Automotive industry

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The automotive industry is a term that covers a wide range of companies and organisations involved in the
design, development, manufacture, marketing, and selling of motor vehicles, towed
vehicles, motorcycles and mopeds. It is one of the world's most importanteconomic sectors by revenue.
The term automotive industry usually does not include industries dedicated to the maintenance of automobiles
following delivery to the end-user, such as repair shops and motor fuel filling stations.
The term automotive was created from Greek autos (self), and Latin motivus (of motion) to represent any form
of self-powered vehicle. This term was proposed by SAE member Elmer Sperry.
[1]

Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Safety
3 Economy
4 World motor vehicle production
o 4.1 By year
o 4.2 By country
o 4.3 By manufacturer
5 Company relationships
6 Top vehicle manufacturing groups by volume
7 By total production
8 Minor automotive manufacturers
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
[edit]History


Citron assembly line in 1918
The first practical automobile with a petrol engine was built by Karl Benz in 1885 inMannheim, Germany. Benz
was granted a patent for his automobile on 29 January 1886, and began the first production of automobiles in
1888, after Bertha Benz, his wife, had proved with the first long-distance trip in August 1888 (104 km (65 mi)
fromMannheim to Pforzheim and back) that the horseless coach was absolutely suitable for daily use. Since
2008 a Bertha Benz Memorial Route commemorates this event.
Soon after, in 1889, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart designed a vehicle from scratch to be
an automobile, rather than a horse-drawn carriage fitted with an engine. They also are usually credited as
inventors of the first motorcycle, theDaimler Reitwagen, in 1885, but Italy's Enrico Bernardi, of the University of
Padua, in 1882, patented a 0.024 horsepower (17.9 W) 122 cc (7.4 cu in) one-cylinder petrol motor, fitting it
into his son's tricycle, making it at least a candidate for the first automobile, and first motorcycle.
[2]:p.26
Bernardi
enlarged the tricycle in 1892 to carry two adults.
[2]:p.26

For many decades, the United States led the world in total automobile production. In 1929 before the Great
Depression, the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, and the US automobile industry produced over 90%
of them. At that time the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons.
[3]
After WWII the U.S. issued 3/4 of world's auto
production. In 1980 the U.S. was overtaken by Japan and became world's leader again in 1994. In 2006, Japan
narrowly passed the U.S. in production and held this rank until 2009, when China took the top spot with 13.8
million units. By producing 18.4 million units in 2011, China produced more than twice the number of second
place the U.S. with 8.7 million units, with in Japan third place with 8.4 million units.
[4]

[edit]Safety
Todays vehicles are graded on stricter and more precise parameters than ever before from weight to safety to
durability and anywhere and everywhere in between. New materials have brought out new techniques for
construction and vehicle design.
[5]
The introduction of plastics has advanced the technology used for making
newer vehicles.
[6]
New plastics technologies allow manufactures to answer to the call for advancements.
Plastics can be used in various technologies on vehicles for structural safety to visual appearance. These new
plastic innovations allow new technologies to be used in vehicles for safety to comfort purposes. Plastics also
allow for cost effective changes to be made to newer vehicle while still maintaining high safety and comfort
requirements of the industry. These advancements in plastic material usage in modern vehicles are the
footholds for the future of the automotive industry.
[7]

[edit]Economy
See also: Automotive industry by country
Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007, consuming over 260
billion US gallons (980,000,000 m
3
) of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly.
[8]
The automobile is a primary mode of
transportation for many developed economies. The Detroit branch of Boston Consulting Group predicts that, by
2014, one-third of world demand will be in the four BRICmarkets (Brazil, Russia, India and China). Other
potentially powerful automotive markets are Iran and Indonesia.
[9]
Emerging auto markets already buy more
cars than established markets. According to a J.D. Power study, emerging markets accounted for 51 percent of
the global light-vehicle sales in 2010. The study expects this trend to accelerate.
[10][11]

[edit]World motor vehicle production
See also: List of countries by motor vehicle production
[edit]By year
Global production of motorvehicles
(cars and commercial vehicles)
Year Production Change Source
1997 54,434,000
[12]

1998 52,987,000 -2.7%
[12]

1999 56,258,892 6.2%
[13]

2000 58,374,162 3.8%
[14]

2001 56,304,925 -3.5%
[15]

2002 58,994,318 4.8%
[16]

2003 60,663,225 2.8%
[17]

2004 64,496,220 6.3%
[18]

2005 66,482,439 3.1%
[19]

2006 69,222,975 4.1%
[20]

2007 73,266,061 5.8%
[21]

2008 70,520,493 -3.7%
[22]

2009 61,791,868 -12.4%
[23]

2010 77,857,705 26.0%
[24]

2011 79,989,155 3.1%
[25]


[edit]By country
Main article: List of countries by motor vehicle production
[hide]
V

T

E
previous year Top 20 motor vehicle producing countries 2011 next year
Motor vehicle production (units)
Country 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000 7,000,000 8,000,000 9,000,000 10,000,000 11,000,000 12,000,000 13,000,000 14,000,00015,000,00016,000,00017,000,00018,000,00019,000,000
China
18,418,876

United States
8,653,560


Japan
8,398,654


Germany
6,311,318


South Korea
4,657,094


India
3,936,448


Brazil
3,406,150


Mexico
2,680,037


Spain
2,353,682


France
2,294,889


Canada 2,134,893


Russia
1,988,036


Iran
1,648,505


Thailand
1,478,460


UK 1,463,999


Czech Rep.
1,199,834


Turkey
1,189,131


Indonesia
837,948


Poland
837,132


Argentina
828,771


Italy
790,348


Reference: "Production Statistics". OICA. Retrieved 2012-03-12.




[edit]By manufacturer
[hide]
V

T

E
previous year Top motor vehicle manufacturing companies by volume 2011 next year
Total motor vehicle production
Group 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,00010,000,000
Key Cars Light Commercial Vehicles Heavy Commercial VehiclesHeavy Buses
GM

9,146,340
Volkswagen

8,157,058
Toyota

8,050,181
Hyundai Motor

6,616,858
Ford

4,873,450
Nissan

4,631,673
PSA

3,582,410

Honda

2,909,016

Renault

2,825,089

Suzuki

2,725,899

Fiat

2,399,825

Chrysler

2,004,514

BMW

1,738,160

Daimler AG

1,528,008

Mazda

1,165,591

Mitsubishi

1,140,282

Dongfeng Motor

1,095,065

Tata

1,061,229

Geely

902,824

Beijing Automotive

689,635

Chang'an Automobile

681,719

Saipa

669,538

Chery

637,423

AvtoVAZ

635,860

FAW

621,271

Fuji

580,261

Great Wall

486,562

Key Cars Light Commercial Vehicles Heavy Commercial VehiclesHeavy Buses
Total: 78,799,483 Cars: 61,703,020 LCV: 13,637,299 HCV: 3,111,908Heavy Bus: 347,256
Reference: "World motor vehicle production by manufacturer: World ranking of manufacturers, Year 2011". OICA.
November 2012.


[edit]Company relationships
It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers. These
ownerships can be explored under the detail for the individual companies.
Notable current relationships include:
[citation needed]

Daimler AG holds a 20% stake in Eicher Motors, a 10.0% stake in KAMAZ, a 10% stake in Tesla Motors, a
6.75% stake in Tata Motors and a 3.1% in the Renault-Nissan Alliance.
Dongfeng Motor Corporation is involved in joint ventures with several companies around the world,
including: Honda (Japan), Hyundai(South Korea), Nissan (Japan), Nissan Diesel (Sweden), and PSA
Peugeot Citroen (France).
Fiat holds a 90% stake in Ferrari and a 61.8% stake in Chrysler.
Ford Motor Company holds a 3% stake in Mazda and an 12.1% share in Aston Martin.
Geely Automobile holds a 23% stake in Manganese Bronze Holdings.
General Motors holds a 7% stake in PSA Peugeot Citroen, Shanghai Automotive Industry
Corporation (SAIC) have two joint ventures in Shanghai General Motors and SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile.
Both also hold an equal 50% stake in General Motors India Private Limited. And General Motors holds a
94% stake in GM Korea and SAIC Group holds a 6% stake.
Hyundai Kia Automotive Group holds a 33.99% stake in Kia Motors,
[26]
down from the 51% that it acquired
in 1998.
MAN SE holds a 17.01% voting stake in Scania.
Porsche Automobil Holding SE has a 50.74% voting stake in Volkswagen Group. The Porsche automotive
business is fully owned by the Volkswagen Group.
Renault and Nissan Motors have an alliance( Renault-Nissan Alliance ) involving two global companies
linked by cross-shareholding, with Renault holding 44.3% of Nissan shares, and Nissan holding 15% of
(non-voting) Renault shares. The alliance holds a 3.1% share in Daimler AG.
Renault holds a 25% stake in AvtoVAZ and 20.5% of the voting stakes in Volvo Group.
Toyota holds a 51% stake in Daihatsu, and 16.5% in Fuji Heavy Industries, parent company of Subaru.
Volkswagen Group holds a 37.73% stake in Scania (68.6% voting rights), and a 53.7% stake in MAN
SE (55.9% voting rights). Volkswagen is integrating Scania, MAN and its own truck division into one
division.Volkswagen Group has a 19.9% stake in Suzuki, and Suzuki has a 5% stake in Volkswagen.
Paccar inc. has a 19% stake in Tatra.
[edit]Top vehicle manufacturing groups by volume
The table below shows the world's largest motor vehicle manufacturing groups, along with
the marques produced by each one. The table is ranked by 2010 end of year production figures from
the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA)
[27]
for the parent group, and then
alphabetically by marque. Joint ventures are not reflected in this table. Production figures of joint ventures are
typically included in OICA rankings, which can become a source of controversy.
[28][29]

Marque
Country of
origin
Ownership Markets
1. General Motors Company ( United States)
Alpheon

Subsidiary South Korea

Buick

Division United States, Canada, Mexico, China,Taiwan, Israel

Cadillac

Division North America, Europe, Asia, Middle East

Chevrolet

Division Global, except Australia, New Zealand

Corvette

Division Global, except Australia and New Zealand

Damas/Labo

Subsidiary South Korea

GMC

Division North America, Middle East

Holden

Subsidiary Australia, New Zealand

HSV

Subsidiary Australia, New Zealand

Opel

Subsidiary Europe (except UK), Middle East, China, Taiwan, South Africa, Australia

OPC

Subsidiary Europe (except UK), Middle East, China, Taiwan, South Africa, Australia

OSV

Subsidiary Europe

Vauxhall

Subsidiary United Kingdom

2. Volkswagen Group AG ( Germany)
Audi

Subsidiary Global

Bentley

Subsidiary Global

Bugatti

Subsidiary Global

Lamborghini

Subsidiary Global

MAN

Subsidiary Europe, Asia, Africa, South America

Porsche

Subsidiary Global, except Iran

Scania

Subsidiary Global

SEAT

Subsidiary Europe, South America, Africa, Asia, Mexico

koda

Subsidiary Global, except North America

Volkswagen

Subsidiary Global

Volkswagen Commercial
Vehicles

Subsidiary Europe, Latin America, Australia, China

3. Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japan)
Daihatsu

Subsidiary Asia, Africa, and South America

Hino

Subsidiary Asia Pacific, North America and South America

Lexus

Division Global

Lexus F

Division Global

Scion

Subsidiary United States, Canada

Toyota

Division Global

4. Hyundai Motor Group ( South Korea)
Hyundai

Division Global

5. Ford Motor Company ( United States)
Ford

Division Global

FPV

Subsidiary Australia

Lincoln

Division United States, Canada, Mexico, Middle East, Japan, South Korea

Troller

Subsidiary South America, Africa

6. Nissan ( Japan)
Datsun

Division Indonesia, India, Russia

Infiniti

Division Global, except Japan, South America and Africa

Infiniti Performance Line

Division Global

Nissan

Division Global

7. PSA Peugeot Citron S.A. ( France)
Citron

Subsidiary Global, except North America, South Asia

DS

Subsidiary Global, except North America, and South Asia

Peugeot

Subsidiary Global, except USA, Canada

8. Honda Motor Company ( Japan)
Acura

Subsidiary United States, Canada, Mexico, China

Honda

Division Global

9. Renault ( France)
Dacia

Subsidiary Europe, Middle East, Northern Africa

Renault

Division Global, except United States, Canada, South Korea

Renault Samsung

Subsidiary South Korea, Chile

10. Suzuki Motor Corporation ( Japan)
Suzuki

Division Global, except United States

Maruti Suzuki

Subsidiary India, Middle East, South America

11. Fiat S.p.A. ( Italy)
Abarth

Subsidiary Global, except Iran

Alfa Romeo

Subsidiary Global, except North America and Iran

Chrysler

Subsidiary
Global, except Europe (except UK and Ireland), Africa (except South Africa and
Egypt), South Asia, South East Asia

Dodge

Subsidiary
Global, except Europe, Africa(except South Africa and Egypt), South Asia, South
East Asia

Ferrari

Subsidiary Global

Fiat

Subsidiary Global, except Africa(except South Africa), Iran, South East Asia

Jeep

Subsidiary Global, Africa(except South Africa and Egypt), South Asia, South East Asia

Lancia

Subsidiary Europe(except UK and Ireland) and Japan

Maserati

Subsidiary Global

Mopar

Subsidiary North America

Ram

Subsidiary North America, Brazil, Middle East

Street and Racing
Technology

Subsidiary North America, Australia, New Zealand

12. BMW AG ( Germany)
BMW

Division Global

BMW i

Division Global

BMW M

Division Global

MINI

Division Global

Rolls-Royce

Subsidiary Global

13. Daimler AG ( Germany)
BharatBenz

Subsidiary India

Freightliner

Subsidiary North America, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand

Master

Subsidiary Pakistan

Mercedes-AMG

Division Global

Mercedes-Benz

Division Global

Mitsubishi Fuso

Subsidiary Global

Orion

Subsidiary United States, Canada

Setra

Division Europe, Asia, USA

Smart

Division Global

Thomas Built

Subsidiary North America

Western Star

Subsidiary North America, Australia, New Zealand

14. Mazda Motor Corporation ( Japan)
Mazda

Division Global

15. Mitsubishi Motors Corporation ( Japan)
Mitsubishi

Division Global

16. Dongfeng Motor Corporation ( People's Republic of China)
Fengshen

Division China

17. Tata Motors, Ltd ( India)
Hispano

Subsidiary Europe

Jaguar

Subsidiary Global

Land Rover

Subsidiary Global

Tata

Division Global, except North America

Tata Daewoo

Subsidiary South Korea, Pakistan

18. Geely Automobile ( People's Republic of China)
Emlgon

Division China

Emgrand

Division China, United Kingdom

Geagle

Division China

Geely

Division
China, Taiwan, Russia, North Africa, Middle East, South America, South Africa,
Australia

Maple

Division China

Volvo (Cars)

Subsidiary Global

19. Kia Motors ( KOR)
Kia

Division Global, except Mexico

20. Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Corporation, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
BAW

Division China

Foton

Subsidiary China, Taiwan, Japan, Australia

21. SAIPA ( Iran)
SAIPA

Division Middle East

22. Chery Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Chery

Division China, South East Asia, Russia, South Africa, South America

Qoros

Joint-
Venture
China

Riich

Division China

Rely

Division China

23. OAO AvtoVAZ ( Russia)
Lada

Division Europe, except United Kingdom, Portugal and Malta, Central Asia

VIS

Division Russia

24. First Automotive Group Corporation ( People's Republic of China)
Besturn

Division China

Freewind

Subsidiary China

Haima

Subsidiary China

Hongqi

Division China

Jiaxing

Subsidiary China

Vita

Subsidiary China

Xiali

Subsidiary China

25. Fuji Heavy Industries, Ltd ( Japan)
Subaru

Division Global

26. Great Wall Motor Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Great Wall

Division China, Taiwan, South Africa, Russia, North Africa, Australia, Europe, Middle East

27. Isuzu Motors, Ltd ( Japan)
Isuzu

Division Global, except Brazil and Korea

28. Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
JAC

Division China

29. Brilliance China Automotive Holding, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Brilliance

Division China, North Africa

Jinbei

Subsidiary China

30. SAIC Motor ( People's Republic of China)
Maxus

Division China, Australia, South Africa, United Kingdom, Chile, Malaysia

MG Motor

Subsidiary China, United Kingdom, South America

Roewe

Division China

Soyat

Division China

Yuejin

Division China

31. BYD Auto ( People's Republic of China)
BYD

Division China, Taiwan, Russia, United States

32. Mahindra & Mahindra, Ltd ( India)
Mahindra

Division India, South East Asia, Europe, North Africa, North America, Australia

REVA

Division India

SsangYong

Subsidiary Global, except North America and Japan

33. AB Volvo ( Sweden)
Mack

Subsidiary Global

NovaBus

Subsidiary North America

Prevost

Subsidiary North America

Renault Trucks

Subsidiary Global, except Japan, United States, and Canada

UD Trucks

Subsidiary Global

Volvo Trucks

Division Global

34. Chana Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Chana

Division China, Taiwan, South Africa, Europe

Hafei

Subsidiary China

Tiger Truck

Subsidiary United States, Canada

35. Iran Khodro Company ( Iran)
Iran Khodoro

Division Middle East,Northern Africa, Russia, Belarus, Central Asia, China, Venezuela

IKCO Diesel

Division Middle East, Northern Africa, Western Africa

36. Chongqing Lifan Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Lifan

Division China, Taiwan, Russia, Middle East, South America

37. Proton Holdings, Bhd ( Malaysia)
Lotus

Subsidiary Global

Proton

Division Asia Pacific(except Korea), South Africa, United Kingdom, Middle East

38. Jiangling Automotive ( CHN)
Jiangling

Division China, Europe

39. Fujian Motor Industry Group Company ( People's Republic of China)
Soueast

Division China

40. Kuozui Motors, Ltd ( Taiwan)
Kuozui

Subsidiary Taiwan

41. China National Heavy Duty Truck Group ( CHN)
Sinotruck

Division China

42. Hunan Jiangnan Automobile ( People's Republic of China)
Jiangnan

Division China

43. Paccar Inc. ( United States)
DAF Trucks

Subsidiary Global, except North America and Japan

Kenworth

Division North America, Australia

Leyland Trucks

Subsidiary Global, except North America and Japan

Peterbilt

Division North America

44. GAZ ( Russia)
GAZ

Division Russia, Europe, Central Asia

LiAZ

Subsidiary Russia

Ural Trucks

Division Russia

45. Hafei Motor ( China)
Hafei

Subsidiary China

46. Jiangxi Changhe Automobile ( China)
Changhe

Division China

47. Shaanxi Automobile Group ( CHN)
Shaanxi

Division China

48. Qingling Motors Company Ltd. ( China)
Qingling

Division China

49. Ashok Leyland ( India)
Ashok Leyland

Division South Asia, Middle East, East Africa

50. Navistar International Corporation ( United States)
eStar

Division United States, Canada

IC

Subsidiary United States, Canada

International

Division North America, South America, Russia, Middle East, Egypt, South Africa

??. Fiat Industrial S.p.A ( Italy)
Iveco

Subsidiary Global

Irisbus

Subsidiary Global, except North America

Zastava Trucks

Subsidiary Europe

??. Oshkosh Corporation ( United States)
Oshkosh

Division USA, Canada, China

??. Yulon Motor ( Taiwan)
Luxgen

Division Taiwan, China, Oman

Tobe

Division Taiwan

??. Shandong Kaima ( China)
Kaima

Division China

Jubao

Division China

Aofeng

Division China

??. Guangzhou Automobile Industry Group Co Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Changfeng

Subsidiary China, Russia, Middle East, Africa

Gonow

Subsidiary China

Trumpchi

Division China

??. Micro (Cars) ( Sri Lanka)
Micro (cars)

Division Sri Lanka

??. Rongcheng Huatai Motor ( People's Republic of China)
Huatai

Division China

??. Caterpillar Inc. ( United States)
CAT

Division United States, Canada, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand

[edit]By total production
Quantifying the total production of a manufacturer, from their start-up, is a difficult task, because of frequent
company ownership changes. However some producers, and independent sources, provide some valuable
statistics:
Toyota reached 200 000 000 vehicles as of July 2012 (after 77 years of production).
[30]

[edit]Minor automotive manufacturers
Main article: Minor automotive manufacturing groups
There are many automobile manufacturers other than the major global companies. They are mostly regional or
operating in niche markets.