BIOLOGY MARKING SCHEME 2007 EXRENDED RESPONSE

Version 2 Tes!"# No$e%&er '(

)es*ion (7
The first step in the production of human growth hormone involves inserting the gene for human growth hormone into
the DNA of a bacterial cell. The bacterial cell is then cultured to produce human growth hormone.
Describe:
One process that can be used to identify the gene for HGH and one process that can be used to insert the gene into
the DNA of a bacterial cell.
The process of protein synthesis used to produce the HGH in cultured bacterial cells.
One process for identifying one process for inserting: maximum 6 marks
isolate DNA from cells/cut DNA into fragments (1) using a restriction enzyme (1) 2
fragments of DNA may be inserted into bacteria wic form colonies on a !master "late# 1
use a "robe 1
sort "iece of DNA or $NA (1) wic is single stranded (1) 2
"robe is com"lementary (1) to known section of nucleotides on gene (1) 2
"robe is tagged wit fluorescent dye or radioacti%ely labeled 1
eat solution (1) and se"arate strands of original DNA 2
on cooling& "robe binds to fragments containing '('/desired gene 1
se"arate fragments using electro"oresis 1
use te DNA se)uence of te '(' (1) com"are it wit oter se)uence(1) 2
in*ect '(' into animal 1
animal makes antibodies tat bind to te '(' 1
collect antibodies and label or tag tem 1
cut u" DNA of te animal (1) and insert fragments into a number of bacteria(1) 2
incubate te recombinant bacteria 1
treat te colonies wit te labeled antibodies 1
antibodies will bind wit colony making te '('/ original "rotein 1
extract gene from labeled bacterial colony 1
bacterial cells contain "lasmids 1
tese are small rings of DNA (1) se"arate from main cromosome (1) 2
"lasmids can be isolated from te bacteria (1) and cut o"en (1) 2
a restriction enzyme is used (1) wic lea%es a !sticky end#/ex"osed set of bases (1) 2
same restriction enzyme is used to cut out gene of interest 1
treated "lasmids mixed wit uman DNA (1) and DNA attaces due to base "airing (1) 2
DNA ligase seals te "lasmid 1
$ecombined +lasmid reinserted into/taken u" by a bacterial cell 1
,solate '(' gene and clone to make co"ies (1) - descri"tion (1) 2
.ollect co"ies of te gene 1
/se gene gun metod 1
+ellets of gold or tungsten (1) coated wit co"ies of te gene (1) 2
+ellet is fired into te bacteria (1) and incor"orates into te nucleosome or "lasmid (1) 2
/se of microin*ection tecni)ue(1) using a microin*ection (1) 2
.ollect co"ies of te gene (1) by cutting it out of a fragment/using restriction enzymes(1) 2
,n*ect co"ies of gene into cyto"lasm of bacteria (1) wic incor"orates into te nucleosome or "lasmid(1) 2
/se of bacterio"age/%irus 1
0irus is inca"acitated 1
0irus as gene incor"orated into it 1
0irus allowed to infect/is inserted into te bacterial cell 1
0irus incor"orates DNA into nucleosome/"lasmid 1
1lectro"oration 1
1lectric current (1) "uts oles in te membrane (1) 2
DNA allowed to enter 1
2any cells are used (1) 1
Notes
13 A maximum of 4 for one of te sections3
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23 $ead te first "rocess if more tan one is gi%en3
83 :i"osomes ; u" to 4 marks3
!rocess of protein synthesis in bacterial cells: maximum 6 marks
<e DNA segment coding for '(' se"arates (1) to ex"ose bases (1) 2
=ree or $NA nucleotides attac to ex"osed bases (1) on tem"late strand (1) 2
m$NA forms along tem"late strand/$NA nucleotides link to form m$NA 1
m$NA strand "eels away from DNA (1) wic re*oins (1) 2
m$NA attaces to ribosome 1
t$NA carries a s"ecific amino acid at one end (1) and as an anticodon at te oter (1) 2
t$NA anticodon attaces (1) to com"lementary codon on te m$NA (1) 2
amino acids are brougt togeter as t$NA attaces to m$NA and *oin 1
t$NA molecules are released from te m$NA 1
growing "oly"e"tide cain forms '(' 1
"rocess takes "lace in te cyto"lasm 1
transcri"tion - definition 1
translation - definition 1
$NA "olymerase *oins eac succeeding nucleotide to strand 1
1nzymes se"arate DNA 1
Note>
13 A maximum of 4 marks for a descri"tion of transcri"tion or translation only3
23 A maximum of ? marks if te student talks about a nucleus3
EXTENDED RESPONSE COMM+NICATION
2ore tan @ "age& structured in te form of sentences and "aragra"s ; 1 mark
/se of correct grammar and s"elling (em"asis on curriculum statement) ; 1 mark
.learly and concisely ex"lains conce"ts using rele%ant biological language ; 1 mark
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BIOLOGY MARKING SCHEME 2007 , EXTENDED RESPONSE
Version 2 No$e%&er '(
)es*ion (-
There is strong evidence for the common ancestry of all living things. "iologists believe that the evolution of eu#aryotic
cells from pro#aryotic cells probably involved endosymbiotic events.
$%plain how the study of DNA provides strong evidence for the common ancestry of all living things.
Describe the differences in the internal structure of pro#aryotic and eu#aryotic cells.
Describe the process of endosymbiosis and provide one piece of evidence of the evolution of eu#aryotic cells by
endosymbiosis.
&tudy of DNA: maximum 4 marks (2 for eac "oint)
DNA is "resent in all li%ing organism 1
DNA contains te same nitrogenous bases in all li%ing tings 1
(enetic code is te same for all li%ing tings 1
Aame m$NA codes for same amino acid B$ same 8 bases used to code for an amino acid 1
Aame t$NA carries te same amino acid 1
+rocess of "rotein syntesis is te same 1
All li%ing tings use te same 2C amino acids ; based on same code 1
DNA DDNA ybrdisation sows base se)uence in many organisms is similar (1) indicating common ancestor (1) 2
Aimilar "roteins (1) (eg cytocrome c) reflects common base se)uence (1) 2
DNA se)uencing can sow similarity between s"ecies 1
All li%ing tings can transcribe oters DNA/genes can be transferred between s"ecies E still work 1
Note> Atudents sould state tat all of tese features indicate common ancestry3
Describe differences in internal structure of pro#aryotes and eu#aryotes: maximum 4 marks (2 for eac "oint)
+Fs a%e little internal organisation& 1Fs a%e ig le%el of internal organisation 2
+Fs a%e no nucleus (or a%e a nucleosome)& 1Fs a%e a nucleus 2
+Fs a%e no membrane bound organelles& 1Fs a%e membrane bound organelles 2
+Fs a%e a single cromosome& 1Fs a%e 2 or more cromosomes 2
+Fs a%e "lasmids& 1Fs do not3 2
+Fs DNA is circular& 1Fs is linear 2
+Fs ribosomes are small (7CA)& 1Fs are larger (9CA) 2
+Fs a%e less cytoskeleton tan 1Fs3 2
+Fs a%e no s"indle and 1Fs do3 2
+Fs DNA does not a%e istones and introns& 1Fs do3 2
Note>
13 Atudents sould describe bot "rokaryotes and eukaryotes to" get te full 2 marks for 1 feature3
23 A list of features wit no descri"tions ; max 2
83 ,f we use com"arati%e terms (eg smaller& more) ten allow te 2 marks3
!rocess of endosymbiosis and one piece of evidence> maximum 4 marks (2 "oints)
+rokaryotic cells existed before eukaryotic cells 1
:arger "rokaryotic cells (1) engulfed (1) smaller "rokaryotic cells 2
1laboration of engulfing (eg "agocytosis) 1
1ngulfed cells carried on functioning (1) so te new cell/combination could carry out more functions (1) 2
1xam"leGG .lams wit cyanobacteria 2
.loro"lasts E mitocondria a%e teir own DNA (1) se"arate from te nucleus (1) 2
.loro"last E mitocondrial DNA is circular B$ resembles "rokaryotic DNA 1
.loro"lasts E mitocondria a%e teir own ribosomes (1) wic resembles bacterial ribosomes (1) 2
.loro"lasts E mitocondria are able to selfDre"licate (1) inde"endently of te cell (1) 2
.loro"lasts E mitocondria re"lication resembles binary fission of "rokaryotes 1
.loro"lasts E mitocondria a%e 2 membranes (1)H outer is similar to ost cellFs& inner resembles bacterial(1) 2
.Fs and 2Fs syntesis teir own "roteins 1
Note>
13 Iot sections must be answered ere for 4 marks3
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