogen l ngun nng lng gn nh v tn hay c th
ti sinh c. Hn na, xt v mt trng lng, hydrogen c t trng nng lng cc k cao.
Trn thc t, nh hai c tnh nh v t trng nng lng cao ny, hydrogen c dng lm
nhin liu cho tn la t nhng bui ban u ca cng ngh du hnh khng gian.

12 / 22
Hydrogen & Pin nhin liu
Vit bi Ha Hc Ngy Nay
Th nm, 18 Thng 3 2010 06:00 - Ln cp nht cui Th su, 19 Thng 3 2010 05:40
Khi dng lm nhin liu, hydrogen c th c t trc tip trong cc ng c t trong, tng
t nh trong cc loi phng tin giao thng chy bng xng du ph bin hin nay. Hydrogen
cng c th thay th kh thin nhin cung cp nng lng cho cc nhu cu dn dng hng
ngy nh un nu, si m, chiu sngv.v.

Mt khc, hydrogen cn c th c s dng lm ngun nng lng cung cp cho h thng
pin nhin liu, nh qu trnh in ha to ra in nng. Bn cnh nhng u im ca
hydrogen nh nu trn (sch, ti sinh), pin nhin liu cn chy rt m, khng gy ra ting
ng, chn ng nh ng c t trong. Do da trn c ch ca qu trnh in ha to ra in
nng ch khng phi qu trnh t nh ng c t trong, pin nhin liu cn t hiu sut s
dng cao hn nhiu so vi ng c t trong, v th m tit kim nng lng hn. Vi nhng
u th vt tri , pin nhin liu ang ngy cng c quan tm v d on s tr nn
ngun nhin liu y trin vng, mt thnh phn ch cht ca nn kinh t hydrogen trong vin
cnh tng lai.

15.6. Pin nhin liu

Trong khi th k 19 c mnh danh l th k ca ng c hi nc v th k 20 l th k ca
ng c t trong th ta c th ni, th k 21 s l k nguyn ca pin nhin liu. Pin nhin liu
hin nay ang dn c ph bin trn th trng, d on s to nn cuc cch mng nng
lng trn th gii trong tng lai. Pin nhin liu c th s dng hydrogen lm nhin liu, mang
n trin vng cung cp cho th gii mt ngun in nng sch v bn vng.

Tng t nh c quy, pin nhin liu l mt thit b to ra in nng thng qua c ch phn ng
in ha. im khc bit nm ch, pin nhin liu c th to ra dng in lin tc khi c mt
ngun nhin liu cung cp cho n, trong khi , c quy cn phi c np in li (sc) sau
mt thi gian s dng. V th m pin nhin liu khng cha nng lng bn trong, n chuyn
ha trc tip nhin liu thnh in nng, trong khi c quy cn phi c np in li t mt
ngun bn ngoi.

Mi pin nhin liu gm c hai in cc m (cathode) v dng (anode). Phn ng sinh ra in
nng xy ra ti hai in cc ny. Gia hai in cc cn cha cht in phn, vn chuyn cc
ht in tch t cc ny sang cc khc, v cht xc tc nhm lm tng tc phn ng. Cc
module pin nhin liu thng kt ni vi nhau, song song hay trc tip to ra cc thit b c
mc cng sut pht in khc nhau v ln hn.
13 / 22
Hydrogen & Pin nhin liu
Vit bi Ha Hc Ngy Nay
Th nm, 18 Thng 3 2010 06:00 - Ln cp nht cui Th su, 19 Thng 3 2010 05:40

Hai nhin liu c bn cn thit cho pin nhin liu vn hnh ch n gin l hydrogen v
oxygen. Li th hp dn ca pin nhin liu l ch n to ra dng in sch, rt t nhim, do
sn phm ph ca qu trnh pht in cui cng ch l nc, khng h c hi.

Cc phn ng ha hc to ra dng in chnh l cha kha trong c ch hot ng ca pin
nhin liu. C nhiu loi pin nhin liu v mi kiu vn hnh mt cch khc nhau nhng cng
chung nguyn tc c bn. Khi nhng nguyn t hydrogeni vo pin nhin liu, phn ng ha
hc xy ra anode s ly i electron ca chng. Nhng nguyn t hydrogenl c ny b ion
ha v mang in tch dng. Electron in tch m s chy qua dy dn to ra dng in mt
chiu.

Oxygen i vo cathode v, trong mt s dng pin nhin liu, chng s kt hp vi cc electron
t dng in v nhng ion hydrogen va i qua cht in phn t anode; mt s dng pin
nhin liu khc, oxygen ly electron ri i qua cht in phn n anode, gp v kt hp vi
cc ion hydrogen ti .

Cht in phn ng vai tr quyt nh ch cht. N phi ch cho php nhng ion thch hp i
qua gia anode v cathode; v nu electron t do hay cc cht khc cng c th i qua cht
in phn ny, chng s lm hng cc phn ng ha hc.

D cng gp anode hay cathode, kt hp vi nhau, hydrogen v oxygen cui cng cng to
ra nc, thot ra khi pin. Pin nhin liu s lin tc pht in khi vn c cung cp hydrogen
v oxygen. Di y l s m t hai phn ng c bn trong pin nhin liu m phn ng
tng qut ca chng chnh l phn ng nghch ca qu trnh in phn nc:

Phn ng trn anode: 2 H2 => 4 H+ + 4e- (15.7)

Phn ng trn cathode: O2 + 4 H+ + 4e- => 2 H2O (15.8)

__________________________________________________________
14 / 22
Hydrogen & Pin nhin liu
Vit bi Ha Hc Ngy Nay
Th nm, 18 Thng 3 2010 06:00 - Ln cp nht cui Th su, 19 Thng 3 2010 05:40

Tng qut: 2 H2 + O2 => 2 H2O + nng lng (in) (15.9)

Phn ng ha hc tng qut cho pin nhin liu cn tng t nh phn ng ha hc m t qu
trnh hydrogen b t chy vi s hin din ca oxy, tc cng l s kt hp gia kh
hydrogenv oxygen to nn nng lng; im lm nn s khc bit quan trng gia hai qu
trnh nm c ch phn ng phn ng chy to ra nhit trong khi phn ng in ha ca
pin nhin liu sinh ra in nng. Pin nhin liu chuyn i trc tip ha nng thnh in nng,
qu trnh ny khng lin quan n s chuyn ha nhit thnh c nng nn khng phi l i
tng ca nh lut nhit ng lc hc gii hn hiu sut ti a ca cc ng c nhit thng
thng (Carnot) . Do , hiu sut pin nhin liu c th vt c gii hn Carnot, thm ch
ngay c khi vn hnh nhit tng i thp.

15.7. Cc loi pin nhin liu

Pin nhin liu cng c mt s kiu khc nhau, ch yu cht in phn m chng s dng.
Trong khi c cht ch cho php proton (H+) i qua th c cht khc ch cho cc phn t phc
tp i xuyn qua mng. Cc cht in phn chng s dng cng c ly lm tn gi phn
bit cc dng pin nhin liu khc nhau, v d nh: AFC pin nhin liu kim, PEMFC pin
nhin liu mng trao i proton), PAFC pin nhin liu axit phosphoric, MCFC pin nhin liu
mui carbonate nng chy, SOFC pin nhin liu oxit rn Mi dng pin nhin liu c ch
vn hnh v nhng ng dng khc nhau s c ln lt gii thiu di y.

a) AFC (Alkaline Fuel Cell) pin nhin liu alkali (kim).

Pin nhin liu alkali (kim) vn hnh vi kh hydrogen nn v oxy, dng dung dch kim KOH
lm cht in phn. Hiu sut pin khong 70%, v hot ng t 150 n 200 C. Cng
sut u ra khong t 300W n 5kW. Do nh, nh, hiu sut cao nn phn ln loi pin nhin
liu alkali ny thng c dng trong cc phng tin xe c, giao thng.

Phn ng trn anode: 2 H2 + 4 OH- => 4 H2O + 4e- (15.10)

15 / 22
Hydrogen & Pin nhin liu
Vit bi Ha Hc Ngy Nay
Th nm, 18 Thng 3 2010 06:00 - Ln cp nht cui Th su, 19 Thng 3 2010 05:40
Phn ng trn cathode: O2 + 2 H2O + 4e- => 4 OH- (15.11)

________________________________________________________

Tng qut: 2 H2 + O2 => 2 H2O + nng lng (in) (15.12)

Pin nhin liu alkali tng c NASA chn s dng trong cc chng trnh khng gian nh
i tu Con Thoi v cc phi thuyn Apollo, ch yu bi v nng lng sinh ra t hiu sut n
70%. iu th v l, khng ch cung cp nng lng di dng in nng, pin nhin liu alkali
cn cung cp nc ung cho cc phi hnh gia. N i hi nhin liu hydrogen tinh khit v
cht xc tc in cc bng Platin (bch kim). V th m pin nhin liu alkali vn cn kh t
thng mi ha cho cc sn phm thng thng. Tuy nhin, mt s cng ty ang tm cch
gim gi thnh v tng tnh a dng ca loi pin nhin liu ny.

Thng 7/1998, cng ty xe c khng pht thi ZEVCO (the Zero Emission Vehicle Company)
tung ra chic taxi mu u tin ti London nc Anh . Chic taxi s dng mt b pin nhin
liu alkali 5kW, cht xc tc cobalt c thay cho bch kim (platin) gim chi ph, xe chy
khng sinh ra kh c v vn hnh rt m, gn nh khng gy ting ng nh nhng taxi chy
bng ng c t trong thng thng.

b) MCFC (Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell) pin nhin liu mui carbonate nng chy.

MCFC dng cc mui carnonate ca Na v Mg nhit cao lm cht in phn. Hiu sut
pin t t 60 n 80%, vn hnh nhit khong 6500C. Cc n v c cng sut u ra 2
MW c kt hp vi nhau v c th thit k cho cng sut n 100 MW. MCFC dng cht xc
tc in cc nikel nn khng t lm so vi xc tc in cc bch kim ca AFC. Tuy nhin,
nhit cao cng c mt hn ch v vt liu v an ton. Bn cnh , ion carbonate t cht
in phn s b s dng ht trong phn ng, i hi phi tip thm kh carbonic b vo.

Phn ng trn anode: CO32- + H2 => H2O + CO2 + 2e- (15.13)

16 / 22
Hydrogen & Pin nhin liu
Vit bi Ha Hc Ngy Nay
Th nm, 18 Thng 3 2010 06:00 - Ln cp nht cui Th su, 19 Thng 3 2010 05:40
Phn ng trn cathode: CO2+ O2 + 2e- => CO32- (15.14)

____________________________________________________________________

Tng qut: H2(k) + O2(k) + CO2 (cathode) => H2O(k) + CO2 (anode)+ in nng (15.15)

Pin nhin liu MC vn hnh nhit kh cao, v th a s cc ng dng ca n l cc nh
my, trm pht in ln (ng dng tnh). Nhit cao ca qu trnh vn hnh c th c tn
dng to nn thm mt ngun nng lng b sung t nhit tha si m, dng cho cc qu
trnh cng nghip hay ng c hi nc sinh ra thm in nng. Nhiu nh my nhit in
chy bng gas p dng h thng ny, gi l cogeneration (pht in kt hp). Nht Bn,
Hoa K ng dng cng ngh ny, xy dng cc nh my in pin nhin liu MC t thp k
90 ca th k trc.

c) PAFC (Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell) pin nhin liu axit phosphoric.

PAFC dng axit phosphoric lm cht in phn, c ch phn ng nh s (15.7)-(15.9). Hiu
sut pin c th t t 40 n 80%, v nhit vn hnh nm trong khong 150 n 200 C.
Cc pin nhin liu PAFC hin ti c cng sut n 200 kW, v thm ch 11 MW c th
nghim. PAFC c th chu c nng CO khong 1,5%, do m rng khong chn la
loi nhin liu m chng c th s dng. PAFC i hi in cc bch kim, v cc b phn bn
trong phi chng chu c n mn axit.

PAFC c pht trin, kim tra thc nghim t gia thp k 60 v 70 ca th k trc, l dng
pin nhin liu u tin c thng mi ha trn th trng nn n ngy nay PAFC c
c nhiu ci tin ng k nhm gim chi ph v tng tnh n nh, cht lng hot ng. H
thng PAFC thng c ci t cho cc ta nh, khch sn, bnh vin, cc thit b in (cc
ng dng tnh tng i ln) v cng ngh ny c ph bin Nht Bn, chu u v Hoa
K.

d) PEMFC (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell) pin nhin liu mng trao i proton.
17 / 22
Hydrogen & Pin nhin liu
Vit bi Ha Hc Ngy Nay
Th nm, 18 Thng 3 2010 06:00 - Ln cp nht cui Th su, 19 Thng 3 2010 05:40

PEMFC, (cn gi l Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell pin nhin liu mng in phn
polymer) c c ch phn ng nh s (15.7)-(15.9). Pin nhin liu PEM hot ng vi mt
mng in phn bng plastic mng. Hiu sut pin t 40 n 50%, v vn hnh nhit thp,
ch chng 800C. Cng sut dng ra kh linh hot c th ch l 2 kW cho cc ng dng nh, di
ng hay c trong khong t 50 n 250 kW cho cc ng dng tnh ln hn. Vn hnh nhit
thp nn PEM thch hp cho cc ng dng trong gia nh v xe c. Tuy nhin, nhin liu
cung cp cho PEM i hi phi c tinh sch (khng ln nhiu tp cht) v PEM cng cn
xc tc bch kim t tin c hai mt mng in phn, gia tng chi ph.

PEMFC ln u tin c s dng vo thp k 60 ca th k trc trong chng trnh khng
gian Gemini ca NASA, n nay pin nhin liu PEM c pht trin vi nhng h thng
cng sut thng thng t 1 W n 2 kW. Ngi ta tin rng PEMFC s l dng pin nhin liu
thch hp nht cung cp nng lng cho cc xe c, phng tin giao thng, v cui cng v
lu di s thay th cc ng c t trong chy bng xng du, diesel. So vi cc dng pin
nhin liu khc, PEMFC sinh ra nhiu nng lng hn vi cng mt th tch hay khi lng
nhin liu cho trc. Hn na, nhit vn hnh di 1000C cho php khi ng nhanh.
Nhng u im ny cng vi kh nng thay i linh hot, nhanh chng cng sut u ra
lm cho pin nhin liu PEM tr thnh ng c vin hng u cho cc loi xe hi hay nhng ng
dng di ng khc nh my tnh xch tayv.v.

Mt khc, do cht in phn l vt liu rn (mng), ch khn phi l cht lng nh nhng dng
pin nhin liu khc, vic nt kn cc kh pht ra t in cc cng n gin hn v do lm
gim chi ph sn xut. Mng in phn rn cng t gp kh khn trong khi vn hnh, t b n
mn hn so vi cc dng cht in phn khc, dn n ko di tui th ca pin hn.

e) SOFC (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) pin nhin liu oxit rn

SOFC s dng mt hp cht oxit kim loi rn (nh calcium hay zconium) lm cht in phn.
Hiu sut t c khong 60% v vn hnh nhit t 6000C n c 10000C. c pht
trin t cui nhng nm 50 ca th k trc, y l dng pin nhin liu vn hnh nhit cao
nht hin nay. Nhit cao cho php pin c th s dng c nhiu loi nhin liu u vo,
nh kh thin nhin, sinh khi hydrocarbon (trch xut ly hydrogen trc tip m khng cn
phi qua chuyn ha nhit). Cng sut u ra ca pin n 100 kW. Vn hnh nhit cao
nh vy, cht in phn l vt liu oxit rn, mng v cho php ion oxygen (O2-) i qua.

18 / 22
Hydrogen & Pin nhin liu
Vit bi Ha Hc Ngy Nay
Th nm, 18 Thng 3 2010 06:00 - Ln cp nht cui Th su, 19 Thng 3 2010 05:40
Phn ng trn anode: 2 H2 + 2 O2- => 2 H2O + 4 e- (15.16)

Phn ng trn cathode: O2 + 4e- => 2 O2- (15.17)

__________________________________________________________

Tng qut: 2 H2 + O2 => 2 H2O + nng lng (in) (15.18)

Cng ging nh pin nhin liu mui carbon nng chy, do vn hnh nhit kh cao nh
vy nn dng pin nhin liu ny thng ng dng gii hn trong cc h thng tnh kh ln v
nhit tha c th c ti tn dng to thm ngun in b sung.

5 dng pin nhin liu trn c ng dng trn thc nghim t lu. Ngoi ra, mt s dng
pin nhin liu khc ha hn nhiu trin vng vn ang cn trong nhng bc u giai on
nghin cu cng s c tip tc gii thiu di y.

f) DMFC (Direct Methanol Fuel Cell) pin nhin liu dng methanol trc tip

D cng ngh vn mi ch chp chng nhng bc ban u nhng th hin c mt s
thnh cng trong nhng ng dng nh in thoi di ng v my tnh xch tay (laptop), em
li trin vng y tim nng cho tng lai. DMFC tng t nh PEMFC ch cht in phn l
polymer v in tch vn chuyn l ion hydrogen (proton). Tuy nhin, vi DMFC, methanol
lng (CH3OH) b oxygen ha trong nc anode, sinh ra kh carbonic, ion hydrogen i qua
cht in phn v phn ng vi oxygen t khng kh v cc electron t dng in to thnh
nc anode, hon thnh chu trnh.

Phn ng trn anode: CH3OH + H2O => CO2 + 6 H+ + 6e- (15.19)

19 / 22
Hydrogen & Pin nhin liu
Vit bi Ha Hc Ngy Nay
Th nm, 18 Thng 3 2010 06:00 - Ln cp nht cui Th su, 19 Thng 3 2010 05:40
Phn ng trn cathode: 3/2 O2 + 6 H+ + 6e- => 3 H2O (15.20)

____________________________________________________________________

Tng qut: CH3OH + 3/2 O2 => CO2 + 2 H2O + nng lng (in) (15.21)

Khi mi bt u pht trin t u nhng nm 90 ca th k trc, DMFC lc y cha c ch
nhiu bi hiu sut v mt nng lng thp cng nh mt s vn khc. Tuy nhin
nhng ci tin trong cht xc tc v nhng pht trin gn y gia tng mt nng lng
ln gp 20 ln v hiu sut cui cng c th t c n 40%.

DMFC c th nghim khong nhit t 500C-1200C. Vi nhit vn hnh thp v
khng i hi phi qua bc chuyn ha thnh hydrogen m c th dung trc tip nhin liu
methanol, DMFC tr thnh ng c vin sng gi cho cc ng dng c t rt nh n trung
bnh nh in thoi di ng v cc sn phm tiu dng khc.

Mt trong nhng nhc im ca DMFC l nhit vn hnh thp i hi cht xc tc phi
hiu lc hn, c ngha lng xc tc bch kim t cn dng cng ln hn so vi dng
PEMFC thng thng. Ngoi ra, methanol cn l mt cht c. V th m mt s cng ty
bt tay vo vic pht trin cc pin nhin liu s dng ethanol trc tip (DEFC direct ethanol
fuel cell). Hiu sut ca DEFC hin nay mi ch khong mt na so vi DMFC, nhng d on
khong cch ny s ngy cng c rt ngn trong tng lai.

g) RFC (Regenerative Fuel Cell) pin nhin liu ti sinh.

RFC l mt h thng vn hnh thnh mt chu trnh kn v c th tr thnh nn tng c bn cho
nn kinh t hydrogen da trn cc ngun nng lng ti to. Pin nhin liu sinh ra in nng,
nhit v nc t hydrogen v oxygen s c s dng khp nn kinh t, cung cp nng lng
cho cc nh my, xe c, phng tin giao thng vn chuyn v cho cc nhu cu dn dng ca
h gia nh. Hydrogen c sinh ra t in phn nc, tch nc thnh hai thnh phn
hydrogen v oxy; qu trnh s dng nng lng ti to t cc ngun t nhin nh gi, mt tri
hay a nhit.
20 / 22
Hydrogen & Pin nhin liu
Vit bi Ha Hc Ngy Nay
Th nm, 18 Thng 3 2010 06:00 - Ln cp nht cui Th su, 19 Thng 3 2010 05:40

Mt h thng nh vy s khng i hi bt c dng pin nhin liu chuyn bit no, nhng s
cn c mt c s h tng phn phi hydrogen n cc pin nhin liu s dng. Tuy nhin
hin ti chng ta vn cha c c mt c s h tng phn phi hydrogen nh vy.

NASA ang tin hnh d n pht trin mt h thng pin nhin liu ti sinh nh v hiu qu
s dng trn chic my bay tn l Helios c th bay cao hn 30 km. Chic my bay trc
y chy bng cc panel nng lng mt tri. Mc tiu ca d n l tch hp c hai h thng
nng lng mt tri v pin nhin liu ti sinh.

H thng pin mt tri s cung cp nng lng cho my bay sut ban ngy v sinh ra ngun
hydrogen b sung, hydrogen c lu tr cung cp cho pin nhin liu s dng vo ban
m. Mt h thng nh vy dng hon ton nng lng sch v bn vng, c th gip chuyn
bay ko di c trong nhiu ngy.

h) ZAFC (Zinc-Air Fuel Cell) pin nhin liu km/khng kh

ZAFC va c nhng c tnh ca pin nhin liu va mang nhng tnh cht ca pin c quy.
Cht in phn trong ZAFC l cht s rn dng ion hydroxyl (OH-) lm cht mang in tch.
t c hiu sut in/nhin liu cao vI cc nhin liu hydrocarbon v mt dn cao
cho cht mang in tch, ZAFC vn hnh 7000C. in cc dng, anode, c lm t km
v c cung cp hydrogen hay thm ch c cc hydrocarbon. in cc m, cathode, c
tch khi ngun khng kh cp vo nh mt in cc phn tn kh GDE (gas diffusion
electrode), mt mng thm thu cho php oxygen khng kh i qua. cc m, oxygen phn
ng vi hydrogen to nn ion hydroxyl v nc.

Phn ng trn anode: CH4 + H2O => CO2 + 6 H+ + 6e- (15.22)

Zn + OH- => ZnO + H + e- (15.23)

Phn ng trn cathode: O2 + 2 H+ + 2e- => 2 OH- (15.24)
21 / 22
Hydrogen & Pin nhin liu
Vit bi Ha Hc Ngy Nay
Th nm, 18 Thng 3 2010 06:00 - Ln cp nht cui Th su, 19 Thng 3 2010 05:40

O2 + 4 H+ + 4e- => 2 H2O (15.25)

____________________________________________________________________

Tng qut: CH4 + 2 O2 => CO2 + 2 H2O + nng lng (in) (15.26)

Nhit vn hnh cao ca ZAFC lm cho n c kh nng chuyn ha nhit hydrocarbon trc
tip, khng cn mt thit b chuyn ha bn ngoi to ra hydrogen. Mt thun li khc ca
vic hot ng nhit cao ny l nhit tha c th c tn dng to ra hi nc p
sut cao, hu ch cho nhiu ng dng cng nghip v thng mi.

Cht in phn ca ZAFC cng c mt s u im tri hn so vi cc cht in phn khc. N
khng i hi nc bo ha nh mng polymer ca PEMFC v do vy khng b kh i ht nn
khng cn cc thit b kim tra gim st m hai in cc. Hn na, v l cht rn, s r
r cht in phn cng khng xy ra nh vi cc cht in phn lng. Tuy nhin, do in cc
dng bng km s b hao mn nn b phn ny thnh thong cn c thay th.

Ha hc ngy nay (st)

22 / 22