Departmentof

LibraryServices
www.library.dmu.ac.uk
TheHarvardsystem
ofreferencing
Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Plagiarism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Citationstyles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Collectingandorganisingreferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Dates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Citationsinthetext . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. ReferenceList/Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1 ReferencesBooks(includingelectronicbooks) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2 Referencesothersources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Journalarticles(includingelectronicjournals) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Newspapers(includingelectronicnewspapers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Imagesanddiagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Conferenceproceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Publicationsfromacorporatebody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Marketresearchreports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
BritishStandards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Thesesanddissertations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Exhibitioncatalogues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3 Referencesliveperformances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.4 Referenceselectronicoraudiovisual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Webpages,e-mailsandCD-Roms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
E-mails from a public domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Weblogs (blogs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Wikis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Social networking sites (Facebook, Twitter, Bebo etc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Media (video, lm or broadcast) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Online lm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Podcasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Online images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.5. References personal communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Lecture notes on Blackboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.6. References reference works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Dictionaries/Encyclopaedias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Classical works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4. Further information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2
TheHarvardsystemofreferencing
ThisisaguidetotheHarvardsystembutyoushouldalwayscheckyourcourse
handbookand/ormoduleoutlineforanyfurtherguidance,asyourlecturersmay
preferadifferentstyleofreferencing.Itisalwaysadvisabletocheckwhichsystem
youareexpectedtouseandtowhatextentitmayvaryfromthisguide.
1. Introduction
Whenwritingapieceofworkyoushouldprovidereferencestothesourcesused.Areference
isthedetailedbibliographicdescriptionoftheitemfromwhichyougainedyourinformation.In
simpleterms,thismeansthedetailsoftheitemsthatyouhaveused,e.g.author,title,dateof
publication.Referencesarebrieycitedwithinthetext,andthengiveninfullattheendofyour
workinareferencelist.Anyotheritemsreadforbackgroundinformationbutnotreferredtoin
thetextshouldbegiveninfullattheendofyourworkinabibliography.
Referencesareusedto:
Enablethereadertolocatethesourcesyouhaveused;
Helpsupportyourargumentsandprovideyourworkwithcredibility;
Showthescopeandbreadthofyourresearch;
Acknowledgethesourceofanargumentoridea.Failuretodosocouldresultinachargeof
plagiarism.
Plagiarism
PlagiarismisdenedbyDeMontfortUniversityStudentRegulationsasThesignicantuseby
astudentofotherpeoplesworkandthesubmissionofitasthoughitwerehisorherown.For
moreinformationonhowtoavoidplagiarismpleaseseewww.library.dmu.ac.uk/Images/Howto/
HowtoAvoidPlagiarism.pdf
Citationstyles
Variouscitationstylesexist.Theyconveythesameinformation,onlythepresentationofthat
informationdiffers.Moststyleguidesfallintotwocommonlyusedsystems:
author-datesystem(e.g.Harvard);
numericsystem(e.g.Vancouver,MLA).
Whicheversystemyouuse,itisimportantthatyouareconsistentinitsapplication.
ThisguideisintendedtoprovideyouwithadviceonhowtousetheHarvard(author-date)
systemwhereyousupplytheauthorsnameandthedateofpublicationofthedocument
referredtowithinthetext.Inordertondoutmoreaboutthedocumentareadercansimply
lookuptheauthorsnameinthereferencelist.
3
Collectingandorganisingreferences
Itisoftennoteasy(orpossible)toretrievesourcesafteryouhavewrittenyourtext.Forthis
reasonitisbesttokeepagoodrecordofeverythingthatyouuse.Bibliographicsoftware,such
asEndNote,ProciteorReferenceManager,willhelpyouorganiseyourreferencesaccordingto
differentcitationsystemsandtoaddthecitationstoyourtext.Alternatively,youcouldstoreyour
referencesonindexcards.ForfurtherinformationandhelpusingEndNotepleaserefertothe
guideat:www.library.dmu.ac.uk/Images/Selfstudy/Endnote.pdf.
Anoteaboutdates
Ifnodatecanbeestablishedyoucanusen.d.e.g.Webb(n.d.)
IfthedatecanbeestablishedbutonlyapproximatelyyoushoulduseWebb(c.2001)
2. Citationsinthetext
Allideastakenfromanothersourceregardlessofwhetherdirectlyquotedorparaphrasedneed
tobereferencedinthetextofyourassignment.Tolinktheinformationyouuseinyourtexttoits
source(book,article,etc.),puttheauthorsnameandtheyearofpublicationattheappropriate
pointinyourtext.Iftheauthorsnamedoesnotnaturallyoccurinyourwriting,puttheauthors
surnameanddateinbrackets.
SoiftheauthorsnameisJamesRobertJones,youwouldusethesurnameJonesandthedate
tociteinthetext.
e.g. Thereissomeevidence(Jones,1992)thattheseguresareincorrect.
Iftheauthorsnameispartofthestatement,putonlytheyearinbrackets:
e.g. Jones(1992)hasprovidedevidencethattheseguresareincorrect.
Iftherearetwoauthors,giveboth:
e.g. Itisclaimedthatgovernmentintheinformationagewillworkbetterandcostless
(BellamyandTaylor1998,p.41).
Note:ifyouaregivingadirectquotationthenyouneedtoincludethepagenumber.
Iftherearemorethantwoauthors,citeonlytherstfollowedbyetal.(whichmeansand
others):
e.g. adoptiveparentswerecopingbetterwiththephysicaldemandsofparenthood
andfoundfamilylifemoreenjoyable(Levyetal.1991).
Note:uptothreeauthornamescanbegiveninyourreferencelist/bibliography.
Ifanauthorhaspublishedmoredocumentsinthesameyear,distinguishbetweenthemby
addinglower-caseletters:
e.g. InrecentstudiesbySmith(1999a,1999b,1999c)
4
Ifyouwishtociteaworkdescribedinanotherwork
Whenanauthorquotesorcitesanotherauthorandyouwishtocitetheoriginalauthoryou
shouldrsttrytotracetheoriginalitem.However,ifthisisnotpossible,youmustacknowledge
bothsourcesinthetext,butonlyincludetheitemyouactuallyreadinyourreferencelist.
e.g. IfJonesdiscussestheworkofSmithyoucoulduse:
Smith(2005)ascitedbyJones(2008)
or Smiths2005study(citedinJones2008,p.156)showsthat
ThenciteJonesinfullinyourreferencelist.
Citingwebresourcesinthetextuse
Author,butifnotavailablethenuse
theorganisationastheauthor.
Titleofsite,onlyuseifthereisnoauthorororganisation.
Ifthereisnoauthor,organisationortitle,usetruncatedwebaddress(Youshouldquestionif
thisresourceissuitableforacademicwork).
Informationfoundinmorethanonesource
Ifyoundinformationinmorethanonesource,youmaywanttoincludeallthereferencesto
strengthenyourargument.Inwhichcase,citeallsourcesinthesamebrackets,placingthemin
orderofpublicationdate(earliestrst).Separatethereferencesusingasemi-colon(;).
e.g. Severalwriters(Jones2004;Biggs2006;Smith2008)argue
3. ReferenceList/Bibliography
Fullreferencesofsourcesusedshouldbelistedattheendofyourworkasareferencelist.This
listofreferencesisarrangedalphabeticallyusuallybyauthor.Youmayalsoberequiredbyyour
tutortoincludeabibliographywhichshouldlistallitemsusedwithinthetextbutalsoinclude
anyothersourcesyouhavereadaspartofyourresearch.
Wheneverpossible,elementsofabibliographicalreferenceshouldbetakenfromthetitlepage
ofthepublication.Eachreferenceshouldgivetheelementsandpunctuationasfoundbelow.
Authorsshouldalwaysbeincapitals.
IftheauthorisJamesRobertJonesthiswillbecomeJONES,J.R.Abdul-RahmanAl-Haddad
wouldbeAL-HADDAD,A.
Thedateinbracketsaftertheauthor.Intheseexamples,thesource(e.g.title)hasbeen
italicised;youcanalsoemphasisethesourcebyunderliningortypinginbold.Itdoesnot
usuallymatterwhichyouuse,solongasyouareconsistentthroughoutyourreferencelist.
3.1. ReferencesBooks
Books
AUTHOR(S)(Year)Title.Editionifnotthe1st.Placeofpublication:Publisher.
e.g. KADOLPH,S.J.(2007)Textiles.10thed.NewJersey:PearsonPrenticeHall.
5
Bookswithtwoorthreeauthors
e.g. LI,X.andCRANE,N.B.(1993)Electronicstyle:aguidetocitingelectronic
information.London:Meckler.
Bookswithmorethanthreeauthorsgivethenameoftherstauthor,followedbyetal.
(andothers).
e.g. LEVITT,R.etal.(1999)ThereorganisedNationalHealthService.6thed.
Cheltenham:StanleyThornes.
Bookswithoneormoreeditor(s)Includetheabbreviation(ed.)or(eds.)aftertheirsurname.
EDITOR(S)(ed./eds.)(Year)Title.Edition.PlaceofPublication:Publisher
e.g. KEARNEY,R.andRAMUSSEN,D.(eds.)(2001)ContinentalAesthetics
RomanticismtoPostmodernism:AnAnthology.Oxford:BlackwellPublishersLtd.
Chaptersinbooks
AUTHOR(S)(Year)Titleofchapter.In:AUTHOR(S)/EDITOR(S),ed(s).Booktitle.Edition.
Placeofpublication:Publisher,Pages.(usep.orpp.)
e.g. TUCKMAN,A.(1999)Labour,skillsandtraining.In:LEVITT,R.etal,(eds.)
ThereorganisedNationalHealthService.6thed.Cheltenham:StanleyThornes,
pp.135-155.
Note:Electronicbooksshouldbecitedexactlythesameasprint,followingtherulesabove.
3.2. Referencesothersources
Journalarticles
AUTHOR(S)(Year)Titleofarticle.Titleofjournal,Vol.no.(Partno./Issue/Month),Pages,
usep.orpp.
e.g. LU,H.andMIETHE,T.D.(2002)Legalrepresentationandcriminalprocessingin
China.BritishJournalofCriminology,42(2),pp.267-280.
Note:Ifyouarereferencinganelectronicjournalarticle,usethestandardreferencingformat.
e.g. DREXHAGE,J.(2004)Stillupintheair.Carbonnance,(January),pp.16-17.
Newspaperarticles
AUTHOR(S)(Year)Articletitle.Newspapertitle,DayandMonth(abbreviated),Pages,use
p.orpp.
e.g. BROWN,P.(2002)Newfootandmouthoutbreaksuspected.Guardian,27thFeb,
p.1.
NewspaperarticlestakenfromtheInternetoradatabaseshouldbecitedasprintusingthe
rulesabove.
6
Image(s)orDiagram(s)withinabook
Wheretheimagecitedfromabookisnottheworkoftheauthor,additionalreferencetothe
workshouldbemade,asfollows:
Image:
ARTIST(Year).Titleofthework[Materialtypes].AtorIn:(wherefound,forexampleinabook
ormuseum).IN:AUTHOR/EDITORofbook.(Year).Title.Placeofpublication:Publisher.
e.g. MASOLINO,T.(1427)TheTemptationofAdamandEve[Painting].In:BRUCE-
MITFORD,M.(1996).TheIllustratedBookofSignsandSymbols.London:Dorling
Kindersley.
or
Diagram:
MINTZBERG,H.(1979)ThebasicpartsoforganisationsMintzbergsmodel
[Diagram].In:COLE,G.A.(2004).ManagementTheoryandPractice.6thed.London:
Thomson.
Papersinconferenceproceedings
AUTHOR(S)(Year)Title.In:EDITOR(S)Titleofconferenceproceedings.Placeanddateof
conference(unlessincludedintitle).Placeofpublication:Publisher,Pages,usep.orpp.
e.g. GIBSON,E.J.(1977)Theperformanceconceptinbuilding.In:Proceedingsofthe
7thCIBTriennialCongress,Edinburgh,September1977.London:Construction
ResearchInternational,pp.129-136.
Publicationsfromacorporatebody(e.g.Governmentpublications)
NAMEOFISSUINGBODY(Year)Title.Placeofpublication:Publisher,Reportno.(where
relevant),Pages,usep.orpp.
Pleasenotethatwheretheauthorisagovernmentbody,thecountrybecomestheauthor.Ifan
ofcialreporthasindividualauthorstheseshouldnotbeused,insteadusetheofcialbody.
e.g. GREATBRITAIN.DEPARTMENTOFTHEENVIRONMENT,DEVELOPMENT
COMMISSION(1980)38thReport,1stApril1979to31stMarch1980.London:
HMSO,1979-80HC.798,pp.70-81.
Forreportsknownbythenameofthechairmanorpersonresponsiblefortheinquiry,includea
seereferenceinyourreferencelist,inadditiontothemainentry.
e.g. CadburyreportseeCOMMITTEEONTHEFINANCIALASPECTSOF
CORPORATEGOVERNANCE(1992).
COMMITTEEONTHEFINANCIALASPECTSOFCORPORATEGOVERNANCE
(1992)ReportoftheCommitteeontheFinancialAspectsofCorporateGovernance
(CadburyReport).London:Gee
Forreportsknownbytheirtitleratherthantheirauthor/s,includeaseereferenceinyour
referencelist,inadditiontothemainentry.
7
e.g. TheClevelandEnquiryseeGREATBRITAIN.DEPARTMENTOFHEALTHAND
SOCIALSECURITY(1988).
GREATBRITAIN.DEPARTMENTOFHEALTHANDSOCIALSECURITY(1988)
ReportoftheenquiryintochildabuseinCleveland.London:HMSO,Cm413.
Marketresearchreports
NAMEOFISSUINGBODY(Year)Title,dateifavailable.Edition(ifavailable)Placeof
publication:Publisher,Reportno.(ifrelevant)
e.g. MINTEL(2008)Coffee:Mintelmarketingreport.January2008.London:MintelInternational.
or KEYNOTE(2007)Confectionery:KeyNotemarketreport.25thed.Hampton:KeyNote.
BritishStandards
NAMEOFAUTHORISINGORGANISATION(Yearofpublication)Numberandtitleof
standard.Placeofpublication:Publisher.
e.g. BRITISHSTANDARDSINSTITUTE(2008)BSISO8178-2:Reciprocatinginternal
combustionenginesExhaustemissionmeasurement.London:BritishStandards
Institute.
Thesesanddissertations
AUTHOR(Year)Title.Designation(Level,e.g.MSc,PhD.),Institution.
e.g. MARSHALL,J.(2002)TheManuscripttraditionofBrunettoLatinisTresor.
Unpublishedthesis(PhD),UniversityofLondon.
Exhibitioncatalogues
ARTIST(Year)Titleofexhibition.[Exhibitioncatalogue].Placeofpublication:Publisher.
e.g. HARRIS,W.(1983)WilliamHarrisasdesigner.[Catalogueofanexhibitionheldat
theWhitworthArtGallery,3May4June1983].London:ArtsCouncil.
3.3. ReferencesLivePerformance
Dance
COMPOSERorCHOREOGRAPHER(Yearofpremiere)Title.Company(optional).[Location.
Dateseen].
e.g. ASHTON,F.(1948)Cinderella.[RoyalOperaHouse,London.13thJanuary2004].
Play
TitlebyAuthor(Yearofperformance)Directedby.Company(optional).[Location.Dateseen].
e.g. AnInspectorCallsbyJ.B.Priestley(2009)DirectedbySTEPHENDALDRY.
[ArtsTheatre,Cambridge.11thMay].
Alwaysfollowtheguidelinesinyourstudent/programmehandbook.
8
3.4. ReferencesElectronicoraudiovisual
WebPages,e-mailsandCD-Roms
Electronicreferencesshouldcontainthefollowingelements:
AUTHOR(S)(Year)Titleofdocument[Typeofresource,e.g.CD-ROM,e-mail,WWW]
Organisationresponsible(optional).Availablefrom:webaddress[Dateaccessed].
e.g. UNIVERSITYOFSHEFFIELDLIBRARY(2001)Citingelectronicsourcesof
information[WWW]UniversityofShefeld.Availablefrom:
http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/libdocs/hsl-dvc1.pdf[Accessed23/02/07].
Ifyouarereferencinganelectronicjournalarticle,newspaperarticleorbook,usethe
standardreferencingformatforthatitem.Guidelinescanbefoundabove.
Note:Datesarenotalwaysavailableforwebpages,ifthisisthecaseuse(n.d.)wheren.d.
representsnodatesothatthereaderknowsyouhaveomittedthiselement.
e.g. HOMEHEALTHUK(n.d.)Thyroidproblems[WWW]HomeHealthUK.
Availablefrom:http://www.homehealth-uk.com/medical/thyroidproblems.htm
[Accessed10/12/07].
E-mailmessagefromapublicdomain.e.g.discussionboardsorconferences.
AUTHOR(ofmessage)(Year)Subjectofthemessage[Online]Electronicconferenceor
bulletinboard.DatePosted:day/monthofposting.Availablefrom:emailaddress.
e.g. BROWN,F.(2007)Howtopromoteonlinereading[Online]Libraryand
informationprofessionalsdiscussionlist:12thMay.Availablefrom:
http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/LIS-profession.html.
Weblogs(Blogs)
AUTHOR.(Year)Titleoftheposting(ifapplicable).Titleofthesite.Weblog[Online]day/month
ofposting.Availablefrom:webaddress.[Accesseddate].
e.g. TRANSPORTATIONSECURITYADMINISTRATION(2008)Behaviourdetection
ofcersleadtoarrestinOrlando.Evolutionofsecurity.Weblog[Online]2ndApril.
Availablefrom:http://www.tsa.gov/blog/.[Accessed03/04/08].
Wiki
WIKINAME.(Year)Titleofarticle.[Online].Availablefrom:webaddress.[Accesseddate].
e.g. INFOTEACH(2007)Learning_outcomes.[Online].Availablefrom:
http://infoteach.org/wiki/doku.php/learning_outcomes.[Accessed18/04/08].
Socialnetworkingsites(Facebook,Twitter,Beboetc)
Thesearewebpagessowillbereferencedassuch.
AUTHOR(S)(Year)Titleofpage.[Titleofwebsite]Day/monthofpostedmessage.Available
from:webaddress.[Dateaccessed].
e.g. JONES,S.(2009)ReferencingGroup.[Facebook]5thMay.Availablefrom:
www.facebook.com.[Accessed09/05/09].
9
Media(video,lm,orbroadcast)
Title(Year)Typeofmedia.ORIGINATOR(e.g.director).Placeofproduction:Productioncompany.
e.g. Rebelwithoutacause(1983)Film.DirectedbyNICHOLASRAY.USA:WarnerBros.
Atelevisionorradiobroadcastshouldalsoincludethedateandtimeofbroadcastandthe
episodenumber,wherepossible.
Title(Year)Typeofmedia.ORIGINATOR(e.g.channel).Exactdateandtimeofbroadcast.
e.g. Dyslexicchildren(1999)TV.CHANNEL4.29thJuly,1900hrs.
or DoctorWho(2008)Episode8,Silenceinthelibrary.TV.BBC1.31stMay,1900hrs.
or Bookoftheweek(2008)TheAtlanticOcean.Radio.BBCRADIO4.21stJuly,
0945hrs.
Individualcontributorsorintervieweesshouldbecitedasfollows:
e.g. BROWN,G.(2008)Interview.In:TodayProgramme.Radio.BBCRADIO4.
15thMay,0810hrs.
OnlineFilm
SCREENNAME.(Year).Titleoflm[typeofresource].Availablefrom:webaddress[Date
accessed].
e.g. LOSANGELESOPERA.(2008).TristanundIsoldepodcast[onlinevideo].Available
from:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SgqqxAiISRw[Accessed03/04/08].
Podcasts
BROADCASTER(ifavailable).(year)Nameofpodcast[typeofresourcee.g.podcast].
Organisation/publisherresponsible(optional),dayofpodcast(day,month)Availablefrom:
webaddress[dateaccessed].
e.g. HOPKIN,K.(2008)Themythicaldailywaterrequirement[podcast].Scientic
American,2ndApril.Availablefrom:http://www.sciam.com/podcast/episode.cfm?
id=0BD1CF72-E411-2EE5-A4CDEE3447E81C93[Accessed03/04/08].
Onlineimages
ORIGINATOR(Year)Descriptionortitleofimage[Onlineimage].Availablefrom:webaddress.
[Dateaccessed].
e.g. SCIENCEBLOGS(2006)PolarBear[Onlineimage]Availablefrom:
http://scienceblogs.com/strangerfruit/polar-bear.jpg[Accessed15/06/09].
10
3.5. ReferencesPersonalCommunication
Apersonalcommunicationcanbealetter,memo,email,fax,aninterview,aninformal
conversation,telephonecalloralecturepresentation.Theyshouldbeincludedwithinthetext
butnotgenerallyinthereferencelistasthereferenceisnottraceable.
Whenreferencingapersonalcommunicationyoushould:
Askpermissionofthepersonbeforequotingthem
Providethecommunicatorsinitialsandsurnameandthetypeofcommunicationinthetext
Providetheexactdateofthecommunication
e.g. Inanemailon23rdJuly2007J.Brownstatedthat
or Inaconversationon25thMarch2008B.Jonesconrmedthat
or Inalectureon8thJanuary2008V.Rolfeoutlined
LecturenotesonBlackboard
NAME.(Yearofpresentation).Lecturetitle,frommodulecode(capitalised)titleofmodule.
Teachingorganisation,locationanddateofpresentation.Availablefrom:Blackboard[Accessed
date].
e.g. POULTON,A.(2008).ReferencingandcitationHarvardstyle,fromBIOM2060
ProfessionalSkills2.DeMontfortUniversity,KimberlinLibraryon6thNovember.
Availablefrom:Blackboard.[Accessed29/07/08].
3.6. ReferencesReferenceWorks
Dictionaries/Encyclopaedias
Ifanencyclopaediaentryhasanamedauthorthentheformatforachapterinabookshouldbe
usedwiththeadditionoftheencyclopaediavolumenumber.
AUTHOR(S)(Year)Titleofchapter.In:AUTHOR(S)/EDITOR(S)ed(s).Title,Volume(if
applicable),Edition.Placeofpublication:Publisher,Pages.(usep.orpp.)
e.g. KESNER,R.P.(2002).Memoryneurobiology.In:RAMACHANDRAN,V.S.
Encyclopediaofthehumanbrain,Vol.2.SanDiego:AcademicPress,pp.783-796.
Ifthereisnoauthorthenthetitle(e.g.OxfordEnglishDictionary)shouldbeusedbothwithinthe
textandinthereferencelist.
Title.(Year)Volume(ifapplicable),Edition.Placeofpublication:Publisher.
e.g. TheOxfordEnglishDictionary(1989)Vol.3,Oxford:ClarendonPress.
ClassicalWorks
PrincipalclassicalworkssuchastheBibleandKoran/Quranshouldonlybeincludedinthetextand
notinthereferencelist.Appropriatedetailsshouldbeincludedbutnoyearshouldbeincluded.
e.g. Remaininme,andIwillremaininyou.Nobranchcanbearfruitbyitself
(John15:4,NewInternationalVersion).
11
4. FurtherInformation
Ifyouneedfurtherhelppleasecontactyoursubjectlibrarianoremailjustask@dmu.ac.uk.
Alternativelyfurtherguidanceoncitationandreferencingcanbeobtainedfromthefollowing
onlinesources.Remember,itisalwaysadvisabletoconsultthepersonforwhomyouare
writing,whetheritisatutororaneditor,astowhichstyleofreferencingtheywantyou
touse.
HARNACK,A.andKLEPPINGER,E.(2003)Online!Areferenceguidetousinginternet
sources[WWW].StMartins.Availablefrom:http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/
index.html[Accessed31/05/09].
HOLLAND,M.(2006)BUguidetocitationintheHarvardstyle.[WWW].Bournemouth
University.Availablefrom:http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/citing_references/docs/
Citing_Refs.pdf[Accessed31/05/09].
UNIVERSITYOFBIRMINGHAM(2006)Referencing[WWW].UniversityofBirmingham,
InformationServices.Availablefrom:http://www.i-cite.bham.ac.uk/referencing.shtml
[Accessed31/05/09].
UNIVERSITYOFTHEWESTOFENGLAND(2009)Aguidetoreferences[WWW].
UniversityoftheWestofEngland,LibraryServices.Availablefrom:http://www.uwe.ac.uk/
library/resources/general/info_study_skills/refs.htm[Accessed31/05/09].
Thisguideisalsoavailableonthelibrarywebsiteat:
www.library.dmu.ac.uk/Images/Selfstudy/Harvard.pdf
www.library.dmu.ac.uk
Availableinlargeprintandscreen.pdf.PublicationNo23056.
DeMontfortUniversity,September2009(PC1989).Rightofrevision;thisleaetisissuedwithoutprejudicetotherightoftheUniversity
authoritiestomakesuchmodicationstothematterdealtwithastheUniversityauthoritiesconsidernecessarywithoutpriornotice.