GAS REFRIGERATION CYCLES

The Simple Ideal Gas Refrigeration Cycle

An ideal gas refrigeration cycle using air as the working

medium is to maintain a refrigerated space at 0°F while
rejecting heat to the surrounding medium at 80°F. The
pressure ratio of the compressor is 4. Determine
• (a) the maximum and minimum temperatures in the
cycle,
• (b) the coefficient of performance,
• (c) the rate of refrigeration for a mass flow rate of 0.1
lbm/s.
• Chlorofluorocarbons (cfcs),
• Ammonia
• Hydrocarbons (propane, ethane, ethylene,
etc.)
• Carbon dioxide, air
• And even water (in applications above the
freezing point)

Muhammad Asif Akhtar CH.E 307

Ethyl ether was the first commercially used
refrigerant in vapor-compression systems in
1850,
followed by ammonia, carbon dioxide, methyl
chloride, sulphur dioxide, butane, ethane,
propane, isobutane and chlorofluorocarbons,
among others.

Muhammad Asif Akhtar CH.E 307

The desirable characteristics of a refrigerant are
to have an evaporator pressure which is above
the atmospheric pressure, and a condenser
pressure which corresponds to a saturation
temperature above the temperature of the
cooling medium.

Muhammad Asif Akhtar CH.E 307

• Other desirable characteristics of a refrigerant
include being
• nontoxic,
• noncorrosive,
• nonflammable,
• chemically stable,
• having a high enthalpy of vaporization (minimizes
the mass flow rate) and, of course, being available
at low cost.
Muhammad Asif Akhtar CH.E 307
 BRAYTON CYCLE
THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS
TURBINE ENGINES
 An Open-cycle Gas-turbine Engine

Gas turbines usually operate on an open cycle.

Fresh air at ambient conditions is drawn into the
compressor, where its temperature and pressure are
raised.
The high pressure air proceeds into the combustion
chamber, where the fuel is burned at constant
pressure.
The resulting high-temperature gases then enter the
turbine, where they expand to the atmospheric
pressure while producing power.
The exhaust gases leaving the turbine are thrown out
(not recirculated), causing the cycle to be classified as
an open cycle.
A Closed-cycle Gas-turbine Engine

The open gas-turbine cycle described above can be

modeled as a closed cycle by utilizing the air-standard
assumptions.

The ideal cycle that the working fluid undergoes in

this closed loop is the Brayton cycle, which is made
up of four internally reversible processes:

1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor)

2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection
The T-s and P-v diagrams of an ideal Brayton cycle
BRAYTON CYCLE

Under the cold-air-standard

assumptions, the thermal efficiency
of an ideal Brayton cycle depends
on the pressure ratio of the gas
turbine and the specific heat ratio
of the working fluid. The thermal
efficiency increases with both of
these parameters
CLASS ACTIVITY

A gas-turbine power plant operating on an ideal Brayton

cycle has a pressure ratio of 8. The gas temperature is
300 K at the compressor inlet and 1300 K at the turbine
inlet. Utilizing the air-standard assumptions, determine

(a) the gas temperature at the exits of the compressor

and the turbine,
(b) the back work ratio, and
(c) the thermal efficiency.