Allies of World War I

17/10/2014
Allies of World War I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Allies of World War I

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Entente Powers or Allies

(French: Forces de l'Entente / Allis;
Italian: Alleati; Romanian: Puterile
Antantei / Aliaii; Russian:
, Soyuzniki; Serbian:
, Saveznici) were the
countries at war with the Central
Powers during World War I. The
members of the Triple Entente were
the French Republic, the British
Empire and the Russian Empire;
Italy ended its alliance with the
Central Powers and entered the war
on the side of the Entente in 1915.
Japan was another important
member. Belgium, Serbia, Greece,
Montenegro, and Romania[1] were
secondary members of the Entente.[2]
A map of the World showing the participants in World War I. Those

fighting on the Entente's side (at one point or another) are depicted in
green, the Central Powers in orange, and neutral countries in grey.
The United States declared war on

Germany in 1917 on the grounds that
Germany violated U.S. neutrality by
attacking international shipping and
because of the Zimmermann
Telegram sent to Mexico.[3] The U.S.
entered the war as an "associated
power", rather than a formal ally of
European military alliances prior to the war.
France and the United Kingdom, in
order to avoid "foreign
entanglements".[4] Although the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria severed relations with the United States,
neither declared war.[5]
Although the Dominions and Crown Colonies of the British Empire made significant contributions to the
Allied war effort, they did not have independent foreign policies during World War I. Operational
control of British Empire forces was in the hands of the five-member British War Cabinet (BWC).
However, the Dominion governments controlled recruiting, and did remove personnel from front-line
duties as they saw fit.
From early 1917 the BWC was superseded by the Imperial War Cabinet, which had Dominion
representation. The Australian Corps and Canadian Corps were placed for the first time under the
command of Australian and Canadian Lieutenant Generals John Monash and Arthur Currie,[6]
respectively, who reported in turn to British generals. In April 1918, operational control of all Entente
forces on the Western Front passed to the new supreme commander, Ferdinand Foch.
The only countries represented in the 1918 armistice which ended combat on the Western Front[7] were
Britain, France and Germany.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I
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Contents
1 History
2 Major affiliated state combatants
2.1 United Kingdom
2.1.1 War justifications
2.1.2 Colonies and dependencies
2.1.2.1 In Europe
2.1.2.2 In Africa
2.1.2.3 In North America
2.1.2.4 In Asia
2.2 Russia
2.3 France
2.4 Serbia
2.5 Japan
2.6 Italy
3 Minor affiliated state combatants
3.1 Belgium
3.2 Brazil
3.3 Montenegro
3.4 Emirate of Nejd and Hasa
4 Major co-belligerent state combatants
4.1 United States
5 Non-state combatants
6 Leaders
6.1 France
6.2 British Empire
6.2.1 Dominion of Canada
6.2.2 Commonwealth of Australia
6.2.3 British India
6.2.4 Union of South Africa
6.2.5 New Zealand
6.2.6 Dominion of Newfoundland
6.3 Russia
6.4 Serbia
6.5 Montenegro
6.6 Greece
6.7 Belgium
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6.8 Italy
6.9 Romania
6.10 United States
6.11 Japan
6.12 Portugal
6.13 Siam
6.14 Brazil
7 Personnel and casualties
8 Summary of Declarations of War
9 See also
10 Footnotes
11 References
12 Sources
History
The original alliance opposed to the Central Powers was the
Triple Entente, which was formed by three Great European
Powers:
British Empire
French Republic
Russian Empire
The war began with the Austrian attack invasion of Serbia
on 28 July 1914, in response to the assassination of
Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The Austrian Empire followed
with an attack on the Serbian ally Montenegro on 8 August.
On the Western Front, the two neutral States of Belgium and
Luxembourg were immediately occupied by German troops
as part of the German Schlieffen Plan.
Of the two Low Countries, Luxembourg chose to capitulate,
and was viewed as a collaborationist State by the Entente
Powers: Luxembourg never became part of the Allies, and
only narrowly avoided Belgians efforts of annexation, at the
conclusion of hostilities in 1919. On 23 August Japan joined
the Entente, which then counted seven members.. The
entrance of the British Empire brought Nepal into the war.
A 1914 Russian poster depicting the Triple

Entente.
On 23 May 1915, Italy entered the war on the Entente side and declared war on Austria; previously, Italy
had been a member of the Triple Alliance but had remained neutral since the beginning of the conflict.
In 1916, Montenegro capitulated and left the Entente, and two nations joined, Portugal and Romania.
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On 6 April 1917 the United States and its American allies entered the war. Liberia, Siam and Greece
also became allies. After the October Revolution, Russia left the alliance and ended formal involvement
in the war, by the signing of the treaty of Brest Litovsk in November effectively creating a separate
peace with the Central Powers. This was followed by Romanian cessation of hostilities, however the
Balkan State declared war on Central Powers again on 10 November 1918. The Russian withdrawal
allowed for the final structure of the alliance, which was based on five Great Powers:
French Republic
British Empire
United States
Italy
Japan
Statistics of the Allied Powers (in 1913)[8]
Population
Land
GDP
173.2m
(176.4m)
21.7m km2 (22.1m

km2)
$257.7b
($264.3b)
39.8m (88.1m)
0.5m km2 (11.2m

km2)
$138.7b
($170.2b)
446.1m
33.3m km2
$561.2b
Empire of Japan (plus colonies)
55.1m (74.2m) 0.4m km2 (0.7m km2)
$76.5b ($92.8b)
Kingdom of Italy (plus colonies)
35.6m (37.6m)
0.3m km2 (2.3m 2 )
$91.3b ($92.6b)
96.5m (106.3m) 7.8m km2 (9.6m km2)
$511.6b
($522.2b)
79.2m km2
$1,703.3b
Russian Empire (plus Poland and Finland)

French Third Republic
The British Empire
United States (plus overseas

dependencies),[9]
Allied approximate total
928.7m
Major affiliated state combatants

United Kingdom
War justifications
In response to Germany's invasion of neutral Belgium, the United
Kingdom declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914.[10] The
British Empire held several semi-autonomous dominions that
were automatically brought into the war effort as a result of the
British declaration of war, including Australia, Canada,
Newfoundland, New Zealand, and South Africa.
Colonies and dependencies
In Europe
The Council of Four (from left to

right): David Lloyd George, Vittorio
Emanuele Orlando, Georges
Clemenceau and Woodrow Wilson in
Versailles
Gibraltar, Cyprus and Malta were British dependencies in

Europe.
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In Africa
The UK held several colonies, protectorates, and semiautonomous dependencies at the time of World War I. In Eastern
Africa the East Africa Protectorate, Nyasaland, both Northern
and Southern Rhodesia, the Uganda Protectorate, were involved
in conflict with German forces in German East Africa. In
Western Africa, the colonies of Gold Coast and Nigeria were
involved in military actions against German forces from
Togoland and Kamerun. In Southwestern Africa, the semiautonomous dominion of South Africa was involved in military
actions against German forces in German South-West Africa.
British soldiers in a trench during the

Battle of the Somme in 1916.
In North America
Canada and Newfoundland were two semi-autonomous

dominions during the war that made major military contributions
to the British war effort.
Other British dependent territories in the Americas included:
British Honduras, the Falkland Islands, British Guiana, and
Jamaica.
British battlecruiser HMS Lion hit by

shell fire during the Battle of Jutland.
In Asia
The UK held large possessions in Asia, including the British Raj

that were an assortment of British imperial authorities in the
territory then defined as India.
Australia and New Zealand were two semi-autonomous
dominions of the UK in Asia during the war.
Other British territories at the time included: British Malaya
referring to several Malay states under British control as a result
of the Straits Settlements; North Borneo; and Hong Kong.
British Sopwith Camel fighter aircraft

during the war.
Russia
In response to Austria-Hungary's invasion of Serbia in 1914,
Russian government officials denounced the Austro-Hungarian
invasion as an "ignoble war" on a "weak country".[11] Russian
government official Nikola N. Shebeko stated: "the attack on
Serbia by a powerful empire such as Austria, supposedly in order
to defend its existence, cannot be understood by anyone in my
country; it has been considered simply as a means of delivering a
death-blow to Serbia."[11] Russia held close diplomatic relations
with Serbia, and Russian foreign minister Sergey Sazonov
suspected the events were a conspiracy between Austria-Hungary
and Germany to expel Russian influence in the Balkans.[11] On
Russian artillery firing.
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30 July 1914, Russia enacted a general mobilization. The day after general mobilization was enacted,
Austria-Hungary's ally Germany declared war on Russia prior to expected Russian intervention against
Austria-Hungary.
Following a raid by Ottoman warships on the Russian port of Odessa, Russia declared war on the
Ottoman Empire in November 1914.[12]
France
After Germany declared war on Russia, France with its alliance
with Russia prepared a general mobilization in expectation of
war. On 3 August 1914, Germany declared war on France.[13]
Serbia
Serbia was invaded by Austria-Hungary after Austria-Hungary
placed a stringent ultimatum to the Serbian government
demanding full compliance to an Austro-Hungarian investigation
of complicity by the Serbian government in the assassination of
Archduke Francis Ferdinand. Serbia agreed to most of AustriaHungary's demands but because it did not fully comply, AustriaHungary invaded.
French soldiers crossing a river on

their way to Verdun during the Battle
of Verdun.
Serbia had the diplomatic support of Russia, and both Serbia and
Russia resented Austria-Hungary's absorption of Bosnia and
Herzegovina that held a substantial Serb population. Serbia had
expanded in size through its actions in the Balkan Wars of 1912
1913 when the Ottoman Empire's control in the Balkans
collapsed.
Serbian soldiers during World War I.
During the war, Serbia justified the war as being the result of
Austro-Hungarian imperialism towards Serbs and South Slavs,
Serbia cooperated with Yugoslavists including the Yugoslav
Committee who sought pan-South-Slav unification, particularly through liberating South Slavs from
Austria-Hungary. In the Corfu Declaration in 1917, the Serbian government officially declared its
intention to form a state of Yugoslavia.
The first two allied victories in the war were won by the Serbian army, on the mountains of Cer and
Kolubara, in western Serbia. The Austro-Hungarian army was expelled from the country, suffering
heavy losses. Serbia suffered great losses during the war, almost 50% of all men and around 30% of its
entire population were killed. On July 28, 1918, the Serbian flag was raised at American public
buildings, including the White House, on the order of President Woodrow Wilson as a sign of
recognition for Serbia's resistance against the Central Powers.[14]
Japan
Japan declared war on Germany after it did not accept an ultimatum sent by Japan to Germany,
demanding that Germany extinguish its title to the Kiautschou Bay concession and restore that territory
to China.[15] The Japanese government appealed to the Japanese public that Japan was not merely
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entering a "European War" on behalf of European powers, but that Japan was fighting on behalf of
Asians against a belligerent European power, Germany, that Japan identified as the "source of evil in the
Far East".[15] Thus as a result of this, Japan was following through with the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.[15]
Italy
Italy had been a member of the Triple Alliance alongside
Germany and Austria-Hungary since the 1880s, however the
Triple Alliance stipulated that all parties must be consulted in the
event of one country engaging in war and Italy was not informed
of this.[16] As such Italy claimed that it was not obligated to join
their war effort.[16] Italy's relations with Germany and AustriaHungary in contrast to the Allies were additionally affected by
the fact that in 1913, Britain supplied Italy with 90 percent of its
annual imports of coal.[16] The war effort of the Central Powers
meant that Germany and Austria-Hungary were using their coal
supplies for the war, and little was available to be exported to
Italy.[16] Italy initially attempted to pursue neutrality from 1914
to 1915.[16]
After diplomatic negotiations, Britain and France convinced Italy
to join the war effort with promises that Italy would gain
favourable territorial concessions from the Central Powers,
including Italian-populated territories of Austria-Hungary.[17]
Italy ordered mobilization on 22 May 1915, and issued an
ultimatum to Austria-Hungary, and then declared war on AustriaHungary, though it did not declare war on Germany.[17]
Japanese soldiers landing in Tsingtao

during the Siege of Tsingtao in which
Allied forces seized control of
Germany's Kiautschou Bay
concession.
Italian alpine troops.
Minor affiliated state combatants

Belgium
Belgium had declared its neutrality when the war began, however Germany disregarded Belgium's
neutrality and invaded the country in order to launch an offensive against the French capital of Paris. As
a result Belgium became a member of the Allies.
Brazil
Brazil entered the war in 1917 after the United States intervened
on the basis of Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare sinking
its merchant ships, which Brazil also cited as a reason to enter
the war fighting against Germany and the Central Powers.
Montenegro
Montenegro had very close cultural and political connections
with Serbia and had cooperated with Serbia in the Balkan Wars
of 19121913. Montenegro joined the war against AustriaHungary.
Brazilian soldiers in World War I.
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Emirate of Nejd and Hasa

The Emirate of Nejd and Hasa agreed to enter the war as an ally of Britain in the Treaty of Darin on
December 26, 1915.[18]
Major co-belligerent state combatants

United States
The United States declared war on Germany in 1917 on the grounds that Germany violated U.S.
neutrality by attacking international shipping with its unrestricted submarine warfare campaign.[3] The
U.S. entered the war as an "associated power," rather than a formal ally of France and the United
Kingdom, in order to avoid "foreign entanglements."[4] Although the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria
severed relations with the United States, neither declared war.[5]
Non-state combatants
Four non-state combatants, which voluntarily fought with the Allies and seceded from the constituent
states of the Central Powers at the end of the war, were allowed to participate as winning nations to the
peace treaties:
Polish Legions
Czechoslovak Legions: armed by France, Italy and Russia
The Hejaz: armed by Britain in Arabia
Armenians: seceded from Russia and fought against Ottoman Empire.
Leaders
France
Raymond Poincar President of France
Ren Viviani Prime Minister of France (13 June 1914 29 October 1915)
Aristide Briand Prime Minister of France (29 October 1915 20 March 1917)
Alexandre Ribot Prime Minister of France (20 March 1917 12 September 1917)
Paul Painlev Prime Minister of France (12 September 1917 16 November 1917)
Georges Clemenceau Prime Minister of France (From 16 November 1917)
Divisional General / Marshal Joseph Joffre Commander-in-Chief of the French Army (3 August
1914 13 December 1916)
Divisional General Robert Nivelle Commander-in-Chief of the French Army (13 December
1916 April 1917)
Divisional General / Marshal Philippe Ptain Commander-in-Chief of the French Army (April
1917 11 November 1918)
Divisional General / Marshal Ferdinand Foch Supreme Allied Commander (26 March 1918 11
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November 1918)
Divisional General Maurice Sarrail Commander of the Allied armies at Salonika Front (1915
1917)
Army General Adolphe Guillaumat Commander of the Allied armies at Salonika Front (1917
1918)
Divisional General / Marshal Louis Franchet d'Esprey Commander of the Allied armies at
Salonika Front (1918)
Brigadier General Milan Rastislav tefnik General of French Army, Commander of
Czechoslovak Legions
British Empire
George V King of the United Kingdom, Emperor of India
H. H. Asquith Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Until 5 December 1916)
David Lloyd George Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (From 7 December 1916)
Field Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener Secretary of State for War (5 August 1914 5 June
1916)
General William Robertson Chief of the Imperial General Staff (23 December 1915 February
1918)
General Henry Wilson Chief of the Imperial General Staff (February 1918 February 1922)
General John French Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force (4 August 1914
15 December 1915)
General / Field Marshal Douglas Haig Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force
(15 December 1915 11 November 1918)
General Hugh Trenchard Commander of Royal Flying Corps (August 1915 January 1918)
Winston Churchill First Lord of the Admiralty (1911 May 1915)
Arthur Balfour- First Lord of the Admiralty (May 1915 December 1916)
Edward Carson First Lord of the Admiralty (10 December 1916 17 July 1917)
Eric Geddes First Lord of the Admiralty (July 1917 January 1919)
Admiral of the Fleet John "Jackie" Fisher First Sea Lord (1914 May 1915)
Admiral Henry Jackson First Sea Lord (May 1915 November 1916)
Admiral John Jellicoe Commander of the Grand Fleet (August 1914 November 1916); First
Sea Lord (November 1916 December 1917)
Admiral Rosslyn Wemyss First Sea Lord (December 1917 November 1919)
Admiral David Beatty Commander of the Grand Fleet (November 1916 April 1919)
General Edmund Allenby Commander of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (June 1917
November 1918)
Dominion of Canada
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Robert Borden Prime Minister of Canada (191418)

Sam Hughes Minister of Militia and Defence (1914 January 1915)
Joseph Flavelle- Chairman of Imperial Munitions Board (191519)
General Julian Byng (June 1916 June 1917) Canadian Corps commander
Lieutenant-General Edwin Alderson Commander of the unified Canadian Corps of the Canadian
Expeditionary Force (26 January 1915 September 1915)
General Arthur Currie Commander of the unified Canadian Corps of the Canadian
Expeditionary Force (June 1917 )[19]
Commonwealth of Australia
Joseph Cook Prime Minister of Australia (until 17 September 1914)
Andrew Fisher Prime Minister of Australia (17 September 1914 27 October 1915)
Billy Hughes Prime Minister of Australia (from 27 October 1915)
General John Monash Commander of the Australian Corps (all five Australian infantry divisions
serving on the Western Front) (May 1918 )
Major General William Holmes Commander of the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary
Force (August 1914 February 1915)
General Harry Chauvel Commander of Desert Mounted Corps (Sinai and Palestine) (August
1917 )
British India
Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst Viceroy of India 19101916
Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford Viceroy of India 19161921
Austen Chamberlain Secretary of State for India
Lieutenant-General John Nixon commander of the British Indian Army (active in the Middle East)
Union of South Africa
General Louis Botha Prime Minister of South Africa
General Jan Smuts Led forces in South-West Africa Campaign and East African Campaign, later
member of the Imperial War Cabinet
New Zealand
William Massey Prime Minister of New Zealand
General Sir Alexander Godley Commandant of New Zealand Military Forces (to October
1914); Commander of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force
Major General Sir Alfred William Robin Quartermaster-General and Commandant of New
Zealand Military Forces (from October 1914)
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Dominion of Newfoundland
Sir Edward Morris Prime Minister of Newfoundland (19091917)
Sir John Crosbie Prime Minister of Newfoundland (19171918)
Sir William Lloyd Prime Minister of Newfoundland (19181919)
Russia
Nicholas II Russian Emperor, King of Poland, and Grand Prince of Finland. (Until 15 March
1917)
Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich Commander-in-chief (1 August 1914 5 September 1916)
and viceroy in the Caucasus
Ivan Goremykin Chairmen of Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire (1 August 1914 2
February 1916)
Boris Strmer Chairmen of Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire (2 February 1916 23
November 1916)
Alexander Trepov Chairmen of Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire (23 November 1916
27 December 1916)
Nikolai Golitsyn Chairmen of Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire (27 December 1916
9 January 1917)
General of the Cavalry Alexander Samsonov Commander of the Russian Second Army for the
invasion of East Prussia (1 August 1914 29 August 1914)
General of the Cavalry Paul von Rennenkampf Commander of the Russian First Army for the
invasion of East Prussia (1 August 1914 November 1914)
General of the Artillery Nikolay Ivanov Commander of the Russian army on the Southwestern
Front, (1 August 1914 March 1916) responsible for much of the action in Galicia
General Adjutant Aleksei Brusilov Commander of the South-West Front, then provisional
Commander-in-Chief after the Tsar's abdication (February 1917 August 1917)
General of the Infantry Lavr Georgievich Kornilov Commander of the South-West Front, then
Commander-in-Chief (August 1917)
General of the Infantry Aleksey Kuropatkin Commander of the Northern Front (October 1915
1917)
General of the Infantry Nikolai Yudenich Commander of the Caucasus (January 1915 May
1917)
Admiral Andrei Eberhardt Commander of Black Sea Fleet (191416)
Admiral Alexander Kolchak Commander of Black Sea Fleet (191617)
Admiral Nikolai Essen Commander of Baltic Fleet (1913 May 1915)
Serbia
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Peter I King of Serbia

Crown Prince Alexander Regent, Commander-in-Chief
Nikola Pai Prime Minister of Serbia
Field Marshal Radomir Putnik Chief of the General Staff of the Serbian Army (19141915)
General / Field Marshal ivojin Mii Deputy Chief of General Staff (1914), Commander of
First Army (19141915; 1917), later Chief of General Staff (1918)
General / Field Marshal Petar Bojovi Commander of First Army (1914), Deputy Chief of
General Staff (19151916), Chief of General Staff (19161917) later Commander of First Army
(1918)
General / Field Marshal Stepa Stepanovi Commander of Second Army (19141918)
General Pavle Jurii turm Commander of Third Army (19141916)
Colonel Duan Stefanovi Minister of War (1914)
Colonel Radivoje Bojovi Minister of War (19141915)
Colonel / General Boidar Terzi Minister of War (19151918)
General Mihailo Rai Minister of War (1918)
Colonel / General Milo Vasi Commander of First Army (1916; 1917), Commander of Third
Army (1916)
Montenegro
Nicholas I King of Montenegro, Commander-in-Chief
General Serdar Janko Vukoti Prime Minister, Commander of 1st Montenegrin Army
General Boidar Jankovi Chief of the General Staff of the Montenegrin Army (19141915)
Colonel Petar Pei Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Montenegrin Army (1914
1915), later Chief of the General Staff of the Montenegrin Army (19151916)
Crown Prince Danilo II Petrovi-Njego In the staff of the 1st Montenegrin Army
Brigadier Krsto Popovi In the staff of the 1st Montenegrin Army, Aide-de-camp to Serdar
Janko Vukoti
General Anto Gvozdenovi King's Aide-de-camp
General Mitar Martinovi Commander of several detachments in the Montenegrin army ( Drina
and Herzegovina detachments together in 19141915, Kotor detachment in 1916 )
Greece
Eleftherios Venizelos: Prime minister of Greece after 13 June 1917.
Constantin I: King of Greece, he retired from the throne, without formally resigning.
George: Crown Prince of Greece, designated King after his father retired form the throne, he
refused to become the new king and followed his father in exile.
Alexander: King of Greece, he became King of Greece after his father and brother retired from the
throne.
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Panagiotis Danglis: Greek general in the Hellenic Army.
Belgium
Albert I of Belgium King of the Belgians (23 December 1909 17 February 1934) and
Commander-in-chief of the Belgian army
Charles de Broqueville Prime Minister (19121918); replaced by Grard Cooreman in June
1918 shortly before the end of the war.
Flix Wielemans Chief of Staff of the Belgian Army
Grard Leman general commanding the defense of Lige
Thophile Figeys general in the Hundred Days' Offensive
Charles Tombeur commander of the colonial Force Publique in the East African theater
Italy
Victor Emmanuel III King of Italy
Antonio Salandra Prime Minister (until 18 June 1916)
Paolo Boselli Prime Minister (18 June 1916 29 October 1917)
Vittorio Emanuele Orlando Prime Minister (from 29 October 1917)
Luigi Cadorna Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Italian Army
Armando Diaz Chief of General Staff of the Royal Italian army
Luigi, Duke of Abruzzi Commander-in-Chief of the Adriatic Fleet of Italy (191417)
Paolo Thaon di Revel Admiral of the Royal Italian Navy
Romania
Ferdinand I King of Romania
General Constantin Prezan Chief of the General Staff of Romania
Ion I. C. Brtianu Prime Minister of Romania
Vintil Brtianu Secretary of War
Field Marshal Alexandru Averescu Commander of the 2nd Army, 3rd Army, then Army Group
South
General Eremia Grigorescu Commander of the 1st Army
United States
Woodrow Wilson President of the United States/Commander-In-Chief of the U.S. armed forces
Newton D. Baker U.S. Secretary of War
Josephus Daniels United States Secretary of the Navy
Major General / General John J. Pershing Commander of the American Expeditionary Force
Rear Admiral / Vice Admiral William Sims Commander of U.S. Naval Forces in European
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Waters
Brigadier General Mason Patrick Commander of the United States Army Air Service
Japan
Emperor Taish Emperor of Japan
kuma Shigenobu Prime Minister of Japan (16
April 1914 9 October 1916)
Terauchi Masatake Prime minister of Japan (9
October 1916 29 September 1918)
Hara Takashi Prime minister of Japan (29
September 1918 4 November 1921)
Kz Sat Commander of the Second Special Task
Fleet
Kamio Mitsuomi Commander of Allied land forces
at Tsingtao
The use of naval convoys to transport U.S.

troops to France, 1917.
Portugal
Bernardino Machado President of Portugal (until 12 December 1917)
Afonso Costa Prime Minister of Portugal (until 15 March 1916; then again 25 April 1917 10
December 1917)
Antnio Jos de Almeida Prime Minister of Portugal (15 March 1916 25 April 1917)
Sidnio Pais Prime Minister of Portugal and War Minister (11 December 1917 9 May 1918)
and President of Portugal (from 9 May 1918)
Jos Norton de Matos War Minister (until 10 December 1917)
Joo Tamagnini Barbosa Interim War Minister (9 May 1918 15 May 1918)
Amlcar Mota Secretary of State for War (15 May 1918 8 October 1918)
lvaro de Mendona Secretary of State for War (from 8 October 1918)
Fernando Tamagnini de Abreu Commander of the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps (CEP)
Jos Augusto Alves Roadas Commander of the Portuguese Forces in Southern Angola
Jos Lus de Moura Mendes Commander of the Portuguese Forces in Eastern Africa (until June
1916)
Jos Csar Ferreira Gil Commander of the Portuguese Forces in Eastern Africa (from June
1916)
Sousa Rosa Commander of the Portuguese Forces in Eastern Africa (from 1917)
Siam
See main Article: Siam in World War I
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Vajiravudh King of Siam

Chakrabongse Bhuvanath Commander of Siamese Expeditionary Forces in Western Front.
General Phya Pijaijarnrit Supreme Commander Siamese Force in World War I
Brazil
See main Article: Brazil during World War I
Venceslau Brs President of Brazil
Admiral Pedro Frontin, Chief of DNOG (Brazilian Expeditionary Fleet)
General Napoleo Felipe Ach, Chief of Brazilian Military Mission in France (19181919)
M.D. Nabuco Gouveia Chief of Brazilian Military Medical Commission
Personnel and casualties

These are estimates of the cumulative number of different
personnel in uniform 19141918, including army, navy and
auxiliary forces. At any one time, the various forces were much
smaller. Only a fraction of them were frontline combat troops.
The numbers do not reflect the length of time each country was
involved. (See also: World War I casualties.)
A pie-chart showing the military

deaths of the Allied Powers.
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Allied
power
Mobilized
personnel
Killed in
action
Wounded in
action
Total
casualties
Casualties
as % of
total
mobilized
Australia
412,9531
61,928[20]
152,171
214,099
52%
Belgium
267,0003
38,172[21]
44,686
82,858
31%
Canada
628,9641
64,944[22]
149,732
214,676
34%
France
8,410,0003
1,397,800[23]
4,266,000
5,663,800
67%
Greece
230,0003
26,000[24]
21,000
47,000
20%
India
1,440,4371
74,187[25]
69,214
143,401
10%
Italy
5,615,0003
651,010[26]
953,886
1,604,896
29%
Japan
800,0003
415[27]
907
1,322
<1%
Monaco
80[28]
8[28]
8[28]
10%
Montenegro
50,0003
3,000
10,000
13,000
26%
Nepal
200,000[29]
30,670
21,009
49,823
25%
New Zealand
128,5251
18,050[30]
41,317
59,367
46%
Portugal
100,0003
7,222[31]
13,751
20,973
21%
Romania
750,0003
250,000[32]
120,000
370,000
49%
Russia
12,000,0003
1,811,000[33]
4,950,000
6,761,000
56%
Serbia
707,3433
275,000[34]
133,148
408,148
58%
Siam
1,2842
19
19
2%
South Africa
136,0701
9,463[35]
12,029
21,492
16%
United
Kingdom
6,211,9222
886,342[36]
1,665,749
2,552,091
41%
United States
4,355,0003
116,708[37]
205,690
322,398
7%
Total
42,244,409
5,741,389
12,925,833
18,744,547
49%
Summary of Declarations of War

The following table shows the timeline of the several declarations of war among the belligerent powers.
Entries on a yellow background show severed diplomatic relations only, not actual declarations of war.
Unless stated otherwise, declarations of war by and on the United Kingdom include de facto declarations
by and on other members of the British Empire.
Date
Declarer
On
1914
28 July
Austria-Hungary
Serbia
30 July
Russia
Austria-Hungary
1 August
Germany
Russia
16/23
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3 August
4 August
Germany
France
Germany
Belgium
United Kingdom
Germany
Montenegro
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary
Russia
Serbia
Germany
9 August
Montenegro
Germany
11 August
France
Austria-Hungary
12 August
United Kingdom
Austria-Hungary
22 August
Austria-Hungary
23 August
Japan
Germany
25 August
Japan
Austria-Hungary
1 November
Russia
Ottoman Empire
2 November
Serbia
Ottoman Empire
3 November
Montenegro
Ottoman Empire
5 November
United Kingdom
France
Ottoman Empire
5 August
6 August
Belgium
1915
23 May
Italy
Austria-Hungary
3 June
San Marino
Austria-Hungary
21 August
Italy
Ottoman Empire
14 October
Bulgaria
Serbia
15 October
United Kingdom
Montenegro
Bulgaria
16 October
France
Bulgaria
19 October
Italy
Russia
Bulgaria
1916
9 March
Germany
Portugal
15 March
Austria-Hungary
Portugal
Romania
Austria-Hungary
Italy
Germany
28 August
Germany
Romania
30 August
Ottoman Empire
Romania
1 September
Bulgaria
Romania
27 August
1917
6 April
United States
Germany
7 April
Cuba
Germany
17/23
17/10/2014
10 April
Bulgaria
United States
13 April
Bolivia
Germany
20 April
Ottoman Empire
United States
2 July
Greece
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria
22 July
Siam
Germany
Austria-Hungary
4 August
Liberia
Germany
14 August
China
Germany
Austria-Hungary
6 October
Peru
Germany
7 October
Uruguay
Germany
26 October
Brazil
Germany[38]
7 December
United States
Austria-Hungary
7 December
Ecuador
Germany
10 December
Panama
Austria-Hungary
16 December
Cuba
Austria-Hungary
1918
23 April
Guatemala
Germany
8 May
Nicaragua
Germany
Austria-Hungary
23 May
Costa Rica
Germany
12 July
Haiti
Germany
19 July
Honduras
Germany
10 November
Romania
Germany
See also
Triple Entente
Participants in World War I
Central Powers
Allied leaders of World War I
Allies of World War II
Footnotes
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17/10/2014
1. ^ Karel Schelle, The First World War and the Paris Peace Agreement (http://books.google.com.au/books?
id=4lsOsKQz3AQC&pg=PA24&dq=Czechoslovakia+Triple+Entente+alliance+emigrant+government&hl=en
&ei=Cwt2TvjKGoKb1AX70qiXCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v
=onepage&q=Czechoslovakia%20Triple%20Entente%20alliance%20emigrant%20government&f=false),
GRIN Verlag, 2009, p. 24
2. ^ First World War.com Feature Articles The Causes of World War One
(http://www.firstworldwar.com/origins/causes.htm)
3. ^ a b US Declaration of War (http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/usawardeclaration.htm)
4. ^ a b Tucker&Roberts pp. 1232, 1264
5. ^ a b Tucker&Roberts p. 1559
6. ^ Perry (2004), p.xiii
7. ^ Griffiths, William R. (1986). Thomas E. Griess, ed. The Great War. Wayne, NJ: Avery Publishing Group.
ISBN 0-89529-312-9. Page 163
8. ^ S.N. Broadberry, Mark Harrison. The Economics of World War I. illustrated ed. Cambridge University
Press, 2005, pgs. 78. (http://books.google.com/books?
id=Y9GP9gtGlkgC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0)
9. ^ As Hawaii and Alaska were not yet U.S. states, they are included in the parenthetical figures.
10. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East:
From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. 2009. P1562.
11. ^ a b c Jelavich, Barbara. Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 18061914. P262
12. ^ Afflerbach, Holger; David Stevenson, David. An Improbable War: The Outbreak of World War 1 and
European Political Culture. Berghan Books. 2012. P. 293.
13. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East:
From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. 2009. P1556.
14. ^ http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Tema-nedelje/125-godina-sa-Amerikom/t31701.lt.html
15. ^ a b c Hamilton, Richard F; Herwig, Holger H. Decisions for War, 19141917. P155.
16. ^ a b c d e Hamilton, Richard F; Herwig, Holger H. Decisions for War, 19141917. P194.
17. ^ a b Hamilton, Richard F; Herwig, Holger H. Decisions for War, 19141917. P194-198.
18. ^ Abdullah I of Jordan; Philip Perceval Graves (1950). Memoirs. p. 186.
19. ^ first Canadian to attain the rank of full general
20. ^ Australia casualties
Included in total are 55,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85-.
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military
dead.4Totals include 2,005 military deaths during 1919215-. The 1922 War Office report listed 59,330 Army war
dead1,237.
21. ^ Belgium casualties
Included in total are 35,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85 Figures include 13,716 killed
and 24,456 missing up until Nov.11, 1918. "These figures are approximate only, the records being
incomplete." 1,352.
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17/10/2014
22. ^ Canada casualties

Included in total are 53,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds.6,85
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.4
Totals include 3,789 military deaths during 191921 and 150 Merchant Navy deaths5-. The losses of
Newfoundland are listed separately on this table. The 1922 War Office report listed 56,639 Army war
dead1,237.
23. ^ France casualties
Included in total are 1,186,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85. Totals include the deaths of
71,100 French colonial troops.
7,414-Figures
include war related military deaths of 28,600 from 11/11/1918 to
6/1/1919.7,414
24. ^ Greece casualties
Jean Bujac in a campaign history of the Greek Army in World War One listed 8,365 combat related deaths
and 3,255 missing8,339, The Soviet researcher Boris Urlanis estimated total dead of 26,000 including 15,000
military deaths due disease6,160
25. ^ India casualties
British India included present-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Included in total are 27,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85.
Totals include 15,069 military deaths during 191921 and 1,841 Canadian Merchant Navy dead5. The 1922
War Office report listed 64,454 Army war dead1,237
26. ^ Italy casualties
Included in total are 433,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85
Figures of total military dead are from a 1925 Italian report using official data9.
27. ^ War dead figure is from a 1991 history of the Japanese Army10,111.
28. ^ a b c Monaco 11-Novembre : ces Mongasques morts au champ d'honneur | Nice-Matin
(http://www.nicematin.com/article/societe/monaco-11-novembre-ces-monegasques-morts-au-champdhonneur.40790.html)
29. ^ Jain, G (1954) India Meets China in Nepal, Asia Publishing House, Bombay P92
30. ^ New Zealand casualties
Totals include 702 military deaths during 1919215. The 1922 War Office report listed 16,711 Army war
dead1,237.
31. ^ Portugal casualties
Figures include the following killed and died of other causes up until Jan.1, 1920; 1,689 in France and 5,332
in Africa. Figures do not include an additional 12,318 listed as missing and POW1,354.
32. ^ Romania casualties
Military dead is "The figure reported by the Rumanian Government in reply to a questionnaire from the
International Labour Office"6,64. Included in total are 177,000 killed or missing in action and died of
wounds6,85.
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17/10/2014
33. ^ Russia casualties

Included in total are 1,451,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85. The estimate of total
Russian military losses was made by the Soviet researcher Boris Urlanis.6,4657
34. ^ Serbia casualties
Included in total are 165,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85.The estimate of total
combined Serbian and Montenegrin military losses of 278,000 was made by the Soviet researcher Boris
Urlanis6,6264
35. ^ South Africa casualties
Included in total are 5,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85
Totals include 380 military deaths during 19192115. The 1922 War Office report listed 7,121 Army war
dead1,237.
36. ^ UK and Crown Colonies casualties
Military dead total includes 34,663 deaths during 191921 and 13,632 British Merchant Navy deaths5. The
1922 War Office report listed 702,410 war dead for the UK1,237, 507 from "Other colonies"1,237 and the
Royal Navy (32,287)1,339.
The British Merchant Navy losses of 14,661 were listed separately 1,339; The 1922 War Office report detailed
the deaths of 310 military personnel due to air and sea bombardment of the UK1,674678.
37. ^ United States casualties
Official military war deaths listed by the US Dept. of Defense for the period ending Dec. 31, 1918 are
116,516; which includes 53,402 battle deaths and 63,114 other deaths.[1]
(http://siadapp.dior.whs.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/WCPRINCIPAL.pdf), The US Coast Guard lost an
additional 192 dead 11,481.
38. ^ Declarations of War, 19141918
(http://www.academicamerican.com/progressive/worldwar1/docs/declarationsww1.htm)
References
^1 The War Office (2006) [1922]. Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the
Great War 19141920. Uckfield, East Sussex: Military and Naval Press. ISBN 1-84734-681-2.
OCLC 137236769 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/137236769).
^2 Gilbert Martin (1994). Atlas of World War I. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-521077-8.
^3 Tucker Spencer C (1999). The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia.
New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8153-3351-X.
^4 The Commonwealth War Graves Commission. "Annual Report 2005-2006"
(http://www.cwgc.org/admin/files/6%20Statistics.pdf) (PDF).
^5 The Commonwealth War Graves Commission. "Debt of Honour Register"
(http://www.cwgc.org/debt_of_honour.asp?menuid=14).
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17/10/2014
^6 Urlanis Boris (2003) [1971, Moscow]. Wars and Population. Honolulu: University Press of the
Pacific. OCLC 123124938 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123124938).
^7 Huber Michel (1931). La population de la France pendant la guerre, avec un appendice sur
Les revenus avant et aprs la guerre (in French). Paris. OCLC 4226464
(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4226464).
^8 Bujac Jean Lopold Emile (1930). Les campagnes de l'arme Hellnique 19181922 (in
French). Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle. OCLC 10808602 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10808602).
^9 Mortara Giorgio (1925). La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra (in Italian).
New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. OCLC 2099099
^10 Harries Merion, Harries Susie (1991). Soldiers of the Sun The Rise and Fall of the Imperial
Japanese Army. Random House. ISBN 0-679-75303-6. OCLC 32615324
^11 Clodfelter Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference to Casualty
and Other Figures, 15002000 (2nd ed.). London: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-1204-6.
Sources
See List of World War I books
Ellis, John and Mike Cox. The World War I Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for All
the Combatants (2002)
Esposito, Vincent J. The West Point Atlas of American Wars: 19001918 (1997) despite the title
covers entire war; online maps from this atlas
(http://www.dean.usma.edu/history/web03/atlases/great%20war/great%20war%20index.htm)
Falls, Cyril. The Great War (1960), general military history
Higham, Robin and Dennis E. Showalter, eds. Researching World War I: A Handbook (2003),
historiography, stressing military themes
Pope, Stephen and Wheal, Elizabeth-Anne, eds. The Macmillan Dictionary of the First World War
(1995)
Strachan, Hew. The First World War: Volume I: To Arms (2004)
Trask, David F. The United States in the Supreme War Council: American War Aims and InterAllied Strategy, 19171918 (1961)
Tucker, Spencer, ed. The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History
(5 volumes) (2005), online at eBook.com
Tucker, Spencer, ed. European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia (1999)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allies_of_World_War_I&oldid=628964485"
22/23
17/10/2014
Categories: World War I by country 1919 in law Aftermath of World War I

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The Entente Powers or Allies

A map of the World showing the participants in World War I. Those

The United States declared war on

Allies of World War I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Allies of World War I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A 1914 Russian poster depicting the Triple

Allies of World War I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

21.7m km2 (22.1m

0.5m km2 (11.2m

Empire of Japan (plus colonies)

55.1m (74.2m) 0.4m km2 (0.7m km2)

Kingdom of Italy (plus colonies)

0.3m km2 (2.3m 2 )

96.5m (106.3m) 7.8m km2 (9.6m km2)

Russian Empire (plus Poland and Finland)

United States (plus overseas

Major affiliated state combatants

The Council of Four (from left to

Gibraltar, Cyprus and Malta were British dependencies in

Allies of World War I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

British soldiers in a trench during the

Canada and Newfoundland were two semi-autonomous

British battlecruiser HMS Lion hit by

The UK held large possessions in Asia, including the British Raj

British Sopwith Camel fighter aircraft

Russian artillery firing.

Allies of World War I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

French soldiers crossing a river on

Allies of World War I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Japanese soldiers landing in Tsingtao

Italian alpine troops.

Minor affiliated state combatants

Brazilian soldiers in World War I.

Allies of World War I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Emirate of Nejd and Hasa

Major co-belligerent state combatants

Allies of World War I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Allies of World War I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Robert Borden Prime Minister of Canada (191418)

Allies of World War I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Allies of World War I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Peter I King of Serbia

Allies of World War I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Panagiotis Danglis: Greek general in the Hellenic Army.

Allies of World War I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The use of naval convoys to transport U.S.

Allies of World War I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Vajiravudh King of Siam

Personnel and casualties

A pie-chart showing the military

Allies of World War I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Summary of Declarations of War

Allies of World War I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Allies of World War I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Allies of World War I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Allies of World War I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

22. ^ Canada casualties

include war related military deaths of 28,600 from 11/11/1918 to

Allies of World War I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

33. ^ Russia casualties

Allies of World War I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia