I.

Thuyt minh
p ng nhng i hi v an ton ngy cng cao ca con ngi, cc nh sn xut
thit b in cho ra i rt nhiu thit b bo v mng in dn dng nhm m
bo s an ton ti a cho ngi s dng, tiu biu v thng dng nht l MCB
(Miniature Circuit Breaker) v MCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breaker), RCD
(residual current device), cu ch...
la chn v s dng cc thit b trn, chng ta nn tham kho thng tin ca
tng loi sn phm:
1. MCB v MCCB:
C nhiu nguyn cu v vic phn bit gia MCB v MCCB. Tuy nhin v kha
cnh dn dng, kinh t ngi ta phn bit hai loi ny da vo cc yu t sau:
- MCB: dng in khng vt qu 100A, in p di 1.000V;
- MCCB: dng in c th ln ti 1.000A, in p di 1.000V.
+ Cng dng: Dng ng ngt mch in khi c s c qu ti, ngn mch, bo
v an ton cho con ngi v cho thit b s dng in.
+ Cch la chn: C nhiu cch la chn MCB, MCCB. Tuy nhin, d cch no
th chng cng phi tha mn iu kin sau:
I
B
< I
n
< I
Z

I
SCB
> I
SC

Trong :
I
B
l dng in ti ln nht;
I
n
l dng in nh mc ca MCB, MCCB;
I
z
l dng in cho php ln nht ca dy dn in (c cho bi nh sn
xut);
I
SCB
l dng in ln nht m MCB, MCCB c th ct;
I
SC
l dng in ngn mch).
V d: 1 ti mt pha s dng ngun in 220V c dng in ln nht l 13A v
dng in ngn mch tnh ton c l 5KA.
Th ta chn MCB v dy dn nh sau: MCB Comet CM216A c dng nh mc l
16A, cng ct ln nht l 6KA v dy dn Cadivi 2 x 2,5mm2 c dng cho
php ln nht l 18A.
Chng ta nn chn MCB, MCCB ca cc nh sn xut c uy tn trn th trng
hin nay nh Eaton (M), Schneider (Php), Clipsal, Hager, Siemens, LS... v
nhng sn phm ny c sn xut v kim tra di nhng iu kin, tiu chun
kht khe theo tiu chun quc t. i vi trng hp km cht lng th nn thay
ci mi, khng nn sa cha.
2. RCD (residual current device) hoc ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit
Breaker) hoc RCCB (residual current circuit breaker)
+ Cng dng: Dng ngt mch in mt cch t ng khi c hin tng dng r
xy ra gia dy qua v dy trung tnh hoc dy ni t;
+ Mt s lu khi kim tra v s dng RCD:
* RCD khng bo v qu ti, khng bo v khi c s s ngn mch. RCD l thit
b bo v, bn thn n khng phi l mt thit b ng ct. V vy, RCD phi dng
kt hp vi thit b ng ct h p khc. Nhng c trng hp cc thit b ng ct
h p ny bao gm c mt b RCD ngay trong cu to ca n v c gi chung l
RCD hoc RCCB (residual current circuit breaker).
* Nn kim tra RCD hng thng, cch kim tra RCD l nhn vo nt "Test"
hoc l "T" trn thn RCD, ng tc ny l vic m phng c xut hin dng in
r. Nu RCD tc ng tt, th mch in b ngt. Nu ngc li RCD khng tc
ng th chng ta nn thay ci mi. Vic kim tra phi c lp i lp li nhiu ln
m bo RCD hot ng mt cch tt nht.
Chng ta nn chn RCD, RCCB, ELCB ca cc nh sn xut c uy tn trn th
trng hin nay nh Eaton (M), Bender (c), Schneider (Php), Clipsal, Hager,
Siemens,v nhng sn phm ny c sn xut v kim tra di nhng iu
kin, tiu chun kht khe theo tiu chun quc t. i vi trng hp km cht
lng th nn thay ci mi, khng nn sa cha.
3. Khi no th dng VCB, khi no dng ACB, MCCB, MCB
- VCB_Vaccum Circuit Breaker My ct chn khng;
- ACB_Air Circuit Breaker My ct khng kh;
- MCCB_moulded-case circuit-breakers p t mt kiu khi;
- MCB Minature Circuit Breaker p t mt loi nh.
Cc thng s k thut chnh
- Tn s;
- Rated service voltage Ue in p lm vic nh mc;
- Rated impulse withstand voltage Uimp in p chu xung nh mc;
- Rated insulation voltage Ui in p cch in nh mc;
- Rated uninterrupted current Iu Dng ct m;
- Rated ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity Icu, kh nng ct c dng ngn
mch Icu;
- Rated service short-circuit breaking capacity Ics=%Icu, (khong t 75% n
100%Icu), ct c dng ngn mch m;
- Rated short-time withstand current Icw: kh nng chu ng dng ngn mch ca
tip im trong thi gian 1s hoc 3s ty vo nh sx.
V tr
- VCB thng dng vi in p trung p tr ln khong t 6.6kV;
- ACB thng dng vi in p h p, dng cho cc feeder cp ngun hoc cc ti
c dng ln, thng th ln hn 400A c th chn ACB, cn nh hn th chn
MCCB, ACB c th ct c n dng 6300A;
- MCCB dng vi mng h p, hin nay MCCB t n dng ct m 2400A;
- MCB loi ny dng cho ph ti nh, c th ct n dng 100A.
* B sung v MCCB: MCCB c hai loi fix type v var type, vi mi loi ny
cng c hai loi l: TM (thermal & magnetic contact) v MO (magnetic contact
only). Loi TM dng cho ti non_motor load, v loi MO dng cho ti motor load.
* Mt CB bt k (MCB, MCCB, ACB,...) th c cc thng s c bn sau y:
- Dng nh mc I
n
: 2, 3, 6, 10, 16, 20, 25, ... Vi cc dng nh mc ln ca cc
CB ln nh MCCB hay ACB, dng ny s i km vi cc my bin p in lc c
cng sut tng ng.
V d: trm 200kVA - 315A, trm 250kVA - 400A, trm 315kVA - 500A, ...
- Thng s s bn th hai l characteristic cuver hay cn gi l ng cong chn
lc ca CB. y chnh l thng s quan trong nht cho vic chn CB nm v tr
no cho h thng in. Bn nn xem k li cc ti liu ni v ng cong chn lc
ny.
- Thng s th ba l I
cu
hay cn gi l ultimated current l kh nng chu ng
dng in ln nht ca tip im CB trong thi gian 1 giy.
V d Icu = 10kA th tip im CB s chu ng c dng in 10kA trong thi
gian 1 giy/ Thng s ny cho bit bn tip im ca CB. Ngoi thng s ny
thng s I
cs
cng c tnh cht tng t.
- Thng s th t l thng s ln ng ngt. CB thng thng cng quy nh s ln
ny. Cc MCB c quy nh l t 7500 n 10000 ln, MCCB th hn 10000 ln.
ACB th khong 8000 ln ty theo hng.
V d bn ngt CB ri bt CB ln li th gi l 1 ln ng ngt.
Ngoi ra cn rt nhiu thng s khc na p dng cho CB. Tuy nhin trong cc
thit k ngi ta thng dng thng s I
n
v I
cu
. Theo ti hai thng s ny khng
quy nh v chng loi CB. Thng s th hai chnh l thng s quan trong nht
ca CB. y chnh l ch s ID chnh thc ca cc CB.
AT: ampe trip, AF: ampe frame MCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breakers).
II. La chn n gin CB
- U
mCB
> U
mL
(lun c sn xut vi in p ln hn in p nh my);
- I
mCB
>= I
tnh ton
(la chn ging nh tnh kch thc dy in, tc
chn I
mCB
>= 1,4 I
tt
);
- I
cmCB
>= I
ngn mch
(Tnh t im ngn mch tr v ngun).
Cng thc nh: I
ngn mch
= U
tb/v3
xZ
n
. Dng ngn mch i t im ngn mch n
ngun in.
Bn mun tnh ngn mch th bn phi c thng s:
Ngn mch ng dy: Loi dy, kch c dy, chiu di tra ra thng s dy Z =
r + jx. V ch r ngn mch t im no trn ng dy.
Nu ngn mch trong ng c th phi c tng tr ng c Z
ng c
= r + jx.
ngun: Sig
Thit b ng ct - CB l g?


I. KHI NIM V YU CU
CB (CB c vit tt t danh t Circuit Breaker), CB l kh c in dng ng
ngt mch in, c cng dng bo v qu ti, ngn mch, st p mch in.
Chn CB phi tho mn ba yu cu sau:
- Ch lm vic nh mc ca CB thi l ch lm vic di hn, ngha l tr
s dng in nh mc chy qua CB lu tu . Mt khc, mch dng in ca CB
phi chu c dng in ln (khi c ngn mch) lc cc tip im ca n ng
hay ang ng.
- CB phi ngt c tr s dng in ngn mch ln, c th vi chc KA. Sau khi
ngt dng in ngn mch, CB m bo vn lm vic tt tr s dng in nh
mc.
- nng cao tnh n nh nhit v in ng ca cc thit b in, hn ch s
ph hoi do dng in ngn mch gy ra, CB phi c thi gian ct b. Mun vy
thng phi kt hp lc thao tc c hc vi thit b dp h quang bn trong CB.
II. CU TO V NGUYN L HOT NG
1. Cu to
a) Tip im
CB thng c ch to c hai cp tip im (tip im chnh v h quang), hoc
ba cp tip im (chnh, ph, h quang).
Khi ng mch, tip im h quang ng trc, tip theo l tip im ph, sau
cng l tip im chnh. Khi ct mch th ngc li, tip im chnh m trc, sau
n tip im ph, cui cng l tip im h quang. Nh vy h quang ch chy
trn tip im im h quang, do bo v c tip im chnh dn in.
Dng thm tip im ph trnh h quang chy lan vo lm h hi tip im
chnh.
b) Hp dp h quang
CB dp c h quang trong tt c cc ch lm vic ca li in, ngi ta
thng dng hai kiu thit b dp h quang l: Kiu na kn v kiu h.
Kiu na kn c dt trong v kn ca CB v c l thot kh. Kiu ny c dng
in gii hn ct khng qu 50KA. Kiu h c dng khi gii hn dng in ct
ln hn 50KA hoc in p ln 1000V (cao p).
Trong bung dp h quang thng dng, ngi ta dng nhng tm thp xp thnh
li ngn, phn chia h quang thnh nhiu on ngn thun li cho vic dp tt
h quang.
c) C cu truyn ng ct CB
Truyn ng ct thng c hai cch: Bng tay v bng c in (in t, ng c
in).
iu kin bng tay c thc hin vi cc CB c dng in nh mc khng ln
hn 600A. iu khin bng in t (nam chm in) c ng dng cc CB c
dng in ln hn (n 1000A).
tng lc iu khin bng tay ngi ta dng mt tay di ph theo nguyn l n
by. Ngoi ra cn c cch iu khin bng ng c in hoc bng kh nn.
d) Mc bo v
CB t ng ct nh cc phn t bo v gi l mc bo v, s tc ng khi mch
in c s c qu dng in (qu ti hay ngn mch) v st p.
Mc bo v qu dng in (cn gi l bo v dng in cc i) bo v thit b
in khong b qu ti v ngn mch, ng thi gian dng in ca mc bo v
phi nm di ng c tnh ca i tng cn bo v. Ngi ta thng dng h
thng in t v rle nhit lm mc bo v, t bn trong CB.
Mc kiu in t c cun dy mc ni tip vi mch chnh, cun dy ny c
qun tit din ln chu dng ti v t vng. Khi dng in vt qu tr s cho php
th phn ng b ht v nc s dp vo khp ri t do, lm tip im ca CB m ra.
iu chnh vt thay i lc khng l xo, ta c th iu chnh c tr s dng
in tc ng. gi thi gian trong bo v qu ti kiu in t, ngi ta thm
mt c cu gi thi gian.
Mc kiu rle nhit n gin hn c, c kt cu tng t nh rle nhit c phn t
pht nng u ni tip vi mch in chnh, tm kim loi kp dn n lm nh khp
ri t do m tip im ca CB khi c qu ti. Kiu ny c nhc im l qun
tnh nhit ln nn khng ngt nhanh c dng in tng vt khi c ngn mch, do
ch bo v c dng in qu ti.
V vy ngi ta thng s dng tng hp c mc kiu in t v mc kiu rle
nhit trong mt CB. Loi ny c dung CB c dng in nh mc n 600A.
Mc bo v st p (cn gi l bo v in p thp) cng thng dng kiu in t.
Cun dy mc song song vi mnch in chnh, cun dy ny c qun t vng
vi dy tit din nh chu in p ngun.
2. Nguyn l hot ng
a) S nguyn l ca CB dng in cc i (hnh v 1.1)
.
Hnh 1.1 S CB dng in cc i

trng thi bnh thng sau khi ng in, CB c gi trng thi ng tip
im nh mc 2 khp vi mc 3 cng mt cm vi tip im ng.
Bt CB trng thi ON, vi dng in nh mc nam chm in 5 v phn ng 4
khng ht .
Khi mch in qu ti hay ngn mch, lc ht in t nam chm in 5 ln hn
lc l xo 6 lm cho nam chm in 5 s ht phn ng 4 xung lm bt nh mc 3,
mc 5 c th t do, l xo 1 c th lng, kt qu cc tip im ca CB c
m ra, mch in b ngt.
b) S nguyn l CB in p thp (hnh 1.2)

Hnh 2.2: S CB in p thp

Bt CB trng thi ON, vi in p nh mc nam chm in 11 v phn ng 10
ht li vi nhau.
Khi st p qu mc, nam chm in 11 s nh phn ng 10, l xo 9 ko mc 8 bt
ln, mc 7 th t do, th lng, l xo 1 c th lng, kt qu cc tip im ca CB
c m ra, mch in b ngt.

Bi vit su tm t http://viettechvn.com .
Chn Icu Ics Ir Isd In Im Icw Isc cho ACB, MCCB, CB

Glossary:

EDW: ElectroDynamic Withstand
SCPD: Short circuit protection device
IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission
BS: British Standard
CT: Current transformers
CU: control Unit
MSB: Main Switchboard
BBT: Busbar Trunking
MV: Medium Voltage (1kV to 36kV)
Isc: Short-circuit current
Isc(D1): Short-circuit current at the point D1 is installed
Usc: Short-circuit voltage
MCCB: Moulded case circuit-breaker
BC: Breaking Capacity
Icu(*): Ultimate Breaking Capacity
IcuD1(*): Ultimate Breaking Capacity of D1
Ue: Rated operational voltage
Ui: Rated insulation voltage
Uimp: Rated impulse withstand voltage
In: Rated operational current
Ith: Conventional free air thermal current
Ithe: Conventional enclosed thermal current
Iu: Rated uninterrupted current
Icm: Rated short-circuit making capacity
Icu: Rated ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity
Ics: Rated service breaking capacity
Icw: Rated short time withstand current
Ir: Adjustable overload setting current
1.05 x Ir: Conventional non-tripping current
Tm hiu thm mt s sau:

Mnh lm vic vi MCB v MCCB kh nhiu nn xin tr li cho bn thc mc
ny. Mt CB bt k (MCB, MCCB, ACB,...) th c cc thng s c bn sau y:
- Dng nh mc In: 2, 3, 6, 10, 16, 20, 25, ... Vi cc dng nh mc ln ca cc
CB ln nh MCCB hay ACB, dng ny s i km vi cc my bin p in lc c
cng sut tng ng. V d: trm 200kVA - 315A, trm 250kVA - 400A, trm
315kVA - 500A, ...
- Thng s s bn th hai l characteristic cuver hay cn gi l ng cong chn
lc ca CB. y chnh l thng s quan trong nht cho vic chn CB nm v tr
no cho h thng in. Bn nn xem k li cc ti liu ni v ng cong chn lc
ny.
- Thng s th ba l Icu hay cn gi l ultimated current l kh nng chu ng
dng in ln nht ca tip im CB trong thi gian 1 giy. V d Icu = 10kA th
tip im CB s chu ng c dng in 10kA trong thi gian 1 giy/ Thng s
ny cho bit bn tip im ca CB. Ngoi thng s ny thng s Ics cng c
tnh cht tng t.
- Thng s th t l thng s ln ng ngt. V d bn ngt CB ri bt CB ln li
th gi l 1 ln ng ngt. CB thng thng cng quy nh s ln ny. Cc MCB
c quy nh l t 7500 n 10000 ln, MCCB th hn 10000 ln. ACB th khng
8000 ln ty theo hng.
Ngoi ra cn rt nhiu thng s khc na p dng cho CB. Tuy nhin trong cc
thit k ngi ta thng dng thng s In v Icu. Theo ti hai thng s ny khng
quy nh v chng loi CB. Thng s th hai chnh l thng s quan trong nht
ca CB. y chnh l ch s ID chnh thc ca cc CB.

******************************

+ Ultimate breaking capacity(kA), Icu : kh nng chu c dng cc i khi xy
ra s c ca thit b.
+ Service breaking capacity(%Icu), Ics : kh nng ct thc t khi xy ra s c ca
thit b , iu ny ph thuc vo tng nh sn xut. VD, cng l hng LS(LG cu)
co hai loai MCCB, loai co Ics=50%Icu, nhng cng c loi Ics=100%Icu, l do
cng ngh ca tng hng c th lm c n u.

***********************

Lu nay ti vn mun trnh by cc bn th no l Icu v th no l Ics m cha c
dp. Trong mt s ch , ti c trnh by v Characteristic cuver rt nhiu. Cn
Icu v Ics th cha c dp no c. Xin trnh by mt s nh sau:
- Nu bn v Icu th thy rt nhiu hng ghi nhng con s khc nhau. y
xin ni v Icu theo nh ngha ca hng Siemens. Bn dlhm2008 nh ngha
chnh xc tn ting Anh ca Icu. y ti xin ni v bn cht ca Icu. Icu l mt
dng in cc i i qua tip im ca CB trong vng 1 giy m khng lm hng
tip im ny. V d mt dng Icu = 50kA, ta thy tip im CB chu ng dng
ny v c th nh gi rng CB ny rt tt. Ni nh th tc l gi thnh CB s ph
thuc vo Icu ny. iu ny hon ton ng.
- Ics cng c bn dlhm2008 nh ngha hon ton ng. y ti cng xin
ni v bn cht ca Ics. Theo Siemens th Ics chnh l dng in ln nht ti qua
tip im CB 3 ln vi chu di thi gian mi ln l 1 giy m CB khng b h
hng. C hng khc cng nh ngha l Ics l dng in ln nht ti qua tip im
CB trong thi gian 3 giy m CB khng b h hng. Hai cch nh ngha trn theo
ti iu c ngha ging nhau.
By gi xin ni v gi tr thc tin ca Icu v Ics. Trn thc t, vic tnh ton thit
k cho mt mng li bt k u tnh vi thi gian s c l 1 giy. Nh th Icu s
l thng s chn CB ng ng ch trong mng li in. Ti v d mt bin
th 22/0.4kV - 1600kVA, duk = 6%, dng ngn mch hiu dng pha h th l:
1600/(duk*0.4*sqrt(3)) = 40.4kA.
Dng ngn mch cc i ty theo ti s c nhn thm h s hiu chnh th 1.02
n 2 ln dng hiu dng. Tuy nhin thng thng tnh n CB tng u tin s
bng khong 1.4 n 1.5 dng hiu dng. Khi dng ngn mch ti CB tng s
tnh t khng t 57 - 61kA. Vi mc tnh ny, r rng cc MCCB hay ACB c
dng Icu t 65kA l CB phi chn.
By gi ch cn gi tr Ics, ngha ca gi tr ny nh th no. Mong cc bn gp
thm chng ta hiu thm v gi tr ny!

********************

duk: l in p ngn mch ca bin p. Mnh nh ch denta Hy lp khng c!
Tt nhin vic tnh ton cho cc nhnh phi c chiu di dy dn, t bn tnh
c Xnm v Rnm. Khi s tnh c dng ngn mch hiu dng h s ngn
mch cc i. T ta c dng ngn mch cc i ca nhnh v sau s tnh
c nn chn my ct nh th no!

Icu, v Ics th cc bc ni r ri, nhng trong MCCB cn c dng (A,Ir)
Adjustabli current l dng g ko?

******************************

Ir l dng chnh nh . Bn c CB 100A m ti ca ban ch cn 65A vy bn
phi chnh Cb xung cho ph hp vi ti

nh vy dng chnh nh Ir=(h s)xIn (h s e thy t 0.8-1)or(0.5-1).
e hieu rui, cm n bc!

********************************

Ah` c ai bit Isd ko?Trn ACB ca Schneider . Isd=heso(1-2)xIr.


**************************

Icu (Ultimate breaking capacity(kA)) : l dng ngn mch ti a, n c kh nng
chu c dng cc i khi xy ra s c ca thit b.
Ics (Service breaking capacity(%Icu)) : l dng ngn mch thc...

********************************

Ni n Atomat ngi ta ch quan tm n thng s k thut ( s cc, dng nh
mc, dng ch nh, dng ngn mch) v biu Thi gian - Dng ca n. Cu to
rt n gin n gm c tay gt, cu trc c kh, relay, bung dp h quang, cc u
ni dy.... Ngoi ra n cn c thm cc phu kin : AL (cng tc cnh bo), AX (
cng tc ph), SHT (thit b ct t xa), UVT (tb ct in p thp), EAL (cnh bo
r in), TBM (nt kim tra), MG (cng tc cch in), PAL ( tin cnh bo),
OAL (cnh bo ct qu dng)...


****************************