Carbopol Polymer Powder PDF

The Lubrizol Corporation 2008, all rights reserved
Carbopol
Polymers

Overview
2
Typical Properties of Powdered
Carbopol
Polymers
Chemical Description: High molecular weight,non-
linear polyacrylic acid cross-linked
with polyalkenyl polyether
Physical Appearance: White powder
Particle Size: 2 - 7 microns
Bulk Density: 176 - 208 kg/m
3

pH (1% water dispersion) 2.5 - 3.0
Moisture Content: < 2%
Equivalent Weight 76 4
3
Major Functions of Carbopol
and Pemulen

Rheology Modifiers
Thickening with a wide range of flow properties
Suspension of insoluble ingredients
Stabilization of emulsions (Carbopol
polymers)
Emulsification (Pemulen

polymers)
5
How Carbopol
Polymers Thicken
Carbopol

Powder
State I:
Powder
State II:
Hydrated
State III:
Neutralized
6
State I: Powder
Before contact with water, cross-linked polyacrylic acid is tightly coiled
COO
H
7
State II (Polymer Dispersion): Hydrated
When dispersed in water, cross-linked polyacrylic acid begins uncoiling
COOH
8
State III (Polymer Mucilage): Neutralized
u Neutralization with a base creates negative charges along
backbone
u These repulsive forces uncoil polymer into an extended structure
NH
4
+

NH
4
+

NH
4
+

NH
4
+

NH
4
+

Neutralization Ratio Chart - pH 7.0
*Note: The 40% solution should be made from Tris Amino crystals from the manufacturer.
Do not use the pre-dispersed solution from the manufacturer as it contains many impurities.
Neutralizer Trade
Name
Neutralizer INCI/CTFA
Name
Manufacturer Weight Ration
Base/Carbopol
polymer
NaOH (18%) Sodium Hydroxide 2.3/1.0
Ammonia (28%) Ammonium Hydroxide 0.7/1.0
KOH (18%) Potassium Hydroxide 2.7/1.0
L-Arginine Arginine Ajinomoto 4.5/1.0
AMP-95

Aminomethyl Propanol Angus 0.9/1.0
Neutrol
TE Tetrahydroxypropyl
Ethylenediamine
BASF 2.3/1.0
TEA (99%) Triethanolamine 1.5/1.0
Tris Amino

(40%)*

Tromethamine Angus 3.2/1.0
Ethomeen

C-25 PEG-15 Cocamine Akzo 6.2/1.0
Diisopropanolamine Diisopropanolamine Dow 1.2/1.0
Triisopropanolamine Triisopropanolamine Dow 1.5/1.0
Thickening Hydroalcoholic Gels
Carbopol
polymer
will precipitate out of
solution if neutralizer
is not chosen
correctly.

Recommended Neutralizers for
Hydroalcoholic Systems
Up to % Alcohol Neutralizer
20% Sodium Hydroxide
30% Potassium Hydroxide
60% Triethanolamine
60% Tris Amino
80% AMP-95*
90% Neutrol TE
90% Diisopropanolamine
90% Triisopropanolamine
>90% Ethomeen
C-25
11
Suspension of Particles in a Carbopol
Polymer Gel
Swollen
Microgel
Suspended
Particle
12
Yield Value
Formulations thickened with Carbopol
polymers
have very high yield values
Yield value is the initial resistance to flow under
applied stress
Yield value (rather than viscosity) is the
dominant factor in determining suspending
ability
13
Applications for Yield Value
Suspension
Vertical Cling
Foam Stability
Emulsion Stabilization
14
Viscosity vs. Yield Value
rev. 4/19/02
pH = 6.3 - 7.5
Polymer (wt%) Broolfield
Viscosity
(mPas)
Brookfield Yield
Value (dyn/cm
2
)
Sand Suspension
0.1-Carbopol
Ultrez 21
polymer
6,800 200 Permanent
0.5-Locust Bean Gum 22,800 80 8 Hours
1.5-Sodium CMC 5,900 36 3 Hours
1.5-Guar Gum 8,040 32 4 Hours
2.5-Sodium Alginate 8,360 16 2 Hours
15
Suspended Sphere Test Method
u Location of several
spheres marked
u Gels stored at room
temperature for 3
days
u Yield value
associated with
largest/densest
sphere with no
appreciable
movement
Viscosity = 33,000 mPas pH = 7.5
2.3% CMC 2.1% Guar
6.0% Xanthan
0.5%
Carbopol

980
polymer
rev. 12/13/01
16
Measurement of Brookfield Yield Value
Brookfield Yield Value (dyn/cm
2
)=
(Brookfield Visc. @ 0.5 rpm Brookfield Visc. @ 1 rpm)
100
17
Carbopol
Polymers: Application Guide

INCI/CTFA Designation
Acrylates/C10-
30 alkyl acrylate
crosspolymer
Carbomer Carbomer Carbomer
Acrylates/C10-30
alkyl acrylate
crosspolymer
Ultrez 21 Ultrez 10 Ultrez 20
ETD 2050 ETD 2020
2984/5984 980 981 1382
934 940 941 1342
PROPERTIES
Flow characteristics Short Short Short Long Medium
Relative viscosity High High High Low Medium
Suspending ability (yield
value)
High High High High High
Clarity Very high Low High High High
Relative Ion Tolerance Medium Low Low Medium High
Relative Shear Tolerance High High High Low Low
APPLICATIONS
Clear Gels
Hydroalcoholic Gels
Lotions
Creams
Personal Cleansers
High Electrolyte Systems
(aloe gels, etc.)

Ultrez 10 = Carbopol
Ultrez 10 Polymer
Ultrez 20 Polymer
Ultrez 21 Polymer
934 = Carbopol
934 Polymer
940 = Carbopol
940 Polymer
941 = Carbopol
941 Polymer
1382 = Carbopol
1382 Polymer
2984 = Carbopol
2984 Polymer
5984 = Carbopol
5984 Polymer
2984 = Carbopol
2984 Polymer
ETD2020 = Carbopol

EETD2020 Polymer
ETD2050 Carbopol

ETD2050 Polymer
19
Compatibility of Carbopol
Polymers
*Best H
2
0
2
compatible = Carbopol
934 Polymer
** Not tested
PROPERTIES Ultrez 21 Ultrez 10 Ultrez 20
Flow Type Short Short Medium
Formulation
compatibility
High electrolytes

Surfactants

Cationics

Solvents

*H
2
O
2
**

**
High pH

Easy to disperse/use

Ultez 20 = Carbopol
Ultrez 20 Polymer
Utrez 21 Polymer

Ultrez 10 Polymer
20
Ease of Processing
Carbopol
Polymer Wetting Times at 25C

Procedure:
0.5%: 2.5 g of powder sprinkled onto the surface of 500 mL DI water contained in
a 800 mL beaker
3.0%: 3.0 g of powder sprinkled onto the surface of 100 mL DI water contained
in a 250 mL beaker
Note: The above values are typical, not specifications

Carbopol

Polymer
Wetting Time
0.5 wt % (minutes)
Wetting Time
3.0 wt %
(minutes)
Ultrez 20
3
5
Ultrez 21
2-3
5
Ultrez 10
5
6
ETD 2020
20
> 3 hours
980
> 50
> 5 hours

Ultrez 20 = Carbopol Ultrez 20 Polymer
Ultrez 21 = Carbopol Ultrez 21 Polymer
Utrez 10 = Carbopol Ultrez 10 Polymer
ETD2020 = Carbopol ETD2020 Polymer
980 = Carbopol 980 Polymer
21
Concentration Dependence of Dispersion Viscosity
pH = 2.5 - 3.5
Brookfield RVT @ 20 rpm
0
10,000
20,000
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Polymer Concentration, wt %
V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y
,

(
m
P
a

s
)
Carbopol Ultrez
21 Polymer
Carbopol Ultrez
10 Polymer
Carbopol Ultrez
20 Polymer
Carbopol 980
Polymer
Carbopol 940
Polymer
Measurement taken
@ 1 hour @ 25 C
Dispersion Preparation of Carbopol
and Pemulen

Polymer
- Add slowly in finely divided particles by sifting polymers
through 20 - 30 mesh stainless steel screen into water vortex
- Add as early in formulation as possible
- Add small amount of inorganic acid to reduce viscosity and
air entrapment
- Neutralize near the end of the formula
- Up to 2.0% polymer concentration recommended
23
Processing and Formulating Guidelines
Carbopol
Ultrez Polymers

Sprinkle polymer on surface of water and allow to
self-wet (vigorous agitation produces foam)
Gently begin agitation
Can be pre- or post-neutralized
(depending on application)
Keep agitation to a minimum (to avoid air
entrapment) while adding remaining ingredients to
formulation
24
25
Effect of pH on Viscosity
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pH
V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y
,

(
m
P
a
s
)
Carbopol Ultrez 21
polymer
Carbopol Ultrez 10
polymer
Carbopol Ultrez 20
polymer
Carbopol
Polymer
Carbopol
Polymer - 0.5 (wt %)

NaOH - 18 (wt %)
26
NaCl Effect on Carbopol
Polymer
Gel Viscosities
Carbopol
Polymer - 1.0 wt% at pH 7.5

0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
NaCl Concentration (wt %)
V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y
,

(
m
P
a

s
)
Carbopol Ultrez
21 polymer
Carbopol Ultrez
10 Polymer
Carbopol Ultrez
20 Polymer
Carbopol
Polymer
rev. 4/19/02
Measurements taken immediately
27
Clarity Vs. Concentration
Polymer Concentration (wt %)
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Carbopol Ultrez
20 polymer
Carbopol ETD
2020 polymer
Carbopol Ultrez
21 polymer
pH = 6.0

C
l
a
r
i
t
y

(
%
T
)

Carbopol

polymers
Measurements
taken
@ 1 hour @ 25 C
Creating the Right Sensory with the
Right Choice of Carbopol

Polymers
Formulate with Confidence

29
Gel: Screening Formulation
Comparable Viscosities (23,000-28,000 mPa
.
s)
Part

Ingredients INCI % Weight
A
Carbopol

Ultrez 10 polyme
Carbomer
0.23

Carbopol

Ultrez 20 polymer
Acrylates C10-C30 Alkyl
Acrylate Crosspolymer
0.60

Carbopol

Ultrez 21 polymer
Acrylates C10-C30 Alkyl
Acrylate Crosspolymer
0.23

Carbopol

940 polymer

Carbomer
0.20

Carbopol

980 polymer
Carbomer
0.25
Carbopol

934 polymer
Carbomer
0.45

Deionized Water Qs to 100

B
TEA(99%) Triethanolamine QS to pH = 6.0 6.5

C Glydant
Plus Liquid DMDM Hydantoin (&) Iodopropynyl

Butylcarbamate
0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40
30
Gel: Effect of Electrolytes on Viscosity
Comparable Viscosities
0
10,000
20,000
U10 U20 U21 940 980 934
Rheology Modifiers
V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

(
m
P
a
.
S
)
w/ 0.01wt% NaCl w/ 0.05wt% NaCl
U10 = Carbopol
Ultrez 10 polymer
U20 = Carbopol
Ultrez 20 polymer
U21 = Carbopol
Ultrez 21 polymer
940 = Carbopol
940 polymer
980 = Carbopol
980 polymer
934 = Carbopol
934 polymer
More electrolyte tolerant Carbopol

polymers offer higher
viscosity response in the presence of electrolytes.
(
m
P
a
S
)

31
Gel: Stress Sweep
0.1000 1.000 10.00 100.0 1000
osc. stress (Pa)
0.010
0.100
1.000
10.00
100.0
1000
Carbopol Ultrez 10 Polymer + NaCl
Carbopol 940 Polymer + NaCl
0.1000 1.000 10.00 100.0 1000
osc. stress (Pa)
0.010
0.100
1.000
10.00
100.0
1000
G
'

(
P
a
.
s
)

Carbopol

Ultrez 10 Polymer
Carbopol
Ultrez 20 polymer
Carbopol

Ultrez 21Polymer
Carbopol
940 Polymer
Carbopol
980 Polymer
Carbopol

934 Polymer
Lower values for yield stress result in easier-to-break structures.
The longer the rest plateau, the higher the stress needed to break the structure.
Yield
Stress
Yield
Stress

Critical
Strain
Critical
Strain
Rest plateau
Rest plateau
G
'

(
P
a
.
s
)

32
Gel: Sensory Attributes of Carbopol

Polymers
(Forced Ranking Method)
-9E
+2
63
Cushion
Quickness of Break
Wetness Spreadability
Afterfeel Intensity
Carbopol
Ultrez 10
Polymer
Carbopol
Ultrez 20
Polymer
Carbopol
Ultrez 21
Polymer
Carbopol
940 Polymer
Carbopol
980 Polymer
Carbopol
934 Polymer
Each polymer has its own sensory fingerprint.
HSD
95
*with significant difference
*
*
*
*
33
Gel: Range of Aesthetics for Carbopol
Polymers
Taken from the forced ranking sensory data of tested Carbopol

Polymers
Light Heavy
Wet Watery Creamy
Quick Break Long Playtime
Ultrez 10 Ultrez 21 980 Ultrez 20
Carbopol

Polymers
Ultrez 10 polymer
Ultrez 21 polymer
980 = Carbopol
980 polymer
Ultrez 20 polymer
34
Gel: Summary of Sensory Evaluation
Carbopol
Ultrez 20 polymer offers luxurious feel and longer

playtime a melting sensory. Good for rich cushiony and non
watery sensory gel formulations.
Both Carbopol
Ultrez 10 and Carbopol
Ultrez 21 polymers
provide refreshing sensory in initial rubout. Good for refreshing
formulations.
Carbopol
980 polymer provides in-between sensory

characterized by slippery and lighter initial cushiony feel. Good
for medium to rich formulations with non-tacky afterfeel.
35
Emulsion: Sensory Attributes of Carbopol

Polymers
QDA Rating Method
-9
E
+
26
Cushion
Quickness of Break
Wetness Spreadbility
Afterfeel Intensity
Carbopol Ultrez 10 Polymer Carbopol Ultrez 20 Polymer Carbopol Ultrez 21 Polymer
Carbopol 940 Polymer Carbopol 980 Polymer Carbopol 934 Polymer
HSD
95
*
*
*
*
*
36
Emulsion: Range of Aesthetics for Carbopol
Polymers
Ultrez 10 polymer
Ultrez 21 polymer
980 = Carbopol
980 polymer
Ultrez 20 polymer
Light Heavy
Low residual feel High residual feel
Non-lingering afterfeel Lingering afterfeel
Ultrez 10 980 Ultrez 21 Ultrez 20
Carbopol

Polymers
37
Emulsion: Summary of Sensory Evaluation
Even with the complexities of emulsion formulations, Carbopol

polymers still provide sensory influence in the resulting
emulsions.
Carbopol
Ultrez 20 polymer provides luxurious, melting rubout sensory and

highest afterfeel intensity.
Carbopol
Ultrez 21 polymer provides melting, lighter rubout sensory and

medium to light afterfeel intensity.
Carbopol
Ultrez 10 polymer provides refreshing, short rubout sensory and

light afterfeel intensity.
Carbopol
980 polymer provides light, lubricating rubout sensory and velvety

afterfeel.

Carbopol
Polymers: Application Guide

INCI/CTFA Designation
Acrylates/C10-
30 alkyl acrylate
crosspolymer
Carbomer Carbomer Carbomer
Acrylates/C10-30
alkyl acrylate
crosspolymer
Ultrez 21 Ultrez 10 Ultrez 20
ETD 2050 ETD 2020
2984/5984 980 981 1382
934 940 941 1342
PROPERTIES
Flow characteristics Short Short Short Long Medium
Relative viscosity High High High Low Medium
Suspending ability (yield
value)
High High High High High
Clarity Very high Low High High High
Relative Ion Tolerance Medium Low Low Medium High
Relative Shear Tolerance High High High Low Low
APPLICATIONS
Clear Gels
Hydroalcoholic Gels
Lotions
Creams
Personal Cleansers
High Electrolyte Systems
(aloe gels, etc.)

Ultrez 10 Polymer
Ultrez 20 Polymer
Ultrez 21 Polymer
934 = Carbopol
934 Polymer
940 = Carbopol
940 Polymer
941 = Carbopol
941 Polymer
1382 = Carbopol
1382 Polymer
2984 = Carbopol
2984 Polymer
5984 = Carbopol
5984 Polymer
2984 = Carbopol
2984 Polymer
ETD2020 = Carbopol

EETD2020 Polymer
ETD2050 Carbopol

ETD2050 Polymer
Trademarks
Carbopol and SilSense are registered trademarks of The Lubrizol
Corporation.
Fixate, Glucam, Glucamate, Glucate, Glucquat, Hydramol, Merquat,
Novemer, Pemulen, Schercemol and Sensomer are trademarks of The
Lubrizol Corporation.
Hydrolite is registered trademark of Symrise.
Euxyl is a registered trademark of Schlke & Mayr GmbH
Olympus is a registered trademark of Olympus corporation
Fucosorb is a trademark of Sensient
Lipopearl and Liposphere are trademarks of Lipo Technologies, Inc.
Disclaimer
The information contained herein is believed to be reliable, but no representations, guarantees or
warranties of any kind are made as to its accuracy, suitability for a particular application or the results
to be obtained herefrom. Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. ("Lubrizol") cannot guarantee how any
products associated with this information will perform in combination with other substances or in your
process as the "user". Often, the information is based on laboratory work with small-scale equipment.
Due to variations in methods, conditions and equipment used commercially in processing materials,
the information does not necessarily indicate end product performance or reproducibility. As such, no
warranties or guarantees are made as to the suitability of the information or products referenced
hereunder for any applications disclosed to Lubrizol. Full scale testing and end product performance
are the responsibility of the user. Further, any formulations presented should be used only as a
suggested starting point. Lubrizol shall not be liable and the user assumes all risk and responsibility
for, any use or handling of any material beyond Lubrizol's direct control. THE SELLER MAKES NO
WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Nothing
contained herein is to be considered as a permission, recommendation, or as an inducement to
practice any patented invention without permission of the patent owner.

Copyright, Inc. 2012 Lubrizol Advanced Materials
Thank you . . .
For more information, samples and/or starting formulations with complete
processing instructions and supplier references please contact:
Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc.
9911 Brecksville Road
Cleveland, OH 44141
800-379-5389
216-447-5000
www.lubrizol.com/personalcare
www.lubrizol.com/household

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Polymers: Application Guide

Polymer Wetting Times at 25C

Polymer - 0.5 (wt %)

Polymer - 1.0 wt% at pH 7.5

Plus Liquid DMDM Hydantoin (&) Iodopropynyl

Ultrez 20 polymer offers luxurious feel and longer

Ultrez 10 and Carbopol

980 polymer provides in-between sensory

Ultrez 20 polymer provides luxurious, melting rubout sensory and

Ultrez 21 polymer provides melting, lighter rubout sensory and

Ultrez 10 polymer provides refreshing, short rubout sensory and

980 polymer provides light, lubricating rubout sensory and velvety

Polymers: Application Guide

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