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(Critisism: Book Reviews & Articles)

By: Haider Qureshi


Year of 1st Edition: 2008
ISBN 81-8223-347.X
Price: Rs. 200/-

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Rossertstr.6, Okriftel,
65795 Hattersheim,Germany
E-Mail: hqg786@arcor.de

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Published By
EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING HOUSE
3108,Vakil Street, Kucha Pandit, Lal Kuan, Delhi-6 (India)
Ph: 23214465, 23216162, Fax: 0091-11-23211540
E-Mail: info@ephbooks.com, ephdelhi@yahoo.com

Website: www.ephbooks.com

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