BIO ENERGY LAB

SUBMITTED BY:
DIGVIJAY SINGH
(2K13/RET/02)





1. Management of Food Waste-An introduction:
Commercial establishments, Restaurants, institutions, residential complexes, religious places and Hotels
contribute substantially to the generation of waste in a city. As per our study food and other organic waste
contributes to around 50-60 % of the total waste generated in a city.


Types of waste:

Waste comprises of two components, Biodegradable (Wet) waste and Non biodegradable (Dry) waste.
The wet waste comprises of food, vegetable and non veg waste whereas the dry waste comprises of
plastic bottles, papers, plastic wrappers, HDPE, LLDPE bags etc.


Present System of disposal of Food Waste:

At present food waste generated by smallestablishments/restaurants is disposed off directly at nearby
collection spots. The substantialquantity of food waste dumped at these collection spots gets mixed with
all the other kinds of dry and wet waste and gives an ugly look to the collection spots with lot of dirt and
stink. It is a major cause of mosquito breeding leading to malaria & dengue. In case of large
establishments, four and 5 star hotels, the waste is disposed off directly through Municipal Corporation or
private contractors to the dumping ground.
Municipal Corporation (at some cities) charges Trade Refuse Charge (TRC) to the commercial
establishments hotels for disposal of the waste. The TRC is charged in multiples of license fees which is
directly based on the area. As per our observations, around 70 to 75 % of waste generated by such
establishments and hotels is biodegradable and can be effectively converted to gas & manure using
WTG1XG Waste to Biofuel Bi-phasic Process. This will substantially reduce the transport cost as
well as the load on the dumping grounds. The public collection spots will also get less amount of garbage.


2. Objective:

Mission has pioneered a technology platform (titled WTG1XG) designed to develop a unique
Biocatalysis technology that treats all types of organic waste and converts it into useful biofuel products
that shall replace fossil based products. Growdiesels multi-product andfeedstock-flexible technology
platform helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and contributes to a greener economy. The proposed
technology shall allow effective management of all kinds of organic solid wastes and produce biofuels as
by-product.


3. Waste to Biofuel Bi-phasic Process - Based on BARC Technology:

WTG1XG is capable to recover the intrinsic energy content from all kinds of waste (organic) materials
and capture the hydrocarbons contained in them for conversion to biofuel. Any person would know that
the leftover food has a major problem i.e. stinking smell (like rotten eggs). If the food is not disposed off
in a day, the smell can spread in whole area. To prevent such a happening, the left-over food sometimes is
being kept in refrigerators. This can add a huge hidden cost to the entire business. To understand process,
let us imagine milk that remains in atmospheric conditions for 2-3 days. It is spoilt by natural bacteria &
starts smelling bad. Now if we purposely add some beneficial lactic acid bacteria in the same milk &
leave it under same conditions, the milk becomes curd with nice smell & flavor. In WTG1XG we adopt a
similar approach; we add a beneficial microbial culture in the incoming farm waste which safely degrades
the waste without producing any stinking smell. Thereafter another set of bacteriaconvert the volatile
matter to natural gas that is captured for use inkitchen/generator/transportation. The entire process which
is very complex is done oncontinuous scale & appropriately controlled with proper instrumentation.


Key stages of WTG1XG Waste to Biofuel Multi-Phase Process:









There are following key biological and chemical stages of WTG1XG Process:

1. Hydrolysis
2. Acidogenesis
3. Acetogenesis
4. Methanogenesis
5. Aerobic enrichment
In most cases biomass is made up of large organic polymers. In order for the bacteria in Biodigesters to
access the energy potential of the material, these chains must first be broken down into their smaller
constituent parts. These constituent parts or monomers such as sugars are readily available by other
bacteria. The process of breaking these chains and dissolving the
Carbohydrate
Fats
Proteins
Sugars
Fatty Acids
Amino Acids
Carbonic acids
and alcohols
Hydrogen
Carbon
Dioxide
Hydrogen
Acetic
acid
Carbon
CARBOHYDRATE
FATS
PROTEINS
SUGARS
FATTY ACIDS
AMINO ACIDS
CARBONIC
ACIDS AND
ALCOHOLS
HYDROGEN
CARBON
DIOXIDE
HYDROGEN
ACETIC
ACID
CARBON
METHANE
CARDON
DIOXIDE
dioxide
Methane
Carbon Dioxide
smaller molecules into solution is called hydrolysis. Therefore hydrolysis of these high molecular weight
polymeric components is the necessary first step in WTG1XG process. Through hydrolysis the complex
organic molecules are broken down into simple sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids. Acetate and
hydrogen produced in the first stages can be used directly by methanogens. Other molecules such as
volatile fatty acids (VFAs) with a chain length that is greater than acetate must first be catabolised into
compounds that can be directly utilized by methanogens The biological process of acidogenesis is where
there is further breakdown of the remaining components by acidogenic (fermentative) bacteria. Here
VFAs are created along with ammonia, carbon dioxide as well as other by-products. The process of
acidogenesis is similar to the way that milk sours.
The third stage anaerobic digestion is acetogenesis. Here simple molecules created through the
acidogenesis phase are further digested by acetogens to produce largely acetic acid as well as carbon
dioxide and hydrogen.
The terminal stage of anaerobic digestion is the biological process of methanogenesis. Here methanogens
utilize the intermediate products of the preceding stages and convert them into methane, carbon dioxide
and water. It is these components that makes up the majority of the gas emitted from the system.
Methanogenesis is sensitive to both high and low pH and occurs between pH 6.5 and pH 8. The
remaining, non-digestable material which the microbes cannot feed upon, along with any dead bacterial
remains constitutes the digestate. The digestate undergoes aerobic enrichment and is converted to high
quality soil conditioner.
A simplified generic chemical equation for the overall processes outlined above is as follows:
C6H12O6 3CO2 + 3CH4
WTG1XG process is set to change the dynamics of the waste management by making waste (that would
otherwise be rotting & creating foul smell) a resource to generate cooking gas & rich garden manure
using an odourless process. By installing such a system the organization earns the satisfaction of being a
green organization.


4. Type of wastes that can be treated by WTG1XG Waste to
Biofuel Bi-phasic Process:

Solid Wastes:
Pre and post cooking food scraps, biodegradable straws, paper towels, etc.
Kitchen waste, stale/spoiled food, leftover food
All kind of biological waste oils, trap grease and used cooking oil
Extracted tea powder, waste milk and milk products
Used flowers, leafs etc
Gardening waste including farm waste
Vegetable leftover & mandi waste
Non-vegetarian food/Slaughterhouse waste
Office waste (including shredded paper)
All types of organic solid waste including cattle waste, poultry waste, human waste
Liquid Wastes: (can be used as process input water for blending/diluting the solid waste)
Kitchen/hotel waste water
Sewage, municipal & all types of waste water


5. Valuable Products from WTG1XG Waste to Biofuel Bi-phasic
Process:

The principle goal of the project is to safely treat the waste with zero discharge. However WTG1XG
generate useful by-products as follows:

A. Cooking Gas-CG is a premium gaseous enriched biofuel consisting of high grade methane. CG
burns with a clean blue flame and is an excellent replacement of Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) in kitchens.

B. Natural Soil-Conditioner-NS is a premium soil conditioner consisting of up to 30% stable & solid
carbon. GNS has following features and benefits:
NSs presence in the soil improves microbial activities, nitrogen fixation, water retention and soil
fertility.
NS is excellent manure for gardens & potted plants. It is extensively used for landscaping purpose
around the globe.
NS can be effectively used for land restoration and remediation.
NS has a potential to turn waste lands to cultivable lands thus increasing land availability for food
production.
NS reduces soil emissions of GHG, leaching of nutrients and soil acidity.
NS when applied to soil can considerably reduce irrigation and fertilizer requirements.
NS contains up to 30% solid carbon that shall enhance soil organic carbon sequestration contributing
toward significant reduction in atmospheric GHG levels.
Due to its unique soil conditioning properties, NS is in great demand across the world. Production of
NS from the project can make the whole project financially attractive & viable.

C. Emission Reduction certificate-CER: The solid biodegradable wastes produce methane. WTG1XG
shall help to treat the waste without releasing any methane in to atmosphere. The methane is captured and
used to switch fossil based LPG in the kitchens hence reducing overall carbon foot-prints. GNS is used in
the soil to replace petroleum based fertilizers. Hence there is a potential to generate very high quality
Gold Standard carbon credits/CER from the project.


6. Benefits of Waste to Biofuel Bi-phasic Process:

For the first time, WTG1XG shall allow active environmental protection as well as optimized energy
production from food waste and biologically regenerating raw materials in perfect combination. The
various benefits of this unique process are as follows-

100% odourless-ZERO % foul smell:

Hotels sometimes have to store the leftover food in refrigerator to prevent it from rotting & creating bad
smell. The biggest advantage of WTG1XG process is ZERO% odour. The leftover food/kitchen waste
is treated on DAILY basis through an environment friendly process that does not emit any foul smell.

100% recycling-ZERO % pollution:

The second biggest advantage of WTG1XG process is ZERO- discharge. 100% of input waste is
treated and recycled to by-products without any gaseous, liquid or solid discharge.

24X7 Continuous operation:

WTG1XG is a 24X7 continuous process. The equipment is loaded once a day. Thereafter it is
programmed to work automatically round the clock.

Local treatment of waste and recycling of nutrients:

WTG1XG is based on decentralized model & is designed to promote local cycling and safe disposal
of waste.

Think BIG, begin small:

WTG1XG process is scalable. The project can be tested on a pilot scale and suitably replicated at
multiple locations.

Energy positive:

WTG1XG process has an overall net positive energy balance of up to 90%.

Safe investment & low payback period:

Waste disposal is a regular problem without any solution. Processing of waste is a crucial requirement
for every business. Investment in WTG1XG is the safest investment in current recessionary
environment because the payback period for the entire project is 3-6 years at current crude oil prices. As
the price of crude oil is bound to rise in future, the project becomes highly attractive.

Tax Benefit:

Petroleum fuels are highly taxed in most of the countries around the globe. However an increasing
number of governments are now supporting the cause of renewable energy in the form of mandates and
other policy initiatives. The products generated from WTG1XG process shall be exempted from all
major taxes including excise-duty.

100% Environment friendly:

The food waste is presently disposed off via MSW route. This leads to natural degradation & production
of methane that escapes to atmosphere. Methane is 21 times more lethal than CO2. With WTG1XG
process, methane is captured & used as cooking gas as a replacement of LPG.

100% safe waste disposal-ZERO% health risks:

Food/organic waste acts as a breeding ground for viruses, bacteria, mosquitoes etc. that are responsible
for most of the urban diseases. Safe processing of this waste can now reduce rising menace of waste
related health hazards.

100% aesthetic-ZERO% waste dumping yards:

Smelly waste dumping yards can now be transformed to Biofuel production factories paving way for
decentralized waste processing.

100% Energy Independence-ZERO % crude imports:

Converting all kind of urban & rural waste to valuable biofuels can create energy independence for the
country & reduce crude oil imports considerably.

Help Govt. to combat global warming & earn carbon credits:

The biggest threat of present times is global warming. By adopting WTG1XG, organizations can
NOW play a constructive role in helping the Govt. to combat global warming. Organizations also
generate
additional revenue by converting waste to cooking gas & enriched soil conditioner besides earning
valuable carbon credits.

Towards sustainable energy sources:

WTG1XG is designed to mimic natural systems; hence it is a sustainable process with an element of
serving & repaying natures debts.

Project with a purpose:

WTG1XG is designed to achieve the purpose of promoting waste recycling, carbon-sequestration,
energy independence & sustainable development. An investment in WTG1XG shows intent to serve
mother earth as a socially responsible organization.


7. Who should install Cooking Gas Generator:

Hotels, resorts & restaurants with minimum 200 kg or more waste generation per day
Temples, gurdwara & religious institutions with large kitchen & flower offerings
Institutional & industrial canteens & kitchens
Hostel & hospital kitchens
Mandi, slaughter-houses, prisons & other Govt. Owned institutions
Any other location where organic waste is generated on regular basis