ENERGY RESOURCES

ENERGY SOURCES

Where does it come from?

ENERGY RESOURCES

How much are there?

How much do we have?

In energy statitistics
it is called Primary Energy

Energy Classification
Primary energy

Secondary energy

Fossil fuels

Electricity (from anything)

Nuclear fuels

Liquid fuels (from anything)

Geothermal

Hydrogen (from anything)

Hydropower
Wind
Waves
Tidal energy
Ocean heat

Charcoal (from wood)

ENERGY RESOURCES

Coal
Petroleum
Geothermal

Biomass

PRINCIPLES OF RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION

How much are there?

OIL
World Reserves
World total 1,371

Oil

World Reserves 2006

(billion bbl)

World total 1,371

144.4

163.5
(oil sand)
59.9

16.3

742.7
117.2

5.7

4.2
103.5

4.3
(0.4% of
world
reserves)

4.2

Oil

World Reserves
World total 1,371

4.3 (0.4% of world reserves)

Nat Gas

World Reserves

Trillion cubic metres

World total 181.5

2.63 ( = 93 TCF)
(1.5% of world reserves)

Nat Gas

World Reserves 2006

(TCF)

World total 6405

2263

282
501

2593

86
38
19

243

93
(0.4% of
world
reserves)

12

92

World Reserves 2006

(billion tons)

Coal

World Total 909

287.1
254.4
114.5
50.3

92.4
4.9
(share: 0.5%)

19.9

78.5

Renewable Energy Resources

Expressed in POWER or power density instead of physical quantity (volume
or mass)

Geothermal

MW

Hydropower

MW

Wind power

W/m2 (power density) or in m/s (wind speed)

Solar radiation

W/m2 of or kWh/m2 per year

Geothermal Resources
Energy from heat contained in the rock and fluid, derived
from radioactive decay deep in earth

Temperatures
in Celsius

4,000

5,000

Depth in
kilometers

2,000
4,000
6,000

Geothermal Resources
Depends upon the fluid phase
hydrothermal resources
vapor-dominated reservoirs (steam only)
liquid-dominated reservoirs (steam and water,
or water only)

Hot Dry Rock (HDR)

No water, just hot, deep-seated rock

Geothermal Resources
Classified by temperature:
low temperature
(less than 90C)

moderate temperature
(90C - 150C)

high temperature
(greater than 150C).

Wind power
Recall:

Kinetic Energy =

1
mv 2
2

Kinetic Power =

1
 2
mv
2

1 m 2
kg
2 s

1 kg m 2

2 s s

Joule

J
= Watt
s

(kg/s) = Velocity (m/s) x Area (m2) x Density (kg/m3)

Power = 0.5 x Swept Area x Air Density x Velocity3

velocity
Swept Area

Power = 0.5 x Swept Area x Air Density x Velocity3

Classes of wind power density at 10 m and 50 m

Wind Power

Class*

10 m
Wind Power
Density
(W/m2)

50 m

Speed (b) m/s

Wind Power
Density
(W/m2)

Speed (b) m/s

100

4.4

200

5.6

150

5.1

300

6.4

200

5.6

400

7.0

250

6.0

500

7.5

300

6.4

600

8.0

400

7.0

800

8.8

1000

9.4

2000

11.9

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

The world's largest wind turbine generator

Blade diameter : 126 metres
What is the wind power at wind speed of 14m/s
Power = 0.5 x Swept Area x Air Density x Velocity3
Rotors sweep an area of PI x (diameter/2)2 = 12470 m2 !
Air density is 1.23 kg/m3
Wind Power = 0.5 x 12,470 x 1.23 x (14 x 14 x 14)
= 21,000,000 Watts = 21 MW
Actual power: 5 MW

Eff: 21%

Sizes and Applications

Small (10 kW)

Homes
Farms
Remote Applications
(e.g. water pumping,
telecom sites,
icemaking)

Intermediate
(10-250 kW)
Village Power
Hybrid Systems
Distributed Power

Large (250 kW - 2+MW)

Central Station Wind Farms
Distributed Power

Hydropower

Potential Energy = mgH

m3/s

Hydropower = 1000 Q g H (Watt)

= 10 Q H (kW)

Hydropower = 10 Q H Eff (kW)

Typical eff: 70%

Energy Conversion and Distribution

Energy Classification
Primary energy

Secondary energy

Fossil fuels

Electricity (from anything)

Nuclear fuels

Liquid fuels (from anything)

Geothermal

Hydrogen (from anything)

Hydropower
Wind
Waves
Tidal energy
Ocean heat

Charcoal (from wood)

Energy Conversion
Primary energy
Conversion
Secondary energy
Electricity
Liquid fuels
Conversion
Energy services

Direct use
Heating
Mechanical

PRIMARY ENERGY TO ENERGY SERVICES

ELECTRICITY
TRANSMISSION

FUEL

POWER PLANT

ELECTRICITY
DISTRIBUTION

DELIVERED ENERGY

HEAT

USEFUL ENERGY

Energy Conversion

Crude oil

Refinery

LPG
Liquid
fuels

Conv.

Petrochemical
feedstock
Non-fuel
products

Energy
services

OIL CHAIN INDONESIA

INSTALASI/DEPOT/
T.TRANSIT

IMPOR
BBM

RAIL TANK WAGON

Pipeline
Pipeline

IMPOR
CRUDE
DEPOT

KILANG
LADANG
MINYAK

Pipeline
OIL BARGE

SPBU

INDUSTRI

BUNKER
SERVICE

SPBU
Apung

INDUSTRI

INDUSTRI

BUNKER PIT

BUNKER
SERVICE

Energy Conversion

Power
plant

Electricity

Coal

Conv.
Liquefaction

Liquid fuels

Energy
services

Energy Conversion

Power
plant

Electricity

Nat Gas

Conv.
Liquefaction

Liquid fuels

Energy
services

World Primary Energy Consumption 2006

Nuclear
6%

Hydro
6%
Oil
36%

Coal
28%
Gas
24%
World Total 10,878 million TOE

PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION

COAL
HYDRO

NUCLEAR
GAS

OIL

PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION

COAL
HYDRO
NUCLEAR

GAS

OIL

North
America

S.Cent
America

Europe

MidEast

Africa

Asia
Pacific