Study and Simulation of One Bi-directional DC/DC Converter in Hybrid

Electric Vehicle
Jian-ming HU uan-rui CHE! "i-#uan ang
Electric $o%er College& South China Univer'ity of (echnology& )uang*hou& )uangdong
)uangdong +ey laboratory of clean energy technology& )uang*hou& )uangdong&
E-mail, hu#ianming-../01-23com

Abstract - The paper first introduces the basic drive system
of a kind of hybrid electric vehicle. It demands high power
bidirectional flow capability, with wide input voltage range,
and output voltage of energy storage devices such as super
capacitors or batteries vary with the change in load. Then the
selection and design of aforementioned converter is proposed
in this paper. The converter which is like a half bridge
topology, has high power flow capability and minimum
device stresses that can suitably interface a super capacitor
with the drive train of a hybrid electric vehicle. Furthermore,
by comparing of the main characteristics and applications
with some typical isolated bidirectional D!D converter, the
proposed converter has low device rating and can be
controlled by duty cycle and phase shift. At last, the most
important characteristics of this converter is that it uses the
transformer leakage inductance as the primary energy
transfer element and control parameters, "imulation
waveforms based on "I#etri$ are given to demonstrate the
goodness of this novel topology, and this converter is also
suitable for high power application, in particular for
controlling the charge-discharge of super capacitors or
batteries that can be used in hybrid electric vehicle.
%eywords& bi-directional D!D converter, hybrid electric
vehicle, circuit structure
43 4!(5ODUC(4O!
4n recent year'& HEV 6Hybrid Electric Vehicle'7 ha'
attracted more and more attention' of many countrie'8
vehicle indu'try3 9utomobile' :o%ered by internal
combu'tion engine' re:re'ent a huge infra'tructure
inve'tment& and about one third oil con'um:tion3 So the
tran'ition to an all-electric mobile fleet a::ear' to be very
attractive and de'irable& but ha' been limited by 'everal
+ey technology and bu'ine'' i''ue' ;1<3 So the tran'ition
of re'earching on Hybrid Vehicle' a::ear' to be de'irable3
Hybrid Vehicle' have 'everal advantage' over
conventional car' and there are 'ome model' available in
the mar+et3 =rom the :oint of vie% of the :o%er
electronic' field& in the :o%er chain there are t%o circuit'
that have to be develo:ed 6'ho%n in fig3 173 (he inverter to
drive the motor and the DC/DC converter :laced bet%een
the battery and the high voltage bu'3 (hi' DC/DC
converter 'hould be bi-directional 'ince the energy can
flo% from the battery to the DC lin+ or in the o::o'ite
direction3 (hi' :a:er u'e an e>am:le that can integrate
%ith the e>i'ting ga'oline and electricity infra'tructure i'
through the u'e of :lug-in HEV 6in fig3 173
By :roviding 'ufficient energy 'torage for a ?. mile range&
by u'ing the e>i'ting electricity infra'tructure to recharge
the battery at night& and by maintaining ga'oline :o%ered
o:eration %hen 'ufficient charge i' not available& one i'
able to reali*e mo't of the benefit' at a 'ocietal level;-@?<3
=ig31 A Sim:lified diagram of drive 'y'tem of a hybrid vehicle
'ho%ing the :o'ition of the bi-directional converter
4n =ig31 %e can 'ee the %hole circuit& but the mo't
im:ortant :art i' the bi-directional DC/DC converter& and
it' o:eration :rinci:le i' controlled by current I1 and I2
6'ee fig3 -7& and u'ed bet%een the direct voltage 'ource V1
and V2.
Both I1 and I2 are re':ectively the average current of V1
and V2. Be u'e them to control the energy tran'fer
direction3 9ccording to the need in :ractice& the direction
of energy tran'fer i' changed by bi-directional DC/DC
converter& in other %ord'& the energy can tran'fer from V1
to V2 6%hen I1 i' negative and I2 i' :o'itive7 or in the
o::o'ite direction ;-<3

=ig3 - A Structure of bi-directional converter
4n hybrid electric vehicle& the voltage of energy 'torage
device'& 'uch a' battery or 'u:er ca:acitor& varie' %ith the
change in load3 So %e have to utili*e the bi-directional
converter to o:timi*e the drive characteri'tic of motor& and
recycle the energy %hen the motor i' bra+ing& thereby
increa'e the efficiency of the energy utili*ation3
=urthermore& in order to ma+e com:lete the in'tantaneou'
:o%er out:ut of battery& %e utili*e bi-directional converter
to %or+ %ith 'u:er ca:acitor to increa'e in'tantaneou'
:o%er out:ut& and im:rove the acceleration and
deceleration of hybrid vehicle3
(o 'ummari*e %hat %e have di'cu''ed& the bi-
directional converter mu't have high energy utili*ation3 So
it 'ugge't' the need for i'olated bi-directional DC/DC
converter'3
9 'im:li'tic a::roach %ould u'e t%o full bridge
DC/DC converter' to im:lement the bi-directional :o%er
flo% reCuired3 Ho%ever& reali'tic im:lementation' %ould
need to contend %ith '%itching lo''e' to deal %ith diode
rever'e recovery and energy tra::ed in the tran'former
lea+age inductance3 (he full bridge converter %hich i'
'ho%n in fig3 D u'e' E '%itche' and :re'ent' a minimal
to:ology that i' 'uitable for high-:o%er den'ity& effective
u'e of 'y'tem :ara'itic& "VS o:eration& and fa't control3
Ho%ever& %hen o:eration over a %ider -,1 voltage range
i' reCuired& device 'tre''e' become very high ;?<3
(he half bridge converter %hich i' 'ho%n in fig3 ? u'e'
? '%itche' and ? ca:acitor'3 (hi' to:ology al'o ha' very
high device 'tre''e' for a %ider -,1 voltage range ;?<3
Some re'earcher' have done 'ome change' %ith the
half bridge converter& %hich i' change the voltage model
half bridge into current model half bridge& in other %ord'&
u'e current 'ource in'tead of voltage 'ource& but have the
'ame Cue'tion3 (he :a:er :re'ent' the to:ology of a
converter %hich i' al'o half bridge& but it have le''
ca:acitor& %hich i' 'ho%n in fig3 /& it can o:erate %ith a
%ide range of in:ut 'ource voltage& and have lo% device
'tre''e'3 (he :a:er %ill :re'ent the converterF' o:eration
:rinci:le& and highlight' the converterF' inherent
characteri'tic' ;/<3
=ig3 D A =ull bridge DC/DC converter
=ig3 ? A Half bridge DC/DC converter
=ig3 / A !e% half bridge DC/DC converter
443 $54!C4$GE O= O$E59(4O!
=ig3 / 'ho%' the 'chematic of the modified half bridge3
(he voltage Vsource re:re'ent' the energy 'torage that varie'
over a %ide voltage range 6-,17& and Vout re:re'ent' the
inverter DC bu' voltage& %hich i' maintained at a
relatively con'tant valve3 Energy flo%' into the energy
'torage %hen the hybrid electric vehicle i' :lugging or
%hen the car i' bra+ing3 Energy flo%' out of the energy
'torage to :ro:el the car a' commanded by the 'y'tem
controller3 4n the converter& $BH control and $ha'e-Shift
control are combined to reduce current 'tre''e' and both
conducting and '%itching lo''& to e>:and "VS range and
in:ut voltage3 =ig3 2 'ho%' the ideali*ed %aveform' of the
ne% half bridge converter3
4t i' 'een that %hen the condition V1=N*V3 and Vin =
N*V4 i' 'ati'fied& the current %aveform i' Iflat to::edF&
re'ulting in minimal current 'tre''e'& and an o:timal :oint3
=ig3 2 A 4deali*ed %aveform' of tran'former :rimary 'ide
voltage& 'econdary 'ide voltage and tran'former current
=rom eCuation 617 %e can 'ee that the out:ut :o%er i'
regulated by controlling duty cycle 6D7 of '%itche' and the
:ha'e 'hift angle 6 73
-
.
1
t 6 t7
-
o ab L
P V i d t

-
?
in
k
V
D
L D D

=

4 -
1-1-
617
Before %e analy*e the :rinci:le o:eration of the converter&
%e 'hould ma+e 'ome a''um:tion3
(he converter i' %or+ing on a 'tate 'tableJ
9ll the '%itche' of converter are ideal '%itching
device& and in :arallel %ith ca:acitor and diode&
%hich i' on the in'ide3
(he inductor Llk i' 'um of the tran'formerF' lea+age
inductor and an e>tra inductorJ
(he inductor 6Lm7 of e>citing coil i' large enough& 'o
the magneti*ing current can be 'mall enoughJ
(he eCuali*ing ca:acitor C1~C3 are large enough& 'o
a' to get a le'' voltage ri::le3
(he duty cycle of 1 and 2 i' D& and the duty cycle
of 3 and 4 i' 1!D3 4n u: mode& energy i' ta+en from
the battery and ca:acitor to the DC bu'& 'o the driving
'ignal of 1 and 2 mu't before the driving 'ignal of 3
and 43 Bhile in do%n mode& energy flo% from DC bu'
to the battery and ca:acitor3 (he only difference i' the
driving 'ignal of 1~43 (he o:eration of do%n mode i'
'ame %ith the u: mode& 'o %e only tal+ about the u:
mode3 4n order to ea'y the analy'i' of converter circuit& the
tran'formation ratio i' defined a' one& 'o the voltage of
Vcd can be in'tead of V2 and V33 =igure K 'ho%' the e>act
%aveform of inductor current and the voltage in the 'ide
of it3 (he '%itch cycle i' divided into 1- :art'& %hich are
t.@t1-& it 'ho%' the e>act time of four '%itche' %hen they
are o:ening and %hen they are clo'ing3 =or e>am:le& the
'%itch 1 i' clo'ing in time of t1& and the '%itch 2 i'
o:ening bet%een the time t2 and t33
=ig3 K A Baveform' and time diagram for bi-directional
converter in u: mode
4n fig3 K& the :ro:o'ed to:ology ha' the advantage' of
'oft A '%itching im:lementation %ithout additional
device'& and it i' controlled by duty cycle and :ha'e 'hift3
=ig3 K only 'ho%' the time %hen the'e '%itche' are
o:ening or clo'ing& but not 'ho%' the condition for them
to o:en or clo'e3 =rom fig3 K& in u: mode& the
im:lementation of 'oft A '%itching %ith converter i'
relevant to the :rimary current 'tate before the '%itche'
are clo'ing3 ECuation 6-7 @ 6/7 'ho%' the condition of
current in different time& and
Lk
i i' the current of the
lea+age inductance&
Ldc
i i' the current of the in:ut
inductor3
6 17 6 17
Lk Ldc
i t i t >

6 /7 .
Lk
i t <

6 K7 6 17
Lk Ldc
i t i t <

6 /7 .
Lk
i t >
627
637
647
657
ECuation 627 'ho%' ho% to calculate the current 6
Lk
i 73
-
. .
-
1 1 1
"
" D"
Lk Lk Lk
"
i dt i dt i dt
" " "

= + +


- -
-
1 1
" "
D"
Lk Lk
" D"
D"
i dt i dt
" "

+
+
+

627
=ig3 K 'ho%' the %aveform and time diagram of four
'%itche' and diode'3 Both figure K and eCuation 627 are
utili*ed to derive the eCuation' of current in each device3
(he switch voltage stress i' Vin # $1D%& it 'ho%' the
'%itche' have the 'ame :ea+ voltage& ho%ever& the current
'tre'' i' different from each other3 ECuation' 6K7 and 6E7
'ho% the current 'tre'' of 1 ~ 4 %hen the converter i'
%or+ing in u: mode3

H1 H-
-
-
L L L
L -
L L L
L L61 7 ? 61 7
in in
lk dc
in in
lk lk
V V D "s
I I
L L
V D V
L D D L

= = +
+

peak peak
6K7
HD H? :ea+
L L L
M 6 & 7
L L61 7 L
in in
lk lk
V D V
I I a'
L D L


=

peak
6E7
=ig3 E 'ho%' the %hole circuit of bi-directional
converter %hen it i' %or+ing in u: mode3 4t u'e'
tran'former lea+age inductance a' the :rimary energy
tran'fer element3 9 bloc+ ca:acitor Cb i' in 'erie' %ith the
:rimary %inding of the tran'former to ma+e the :rimary
current to reduce to *ero during *ero 'tate3 (he average
voltage acro'' Cb eCual' to be *ero in one '%itching
:eriod in 'teady 'tate& limiting the reCuired Cb rating3
ECuation 6N7 'ho%' the ma>imal current of bloc+
ca:acitor3
-
-
L L L
L -
L L L
L L61 7 ? 61 7
in in
Cb
lk dc
in in
lk lk
V V D "s
I
L L
V D V
L D D L

= +
+

6N7
=ig3 E A (he circuit to:ology of bi-directional DC/DC converter
%or+ in u: mode
4443 S4HUG9(4O! 9!D EO$E54HE!(9G
5ESUG(S
O:erating :rinci:le %a' verified in 'imulation i' u'ing
S4Hetri>3 =or the reali'tic 'imulation of HEV a::lication&
the condition' and :arameter' for the 'imulation %ere the
follo%ing value',
source
V = ?EV&
out
V M 1..V&
o
P M
1...B& (o M KE& the :ha'e i' D.& ) M -.PH*&
k
L M
-uH&
dc
L M.3/mH=ig3 N 'ho%' the %aveform' of
ab
V &
s
V and
Lk
i %hen in:ut 'ource voltage i' ?EV3
Q
1
-
D

/

V
40
60
80
100
T
X
1
-
2
0

/

V
-0
4
8
12
P
r
o
b
e
4
-
N
O
D
E

/

V
-0
40
80
T
X
1
-
1
1

/

V
47.6
47.8
48
48.2
48.4
Time/mSecs 50uSecs/i!
0.8 0.85 0." 0."5 1 1.05
#
$
%
2
-
P
&

/

'
-1
0
1
(ou)
(s
(*b
(source
i%+
=ig3 N A Baveform' of
ab
V
s
V and
Lk
i %hen
source
V M?EV
=ig3 1. A Baveform' of
s
V and
ab
V in the initial 'tage of
'imulation
=ig3 11- Baveform' of '%itch 617 %hen
source
V M?EV
Q
1
-
D

/

V
""
"".6
100.2
100.8
#
$
%
2
-
P
&

/

'
-1
0
1
T
X
1
-
2
0

/

V
-0
10
20
,0
Time/mSecs 20uSecs/i!
10.64 10.66 10.68 10.7 10.72 10.74 10.76
P
r
o
b
e
4
-
N
O
D
E

/

V
-20
20
60
i%+
(*b
(s
(ou)
=ig31-A Baveform' of
ab
V
s
V and
Lk
i %hen
source
V MD2V
4V3 CO!CGUS4O!
4n the :a:er& a ne% ty:e half bridge DC/DC converter i'
:ro:o'ed for hybrid electric vehicle& %hich ha' minimum
'%itche' 'tre'' for %ide range of 'ource voltage
o:eration3(he converter u'e' $BH :lu' :ha'e-'hift
control to achieve 'oft-'%itching3 (he to:ology i' 'uitable
for high :o%er a::lication& e':ecially for controlling the
battery of 'u:er ca:acitor that can be u'ed in hybrid
electric vehicle3 Simulation %aveform' ba'ed on S4Hetri>
are given to demon'trate the goodne'' of the to:ology3
5E=E5E!CES
;1< H3 Gi& =3 "3 $eng& and J3 S3 Ga%ler& Q9 ne% "VS bi-
directional dc-dc converter for fuel cell and battery
a::licationR& 4EEE (ran'3 $o%er Electron3 Vol31N& no31& ::3
K& -..2
;-< Haimin (ao& 93 Pot'o:oulo'& J3G3 Duarte& H393H3
Hendri>& Q(ri:le-Half-Bridge Bidirectional converter
controlled by $ha'e Shift and $BHR& 4n :roceeding&
9$EC& ::3 K& -..2
;D< Dehong Ou& Chuanhong "hao& Haifeng =an& Q9 $BH :lu'
:ha'e-'hift control bidirectional DC-DC converterR4EEE
(ran'3 $o%er Electron& Volume 1N& $age6'7, 222-2K/
;?< Sangtae+ Han& Dee:a+ Divan3 QBi-Directional DC/DC
Converter for $lug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle 6$HEV7
9::lication'R;c<34EEE (ran'3 $o%er Electron&
Volume-..K
;/< )ang Chen& Dehong Ou& ou'heng Bang& et al3 Q9 ne%
family of 'oft-'%itching :ha'e-'hifted bidirectional DC-
DC converter' ;9<R3 $ESC;C<3 $age6'7,E/N-E2/