DNA

Genes were known to…

1. Carry information from one generation to the next

2. Genes determined the heritable characteristics (phenotypes) of

organisms

3. Genes had to easily be copied

 Figure 12–5 DNA Nucleotides

Section 12-1

Nitrogen Bases
20- 23 Purines Pyrimidines
Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine

Nucleotide
1. Sugar
2. Phosphate
Group
3. Nitrogen Base

Phosphate
group Deoxyribose
Sugar

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Section:
 Figure 12–7 Structure of DNA

Section 12-1

Nucleotide

24. Bases paired A-T…G-C Hydrogen

bonds

Sugar-phosphate
backbone
Key
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)

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Section:
 Chargaff’s Rule – Base Pairing Rule

25. Chargaffs rule- Chemical analysis showed that percent of A was

equivalent to T and G was equivalent to C

Source of DNA A T G C

Streptococcus 29.8 31.6 20.5 18.0

Yeast 31.3 32.9 18.7 17.1

Herring 27.8 27.5 22.2 22.6

Human 30.9 29.4 19.9 19.8

% of A ≈ % of T
% of G ≈ % of C
 Rosalind Franklin X Ray diffraction

26. Shaped is helix containing two strands

 Watson and Crick Model

27-28

1953
 Section Outline

Section 12-2

12–2 Chromosomes and DNA Replication

A. DNA and Chromosomes
1. DNA Length
2. Chromosome Structure
B. DNA Replication
1. Duplicating DNA
2. How Replication Occurs

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Section:
 Prokayrotic vs. Eukaryotic DNA

1-3
 Prokaryotic Chromosome Structure

Section 12-2

Chromosome

E. coli bacterium
Bases on the chromosome

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Section:
 How DNA is packaged

3-4
 Figure 12-10 Chromosome
Structure of Eukaryotes
Section 12-2

Human cells contain over one meter of DNA! How?

Chromosome Nucleosome
7-10
DNA
double
helix
Coils

Supercoils

Histones
Wrapped around proteins (histones and nucleosomes) – only in this
prior to cell division (mitosis) as a way to package all that material

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Section:
 Figure 12–11 DNA Replication

Section 12-2

Original
strand DNA
New strand polymerase

Growth
DNA
polymerase
Growth

Replication Replication Nitrogenous

fork fork bases

New strand Original

strand
Replication

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Section:
DNA replication
 Interest Grabber

Section 12-3

Information, Please

DNA contains the information that a cell needs to carry out all of its
functions. In a way, DNA is like the cell’s encyclopedia. Suppose that you go
to the library to do research for a science project. You find the information in
an encyclopedia. You go to the desk to sign out the book, but the librarian
informs you that this book is for reference only and may not be taken out.

1. Why do you think the library holds some books for reference only?
2. If you can’t borrow a book, how can you take home the information in it?
3. All of the parts of a cell are controlled by the information in DNA, yet
DNA does not leave the nucleus. How do you think the information in
DNA might get from the nucleus to the rest of the cell?

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Section:
 Section Outline

Section 12-3

12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis

A. The Structure of RNA
B. Types of RNA
C. Transcription
D. RNA Editing
E. The Genetic Code
F. Translation
G. The Roles of RNA and DNA
H. Genes and Proteins

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Section:
 RNA vs. DNA

GR 1
Differences between RNA and DNA
1. DNA contain deoxyribose sugar,
RNA contains ribose
2. DNA is double stranded and RNA
is single
3. RNA contain Uracil in place
of Thymine
 Figure 12–14 Transcription

Section 12-3

Adenine (DNA and RNA)

Cystosine (DNA and RNA)
Guanine(DNA and RNA)
Thymine (DNA only)
Uracil (RNA only)

GR 2
RNA is like disposable copy of DNA

Hundreds of copies of RNA made from

One strand of DNA

RNA
polymerase

DNA
RNA

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Section:
 RNA

GR 5

tRNA – transfer RNA

mRNA – messenger RNA Carries amino acid to the ribosome
Carries copy of instruction for proteins from to assemble protein
DNA to the ribosomes
 Concept Map

Section 12-3

RNA

can be

Messenger RNA Transfer RNA

also called which functions to also called which functions to

Bring
mRNA Carry instructions tRNA amino acids to
ribosome

from to

DNA Ribosome

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Section:
 Figure 12–14 Transcription

Section 12-3
Transcription – process by which DNA code is changed into mRNA
Mr. Krabbs giving secret formula to Squidward to take to kitchen

Adenine (DNA and RNA)

Cystosine (DNA and RNA)
Guanine(DNA and RNA)
Thymine (DNA only)
Uracil (RNA only)

RNA
polymerase

DNA
RNA

Go to
Section:
protein synthesis
 Figure 12–17 The Genetic Code

Section 12-3

Go to
Section:
 Figure 12–18 Translation

Section 12-3

Nucleus
Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA is transcribed in the nucleus.

Lysine mRNA
Phenylalanine tRNA
Transfer RNA
Methionine
The mRNA then enters the cytoplasm and
attaches to a ribosome. Translation begins at
AUG, the start codon. Each transfer RNA has
an anticodon whose bases are complementary
to a codon on the mRNA strand. The ribosome
positions the start codon to attract its
anticodon, which is part of the tRNA that binds
methionine. The ribosome also binds the next
Ribosome codon and its anticodon.

mRNA Start codon

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Section:
 Figure 12–18 Translation
(continued)
Section 12-3

The Polypeptide “Assembly Line”

Growing polypeptide chain
The ribosome joins the two amino acids—
methionine and phenylalanine—and breaks
the bond between methionine and its tRNA.
The tRNA floats away, allowing the ribosome
Ribosome
to bind to another tRNA. The ribosome moves
tRNA
along the mRNA, binding new tRNA molecules
and amino acids.

Lysine tRNA

mRNA
Completing the Polypeptide
The process continues until the ribosome reaches
one of the three stop codons. The result is a
mRNA Translation direction growing polypeptide chain.
Ribosome

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Section:
 Interest Grabber

Section 12-4

Determining the Sequence of a Gene

DNA contains the code of instructions for cells. Sometimes, an error

occurs when the code is copied. Such errors are called mutations.

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Section:
 Interest Grabber continued

Section 12-4

1. Copy the following information about Protein X: Methionine—

Phenylalanine—Tryptophan—Asparagine—Isoleucine—STOP.
2. Use Figure 12–17 on page 303 in your textbook to determine one possible
sequence of RNA to code for this information. Write this code below the
description of Protein X. Below this, write the DNA code that would produce
this RNA sequence.
3. Now, cause a mutation in the gene sequence that you just determined by
deleting the fourth base in the DNA sequence. Write this new sequence.
4. Write the new RNA sequence that would be produced. Below that, write the
amino acid sequence that would result from this mutation in your gene. Call
this Protein Y.
5. Did this single deletion cause much change in your protein? Explain your
answer.

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Section:
 Section Outline

Section 12-4

12–4 Mutations
A. Gene Mutations

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Section:
Mutations – any change in genetic material
Gene mutations Chromosomal
•Changes to bases making •Changes to entire
up the gene chromosome
• Point – affect only 1 amino
acid
• Substitution – a change in
one base
• Frameshift – affect all
amino acids from the
mutation
• Deletion – removal of base
• Insertion – addition of base
 Gene Mutations:
Substitution, Insertion, and Deletion
Section 12-4

Frameshift
Point

Deletion
Substitution Insertion

Notice only 1 amino Notice all amino acids are affected from the point of the mutation
acid changed

Less impactful?

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Section: