GAS TURBINE

HISTORY
The earliest example of jet propulsion can be
traced as far back as 150 B.C.to an Egyptian
named Hero. Hero invented a toy that
rotated on top of a boiling pot due to the
reaction effect of hot air or steam exiting
several nozzles arranged radially around a
wheel. He called his invention anaeolipil.
General Turbine Characteristics

Useful work or propulsive thrust can
be obtained from a gas turbine engine.
It may drive a generator, pump, or
propeller or, in the case of a pure jet
aircraft engine, develop thrust by
accelerating the turbine exhaust flow
through a nozzle.
PRO & CONS
Large amounts of power can be produced by such an engine that, for
the same output, is much smaller and lighter than a reciprocating
internal combustion engine. Reciprocating engines depend on the up
and-down motion of a piston, which must then be converted to
rotary motion by a crankshaft arrangement, whereas a gas turbine
delivers rotary shaft power directly.
Although conceptually the gas turbine engine is a simple device, the
components for an efficient unit must be carefully designed and
manufactured from costly materials because of the high
temperatures and stresses encountered during operation. Thus, gas
turbine engine installations are usually limited to large units where
they become cost effectiv

Basic Gas Turbine Cycle

gas turbine operates by doing the
following:
1. Continuously drawing in fresh air.
2. Compressing the air to a higher pressure.
3. Adding and burning fuel in the
compressed air to increase its energy.
4. Directing the high-pressure, high-
temperature air to an expansion turbine
that converts the gas energy to mechanical
energy of a rotating shaft. The resulting
low-pressure, lower temperature gases are
discharged to atmosphere.
BRAYTON CYCLE
The Joule-Brayton (JB) constant pressure closed cycle is the basis
of the cyclic gas turbine power plant
with steady flow of air (or gas) through a compressor, heater, turbine,
cooler within a closed circuit.

Cont.
The turbine drives the
compressor and a generator
delivering the electrical power,
heat is supplied at a constant
pressure and is also rejected at
constant pressure.
CONTI.

Major Turbine Components

Air inlet system
Compressor
Combustion section
Turbine
Exhaust system
Support systems
Base and supports

METHOD FOR IMPROVE EFFICIENCY
REHEAT
REGENERATOR
INTERCOOLING
EFFICIENY & PRESSURE RATION RELATION










Gas Turbine Cycle with Reheat


A common method of increasing the
mean temperature of heat reception is to
reheat the gas after it has expanded in a
part of the gas turbine. By doing so the
mean temperature of heat rejection is
also increased, resulting in a decrease in
the thermal efficiency of the plant.
However , the specific output of the plant
increases due to reheat
Gas Turbine Cycle with Inter-cooling
The cooling of air between two
stages of compression is known
as intercooling. This reduces the
work of compression and
increases the specific output of
the plant with a decrease in the
thermal efficiency. The loss in
efficiency due to intercooling can
be remedied by employing
exhaust heat exchange as in the
reheat cycle.

Simple Cycle with Exhaust Heat
Exchange(Regenerative cycle)
TUTORIAL

TUTORIAL
The earliest example of jet propulsion can be
traced as far back as 150 B.C.to an Egyptian
named Hero. Hero invented a toy that
rotated on top of a boiling pot due to the
reaction effect of hot air or steam exiting
several nozzles arranged radially around a
wheel. He called his invention anaeolipil.
PROBLEM
A gas turbine is supplied with gas at 5 bar
and 1000 K and expands it adiabatically to 1
bar. The mean specific heat at constant
pressure and constant volume are1.0425
kJ/kg K and 0.7662 kJ/kg K respectively.
(i) Draw the temperature-entropy diagram to
represent the processes of the simple gas
turbine system.
(ii) Calculate the power developed in kW per
kg of gas per second and the exhaust gas
temperature.
Q.2
Find the required air-fuel ratio in a gas turbine whose turbine and
compressor efficiencies are 85% and 80%, respectively. Maximum cycle
temperature is 875C. The working fluid can be taken as air (cp = 1.0
kJ/kg K, = 1.4) which enters the compressor at 1 bar and 27C. The
pressure ratio is 4. The fuel used has calorific value of 42000 kJ/kg. There
is a loss of 10% of calorific value in the combustion chamber.
Q.3
In a simple gas turbine plant air enters the compressor at 1 bar and
27c and leaves at 6 bar.it is then heated in the combustion chamber
to 700c and then enters the turbine and expands to 1 bar.
c
and
T

are 0.80 and 0.85 res. And the combustion efficiency is 0.98. the fall
in pressure through c.c. is 0.1 bar.
(i) thermal efficiency
(ii) work ratio
(iii) air rate
(iv) specific fuel consumption
(v) air fuel ratio