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0._

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DOCUMENTATION GUIDE
TABLE' OF CONTENTS",
Chapter I - Thermal
LO Introduction
U Wall and Roof Transmission Loads
L2 Glass Transmission
1.3 Solar Gain Loads
1.4 Heat Gains due to People
1.5 Lighting Heat
1.6 Miscellaneous Electrical Heat Gains
L 7 Miscellaneous Intemal
Gains
L8 Transmission Loads through P~lrWions
L9 Infiltration Loads
1.10 Ground Element Transmission Loads
1.11 Safety Factor
Chapter 2 - Design System
Calculations
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Analysis for Design Cooling Conditions
2.].] Thermal Load Calculations
2.1.2 Supply Air Sizing Calculations
2.1.3 Air System Simulation Calculations

2.2 Analysis for Design Heating Conditions

2.2. I Thermal Load Calculations
2.2.2 System Analysis and Sizing Calculations

!-J
1]2
]2
]-3
!A
IA

1-4
1-5
1-5
]-6
]8
2-]
2-J
2- I
2-2
2-4

2-7
2-7
28

._J

'

+.

A key facet
A "thermal"
for a region
as a "space

-,-_'

++~_.,~.

of the design load and energy analyses is

load is the sum of transmission,
of the building. In the program the
load".

The thermal load is distinguished from a coil load. A

removed or added at the coil. It incorporates the
fan
gain and p1enum load characteristics.

calculation of thermal loads.

internal and solar gain loads
load is sometimes referred to
load is the amount of heat
load as well as ventilation,

The purpose of this chapter is to document the basic thyrmalload calculation

procedures used in HAIP. These calculations apply to design as well as average load
analyses. The procedures here are based on the Carrier rQO Load Estimating Method.
The primary reference for the method is the Carrier Sys'lem Design Manual Pari I:
Load E"!:;timating. Separate sections of this chapter deal with each thermal load
component. Specific details concerning design thermal !()<id calculations are found
in Chapter 2.
Finally, in the formulas below, it convention is used in which cooling loads (Ileal
gains) are positive and heating loads (heat losses) are negative.

Heat transmission through walls and roofs is due to the indoor-outdoor temperature
difference and to the transmission of absorbed solar energy. The fundamental
transmission equation is:
Qw
where:
Qw

==

Uw

Wall transmission load (lHU/IJr or

Wall LJ..value (BTLJ/(hr-sqft-F) or W I(sqm-K))

I\w

--

Wall area (sqft or sqm).

ETD

--

Equivalent Temperature

Difference

or K).

The ETD value incorporates the considerations of heat transfer due to both the actual
indoor-outdoor temperature difference and absorbed solar energy. The basic ETD
equation may be expressed as:
ETD == Kw (Rs/Rm)C[em"
where:
Kw

==

Wall or
accounts
surfaces.
1.00 for
0.78 for
0.55 for

Tes) +Tes +

roof color correction factor (dimensionless). This factor

for varied absorptivity characteristics of different color
dark color surfaces (reference color).
medium color surfaces.
light color surfaces.

Solar heat gain for wall or roof exposure (BTU/(hr-sqft) or W Isqm).

This value is a peak solar heat gain (IPSHG) for design calculations; it
is an
solar gain (ASHG) for typical calculations.
Solar heat gain for the reference condition (BTU I(hr-sqft) or
W Isqm). The reference conditions are 40 deg. north latitude, July,
sea level, design dewpoint temperature of 67 F (19.4
and clear sky
conditions. Thus, the (Rs/Rm) ratio COHects for the magnitude of
the solar flux on the surface.
!-I

LOAD CALCULATIONS

Equivalent temperature difference for sunlit exposures for the

reference condition (F or K). Values are obtained from the Carrier
Design Manual Tables! 9 and 20. Valucs vary for cach hour, for wall
or roof weights and by exposure.
Equivalent temperature difference for sh',lded exposures for the
reference condition (F or K). Values are.lobtained from the Carrier
Design Manual Tables 19 and 20. Values vary for each hour, for wall
or roof weights and by exposure.

Tes

Temperature correction factor (F or K). Tern and T es valucs arc

based on a reference outdoor air tempenHure profile. To adapt the
ETDs to actual outdoor conditions, corrections for the amplitude and
magnitude of the actual temperature pro~le must be made. This
factor is derived in part from Table 20A of the Carrier Design
Manual.
Tam -Ti - .5
- 5 for English units.
Tam - .5
- 2.78 for S.I. Metric
Maximum

Tam

temperature

in outdoor

Indoor air temperature

Ti

air temperature

profile (F or C).

(F or C).

Daily temperature range (F or K). This is the difference between

maximum and minimum temperatures in the daily profile.

The equation

for heat transmission

through glass is:

Qg:;;: Ug Ag (T a - Ti)
where:
Glass transmission

Qg
Ug

load (BTU/hr

--.

Glass U-value (BTU/(hr-sqft-F)

::;:

Outdoor

--

Indoor air temperature

or W).
or W /(sqrn-K.

Glass area (sqft or sqm).

Ag

air temperature

(F or C).
(F or C).

Throughout the day the sun shines through windows in the building. This solar
energy is absorbed by interior floors, walls and ceilings and is released by convection
and radiation over time. To analyze this transient heat gain a set of hourly solar
response factors are
These factors
been normalized for the maximum daily
solar flux. Different sets of factors are defined in the Carrier Design Manual for
various building weights and for bare glass elements and glass with internal shading
devices. The basic solar gain equation for glass with no external shading is:
Qsg ::;:(SHG)(SLF)

Fg Ag

where:
Qsg
SHG

Solar gain load (RTU/hr

or W).

I\Aaximum solar heat

value (BTU/(hr-sqft)
or W /sqm). This
value is the peak solar heat gain for design cooling calculations or the
average solar heat gain for aver:'l:ge
1-2

SLF

Storage load factor (dimensionless). This is the solar response value

obtained from Carrier Design Manual. Tables 7 through I I for the
appropriate glass condition, building weight, cooling equipment
operation schedule, exposure and hour.

Fg

Glass factor (dimensionless). SHG values are derived for solar nux
through a single pane of ordinary glass. To account for different
transmission and reflection characteris~ics
of other types of glass and
internal shading devices a correction f<ictor is applied.

Ag

0-

Glass area (sqft or sqm).

For solar gains for glass with external shading, the equation
Qsg

(FeSHGe

+ FsSHGs)(SLF)

is:

Fg Ag

where:
Fe

_.

Fraction of glass area exposed to sunlight (dimensionless). This value

is determined first by evaluating the angIe of incidence for the beam
component of solar flux for the hour. Using the angle of incidence
with the physical characteristics of the external shading device, the
portion of the glass pane exposed to sunlight can be computed.
Fraction

of glass area shaded (dimensionless).

I - Fe
Maximum
(hr-sqft)or
-.

solar heat gain for the exposed glass (BTU/

W /sqm).

Maximum solar heat gain for shaded glass (BTU/(hr-sqft)

or
W /sqm). Different SHG values are used because the exposed glass
receives beam and diffuse components of the solar flux; the shaded
glass receives only diffuse solar.

The human body continuously releases quantities of sensible heat and nlOisture. The
magnitude of these heat gains depends upon the level of physical exertion. It is
assumed body heat is released directly to the surrounding air. The basic sensible and
latent heat gain equations are as follows:
Qps = Np Qs

Qp!

N p QI

where:
Sensible component

Qps
--

Latent component

--

Scheduled

of heat gain (BTU/hr

of heat gain (BTU/hr

number of people occupying

Sensible heat gain rate (BTU/(hr-person)

defined by the user.

Latent heat gain rate (BTU/(hr-pcrson)

defined by the user.

1-3

or W).
or W).

space for the hour.

or W /person).
or W /person).

This value is
This value is

LOAD CALCULATIONS

LIGHTING
HEAT
GAIN

Heat gain
lights is assumed
lighting heat gain is:

to be instantaneous.

The basic equation

for the total

where:
=:

Lighting heat gain (BTU/hr

=:

Scheduled

=:

Ballast multiplier (dimensionless). When fluorescent lights are used,

the heat gain from the ballast starter device must be considered also.
A ballast multiplier factor is used to increase the lighting power PI
accordingly. This multiplier is defined by the user and typically
ranges from 1.0 to 1.25. For incandescent lights the multiplier is not
used.

Fu

lighting power level for the hour (W).

Unit conversion
(3.4]2

or W).

factor used to provide heat gain in proper units.

BTU/hr)/(W)

for English units.

1.0 fOf S.L Metric units.

This load element is used to model heat gain due to miscellaneous electrical
machinery such as computers, typewriters, vending machines, etc ... Heat gain from
these machines is assumed to be instantaneous. The basic heat gain equation is:

HEAT
GAINS

=: Fu Pme
where:
Miscellaneous
Pme

=:

Scheduled

miscellaneous

Unit conversion

Fu

electrical heat gain (BTU/hr

INTERNAL
HEAT
GAINS

electrical power level for the ham (W).

factor used to provide load in proper units.

12 BTU/hr)/(W)
=

or W).

for English units.

1.0 for S.L Metric units.

This load element is used to consider heat gain from miscellaneous non-electrical
sources. Heat gai,n is assumed to be instantaneous.
Gains
considered for both
sensible and latent load components. Hourly heat gain quantities are directly specified
by the user in the form of a maximum heat gain and hourly scheduling factors. Heat
values may be positive or negative. Negative heat values are used to model loads due
to refrigeration cases or similar equipment.

L LOAD CALCULA
--'---.---

---

- -----~-

Heat transmission through partitions adjacent to a non-conditioned

region are
considered with this load element.
non-conditioned
we mean such regions as
adjacent parking garages, freezer storage rooms and unconditioned warehouses, The
air temperature in these regions may vary in different ways. Therefore two options for
analyzing transmission loads through partitions are offered,

AND

Adjacent Region Temperature.

The first option is to consider the temperature in the
adjacent region as being fixed, This option should be used for regions such as a
refrigerated storeroom or an equipment room in which the temperature is relatively
constant. The transmission load for this case is computed
Qpl = Up Ap (T",-Tj)
where:

Ap

= Transmission load through partition

= Partition U-value (BTU/(hr--sqft-F)
= Partition area (sqft or sqm).

Tar

Air temperature
user.

in adjacent

'Ii

Air temperature

in conditioned

Qpt
Up

(BTU/hr

or W).

or W I(sqm-K,

region (F or C). This value is defined by the

Pcrcenlage 01' huJoor-O!!hloor

Tempen!lure
evaluates the partition temperature difference
temperature difference. This method may be
garage or unconditioned warehouse in which
temperature. The basic transmission equation

space (F or C),

Dillercnce. Thc second option

as a fraction of the indoor-outdoor
used to model regions such as a parking
the temperature varies with outdoor air
is:

Qpt ::::Up
where:
Partition

transmission

Partition

U-value (BTU/(hr-sqft-F)

::::

Partition

area (sqft or

--.

Temperature difference fraction (dimensionless), The fraction of

indoor-outdoor
ternpcraturc difference to be applied to the partition.
Values may range from 0 (0%) to 2,0 (200%).

Qpt

Outdoor

air temperature

Indoor air temperature

'Ii

load (IBTU/hr or W),

or W I(sqm-K)).

or C).
(F or C).

Sensible and latent heat gains due to infiltration air arc considered with this load
element. Infiltration air is assumed to enter the space at outdoor conditions and leave
at the room conditions. The basic equations for this load are:

Qis ::::Pa Vi Cpa Fu (Ta -

Tn

Qil ::::Pa Vi hfg Fu (wa - wi)

where:

Qis
Qil

Sensible infiitration
Latent infiltration
1-5

(BTlJ lor or W).

load (BTU/hr

or W).

LOAD CALCULATIONS

Pa

Ps!

==

Density of

Value is adjusted

::::

Psi Pba / Psi

==

De'o.sity of air

standard

for site elevation.

sea leve! conditions

(0.075 Ibm/ft3

or 1.201 kg/m3).
Pba

Standard

atmospheric

--

14.696 (l - 6.87535
10 1.3 (1 - 2.25569

PsI
E

==

x J 0-6E)5.256!
5

x 1O- E)5.2561

Standard atmospheric
101.3 kPa).
Site elevation
Infiltration

Cpa

pressure at site elevation

(psia or kPa).

for English units.

for Metric units.

pressure at sea !eve! (14.696

psia or

(fed or meters above sea level).

air flow rate (CFM or Lis).

Specific heat of air. Standard

values used arc 0.24 BTU/(lbm-F)

or

lO04.832 J/(kg-K).
Fu

Conversion
60 min/hr

factor used to provide load in correct units.

for English units.

m3/(lOOO L) for SJ. Metric units.

Ta

Outdoor

Tj

Indoor air temperature

hfg

air temperature

Heat of vaporization

or C).
or C).

for water. Values used are 1054.8 BTU/lbm

or

2.4535x106 J/kg.

Heat loss through floors on or below grade and through walls below grade are
computed only for the heating design condition. Heat transmission through ground
clements for other conditions is not evaluated.
Transmission loads are computed using empirical equations derived for the Carrier
~QO Method. This method is appropriate only for heat loss through concrete or
masonry walls and floors, and only for the heating design condition. A study of
ground heat loss showed that ground temperatures below 8 ft (2.44 m) are relatively
stable regardless of outdoor air temperature. Between the 8 ft (2.44 m) depth and the
surface, ground temperature varies with outdoor temperature more appreciably.
Further, research showed that heat loss through floor elements was relatively
independcnt of depth below grade, while heat loss through the perimeter of the floor
was dependent upon depth. Because of these considerations, the E20 method analyzes
ground transmission loads ill
components. These arc floor loss, perimeter floor
loss, wall transmission below an 8 ft (2.44
depth and wall transmission abovc an 8
ft (2.44 m) depth. These load components are discussed below.

Floor Loss. Heat transmission

through the floor to the ground below is evaluated

with the following equation.

==

Uf(Tg _ Tj)

Perimeter Floor Loss. To evaluate heat loss through the perimeter of floors, a set of
thermal resistance factors were derived to account for the insulating effcct of the floor
material and of the ground at various depths. Heat loss is computed Ilsing the
following equation:
Qfp == Lfp Fp (Tad - Tn

1-6

-~.

__ ._-----------------~---~_._._-_._-THERMAL LOAD CALCULAI10NS

Wall Loss Above a Depth of 8 n

m). To analyze heat loss through the portion
of the wall between grade level and 8 ft (2.44 m) below grade, a set of factors were
empirically derived to account for the insulating effect of the wall and ground at
various depths. The basic tra~smission
equation for this load component is:
Qw!

= Lwp Fp (Tad - Ti)

n (2.44 m) Below Grade.

Heat Loss for Wails More thalli 8

If basement walls exist
below a depth of 8 ft (2.44 m), a separate analysis is used to determine the heat I.oss
for this section of waIL The transmission equation for this section of the wall is:
Qw2
Variable

Uw Aw (Tg - Ti)

Defilliitiollls:

Qn

Floor transmission

Qfp

Heat loss through floor perimeter

Af

or Vv').
(BTU Ihr or W).

Heat loss through wall area between grade and 8 ft (2.44 m) below
grade (BTU/hr or W).
Heat loss through
or W).

Qw2

load (BTU/hr

wall area below 8 ft (2.44 m) depth (BTU/hr

Floor area (sqft or sqrn).

Aw

Basement wall area (sqft or sqrn). For Qw I this is the area between
grade and an 8 ft (2.44 m) depth. For Qw2 this is the area below an
8 ft (2.44 m) depth.

Uf

Floor U-value. An assumed value of .05 BTU/(hr-sqft-I<') or .28

W I(sqm-K) is used. This value models a concrete or masonry floor.
Wall U~value. An assumed value of .08 BTU/(hr-sqft-F)
or .45
\V I(sqm-K) is used to mode! concrete or masonry walls.

Uw
Lfp

Lwp
IFp

Floor perimeter

(ft or

Wall perimeter

length

or m).

Perimeter factor (BTU/(hr-ft-F)

or W I(m-K). This factor accounts
for the thermal resistance of the floor or wall and the ground at
varying depths. The perimeter factor is applicable from grade level to
8 ft (2.44 m) below grade. For floors more than 8 ft (2.44 m) below
grade, the perimeter factor at the 8 ft (2.44 m) level is used. The
empirical equation for the factor is:
0.60 -+ 0.075(D) for English Units
1.0384 -+ .4259(D) for S.I. Metric Units
Ground temperature below floor (IF or C). This value is obtained
from an empirical equation:
55 -+ .s Tad for English units.
21.67 -+ .5 Tad for SJ. Metric units.
Indoor air temperature

(F or C).

Heating design outdoor

air temperature

Depth below grade

grade level to the

1-7

or C).

or m). For floors, this is the distance from

of the walL

CALCULATIONS

For desngn load calculations a factor is

introduced to provide a margin of safety
in the design. The safety factor is defined by the user. The safety load is computed by
multiplying eachof"the space sensible and latent thermal load componenl<; by the
factor.

1-8

~-----_._---_._------_._------_._._---------_._._---_.---

..--

CIIAPTER

DESIGN SYSTEM
ANALYA-9IS CALCULATIONS
~'h..._J

'~-'''''~'_'-;''
'_'_''''_'T'k~
-------.---------------.----.--

..

The purpose of the design analysis is to determine system coil loads and air flow
characteristics for cooling or heating design conditions. The analyses typically involve
three stages:
The Thermal Load Calculation
Stage determines the heat quantity to be added
or removed from the spaces in order to maintain comfort conditions.
The Sizing Stage involves computation of supply air characteristics required to
meet the thermal loads. In the special case of hydronic heating system design,
sizing involves computing a required water flow rate.
The System Analysis Stage. System operation is simulated to determine the
cooling or heating coil load. Coil loads arc in turn used to size the cooling or
heating plant
The purpose of this chapter is to describe procedures for both cooling and heating
design analyses. The following discussions will be useful in interpreting and utilizing
data on program printouts. Separate sections arc devoted to each analysis.

YSIS
FOR
DESIGN
COOLING
CONDITIONS

Design cooling analyses are performed onan hourly basis. Each of the three analysis
stages is described below. For these calculations the indoor temperature is fixed at the
specified cooling setting. The outdoor conditions are obtained from the design
temperature profiles.

1.1 Thermal Load Calculations

The first stage in the analysis involves the calculation of thermal loads. General
thermal load calculation procedures were described in Chapter!.
To apply these
procedures for cooling design conditions, loads arc computed using considerations
listed in the Table 2.1.

2-1

DESIGN

ANALYSIS

CALCULATIONS

TABLE 2.1 Considerations For Cooling Design Thermal Loads

-----------------_.

TlJermalload

Considerations

Component

-------------

Wall & Roof Transmission

Compute nos using peak solar gains. cooling

designlemperature
profile data and the daily range
lor design days.
-----------

Glass Transmission

Compute using design temperature profile data.

So!ar Gains

Utilize peak solar gain data to mode! clear sky

conditions.

---"------.-----

______

!otemal

Compute using design day schedules.

--------~--._------"-----------

Uiifize specified cooling values for the temperature

dillerence across the partition.

Par!i!ioo Transmission

-----------------

..
-----.<---"---.-

Infiltration

Use specified cooling design infiltration air

!low rales.

Ground Element Transmission

This load is not considered lor cooling calculalions.

Tim E20 load calculation procedure lor this element
is appropriate only lor healing design calculations.

------------.

_._-------_.~--

Safety Faclor load

Compute using specified cooling salely lactor.

------~

Plenum load

--------

Computed as a percentage 01 the tolal mol and Iota!

lighting loads. Individual percentages lor each
component are liseI' -supplied.
--------------------

1.2 Supply

Sizing

The next stage in the analysis is to derive supply air characteristics. The purpose of the
cooling system is to provide conditioning to meet a thermal load. To do this a quantity
of chilled air at a certain temperature is provided to the space. Thus, characteristics of
supply air are air How quantity and temperature.
The user has specified one of these
characteristics. It is the program's job to compute the other quantity. ~uppIy airf1Qw
rates are computed both on a space and zone basis. Supply temperature iscomputed
ol1Iyon
basis. SIzing calculations on the zone and space levels are described
below.

2-2

DESIGN SYSTEJv! ANALYSiS

Space Slupply Air Calculations.

These computations
depending upon the user supply air specification.

take one of three forms

I. Given the supply flow rate per unit !loor area, the flow rate is computed as
shown below. Note that this quantity is not ,elated 1.0 a specific system supply
temperature, or even to the space load.

Vsa == Vaf Afs

where:
Vsa

'.

Supply air flow rate (CFM or Lis).

Vaf

==

Supply !low rate per unit nom area (CFM/sqft

==

Space floor area (sqft or sqm).

or L/(ssqm)).

2. If the total supply air flow rate is given for the zone, the program has no basis
for computing a space How rate. Consequently, none is computed or reported.
3. Given the supply temperature,
the following equation for

the space supply flow rate is computed

by solving

Qss::: Pa Vsa Cpa Fu (Tc .. Tsa)

where:

\/

pa

'"

Co

% /

Space sensible thermal load

include plenum heat gains.

Qss

Density of air. Value is adjusted

--

Psi Psi/ Pba

Density of air for standard

.~)

or W). This load does not

==

PsI

for site elevation.

sea leve! conditions

(0.075 Ibm/ft.3

or 1.201 kg/m]).
Standard
-

atmospheric

14.696 (! - 6.87535
J 0 1.3 (I .. 2.25569

pressure at site elevation (psia or kPa).

x lO-6E)5.256!

x I O-~:E)5.2561

Psi

--

Standard atmospheric
lOJ.3 kPa).

Site elevation

Cpa

==

Specific heat of air. Standard

for English units.

for Metric units.

pressure at sea leve! (i 4.696 psia or

(feet or meters above sea level).

values used are 0.24 BTU/(lbm-F)

or

1004.832 J/(kg-K).
Fu

==

Con version f~lctor to provide load in proper units.

--

60 min/hr for English units.

013/(1000
L) for S.!. Metric units.

Tc

Indoor air temperature

for cooling (F or C).

Tsa

Supply air temperature

(F or C).

Zone Supply Air Calculations.

the user supply air specification.

2-3

Calculations

again take three forms depending

upon

SYSTEM ANALYSIS CALCULAI10NS

i. Given the supply air flow rate per unit 1100r area, the zone flow rate is computcd
as:
Vsa:::: Vsf Afz
where:
Vsa

Zone supply air flow rate (CFM or Lis).

Vsf

Supply air flow per unit floor area (CFM/sqft

Afz

Zone floor area (sqft or sqm). This is the sum of space floor areas for
all spaces in the zone.

Next, the required supply air temperature

equation for Tsa.

is computed

or LI(s-sqrn)).

by solving the following

Qzs ::::Pa Vsa Cpa Fu (T c - Tsa)

where:
Q5ZL7 ::::

Zone sensible thermal load (BTU /hr or W).

Density of air (lbm/ft3 or kg/m3). Values arc adjusted for site
elevation. See previous discussion for calculation.

Pa

Specific heat for air. Values used are .24 BTU/(lb-F)

1004.832 J/(kg-K).

Cpa
Fu

Conversion

or

factor used to provide load in proper units.

(60 min)/hr

for English units.

3
m /(l000 L) for S.L Metric units.

Tc

--

Tsa

Indoor air temperature

for cooling (F or C).

Supply air temperature

(F or C).

2. If given the total supply air flow rate, only the supply temperature
determined. The following equation is solved for Tsa.

needs to be

Qsz:::: Pa Vsa Cpa Fu (Tc - Tsa)

3. If given the supply air temperature,

determined.

The following equation

Qsz

Pa Vsa

only
supply air flow rates needs to be
is solved for Vsa.
(Tc - Tsa)

1.3 Air System Simulation Calculations

The final stage is the system simulation. The analysis procedure involves computing
air flow rates, dry-bulb temperatures and humidities at all key points in the system.
The coil inlet and outlet conditions are then used to determine the cooling coil load.
Space sensible, latent and plenum thermal loads, supply air characteristics, system
operating characteristics and weather conditions are utilized in the analysis. Individual
aspects of the simulation are discussed below.
Zone Thermal Loads are computed as the sum of space thermal loads for all spaces
in the zone. Separate totals are determined for the sensible, latent and plenum load
components.

~""---_._------

-----~-_.-

-----------------------------------------------

._---~--------

DESIGN SYSTEM ANALYSIS

CALCULATIONS

Ventilation Loads. The quantity of air entering the system through the ventilation
duct and
quantities of air exhausted directly from the zone and exhausted from the
return duct result in a heat gain or loss for the system. The ventilation load is
computed separately for sensible and latent components:
Qvs =, Pa Vva Cpa Fu (Ta - Tzc)
+ Pa Vre Cpa Fu (Tze - Tre)
Qvl '" Pa Vva hlg Fu (wa - we)
where:

Qvs
Qvt

Sensible ventilation

-~

Vva

Latent ventilation
Ventilation

load (BTU/hr
load (BTU/hr

or W).
or W).

air flow rate (CFM or Lis).

Air flow exhausted

from return duct (CFM or

Air density
or kg/013). This value is adjusted for site
elevation, See 2.1.2 for calculation details.
(lbm/ft3

Pa

Heat capacity

Cpa

of air (.24 BTU/(lbm-F)

Heat of vaporization

hfg

2.4535

for water. Values used are 1054.8 BTU/lbrn

or

106 J/kg.

Outdoor

or 1004832 J/(kg-K.

air temperature

(F or C).

Air temperature for air exhausted from return duct or return plenum
(F or C). This temperature may differ fro-m-T-ze-'d~le to-plenum heat gains.
Air temperature for air exhausted directly from the zone (F or
This is the specified indoor temperature for cooling.
Outdoor

air specific humidity

(Ibm/Ibm

or kg/kg).

Exhaust air specific humidity

(Ibm/Ibm

or kg/kg).

Conversion

Fu

60 min/hr
m3/(l000

factor used to provide load in proper units.

for English units.
for S.I. Metric units.

Supply Fan Heat Gain is due to friction between air and the 1~lI1 blades, energy added
to the air by compression, energy loss in the drive mechanism and heat gain from the
fan motor. Assuming the fan motor is in the air stream, the fan heat gain equation is:

where:
Qf

-'

Fan heat gain (BTU/hr

or W).

Air !1ow rate through fan (CFM or L/s).

Ts

Total static pressure across fan (in wg or Pa).

flf

Fan drive and mechanical

to be 0.55 (55%).

Fan motor efficiency (dimensionless).

0.90 (90%).

11m
Fu

efficiency (dimensionless).

==

Conversion

==

.4003 for English units.

'"

(62.3 Ibm water/cuft)(ft/J2

:::

m3

Value assumed to be

factor used to provide heat gain in proper units.

io)(60 min/hr)(.00J285

/(1000 L) for S.L Metric units.

2-5

Value assumed

BTU/ft-Ib)

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

CALCULATIONS

Cooling Coil Loads. Once coil inlet and outlet conditions are defined, the cooling coil
load is computed. Sensible and latent load components are calculated separately.
Qcs

pa Vsa Cpa Fu (Tci - Tco)

QcI

Pa Vsa hfg Fu (wci - wco)

where:

QcI

=
=

pa

-.

Qcs

Coil latent load (BTU/hr

or W).
or W).

Air density (lbm/H3 or kg/m3). Values are adjusted for site elevation.
See 2.1.2 for calculation details.
Heat capacity of air (.24 BTU/(lbm-F)

Cpa
Vsa

Coil sensible load (BTU/hr

Supply air flow rate (CFM or L/s).

Heat of vaporization of water (1054.8
2.4535 x !O6 J/kg).

hfg

or 1004.832 J/(kg-K).

BTU/lbm

or

Tci

Air temperature

at coil inlet (F or C).

Tco

Air temperature

at coil outlet (F or C).

Wci
Wco
Fu

=
=
=
=

(60 min)/hr

--

m3/(1OOO

Air humidity

ratio at coil inlet (Ibm/Ibm

Air humidity

ratio at coil outlet (Ibm/Ibm

Conversion

or kg/kg).
or kg/kg).

factor used to provide load in proper units.

for English units.
L) for SJ. Metric units.

The coil outlet humidity is computed using the bypass factor relations. The coil bypass
factor is a measure of the approach of the outlet coil state to the apparatus dew point
(AD?) condition. The first step in computing Wco is to determine the AD? state. It is
computed using the equations:
BF:::: (T co-T adp)/(T

ci-Tadp)

::::(wco-wadp)/(wci-wac!p)

::: (Tco - T ciBF)/(I

- BF)

where:

BF

--

Coil bypass factor (dimensionless).

Tadp

Apparatus

dew point dry buJb temperature

wac!p

Apparatus

dew point humidity

(F or C).

ratio (Ibm/Ibm

or kg/kg).

Since the apparatus dew point state is a saturated condition, we can determine wadp
using Tadp and psychrometric relations. Next, Wco is computed using the equation:
Wco

BF (wci - wadp) + wadp

Finally, the total coil load is the sum of sensible and latent load components.

2-6

---------.-.----.---------------------------.-----------

DESIGN SYSTEM ANALYSIS CALCULATIONS

Design heating loads are computed for one design condition. This condition is not
associated with a particular hour. For these calculations the outdoor winter design
dry-bulb temperature, and the specified indoor heating temperature are utilized. The
analysis stages are discussed separately below.

2.2.1 Thermal Load Calculations

The first stage in the analysis is the calculation of thermal loads. General thermal load
calculations were described in Chapter 1. Heating design thermal load calculations
follow the traditional procedure of considering only transmission and infiltration loads.
Internal heat gains are not evaluated. Individual considerations for each load
component are listed in Table 2.2.

\----

Table 2.2 Thermal Load Calculations For

Heating Design Condition
---~-_

_._._._-_.

...

-------

.... -.---.-.--.----.--.--.---

load Component

..... --..-.--.- ..---.------

.-'-.-.--- ..

--..

Considerations

Wall & Roof Transmission

An actual temperature difference is used in place of the

equivalent temperature difference (EHI). This
eliminates the consideration of the transmission of
stored sofar hea!.

Glass Transimssion

Computed using outdoor air temperature for

design condition.
Not considered.

Solar Gains

---~._---"-------------------'------_._----_

.._------------~-------.--_._---------------_.

Intema! Gains
---------~-_._.--

Nol considered.

Partition Trallsmission

Utilizes specified heating values for the temperature

difference across the partition.

-------------~----~---~----------------_._._--~----_

Infiltration
--------------Ground E!ement Transmission

..------.----------.------

__ ._--_ ..

...-.---.

Infiltration air flow fate for heating condition utilized.

~-----------------------------------_._--_._-----

Considered as discussed in Chapter 1.

-------------------------_.--.--------"---_.--

Safely Factor load

-----------

2-7

Computed using specified heating safety factor.

------------------------

...----

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

CALCULATIONS

2.2.2 System Analysis and Sizing Calculations

The final two stages of the analysis are performed in different orders depending upon
the heating system type. These stages define system sizing characteristics and the
design heating coil load. The purpose of the heating system is to provide conditioning
to meet a thermal load. For warm air systems, this is done by providing the proper
quantity of air at a specified temperature. For hydronic systems, it is accomplished by
providing a quantity of hot water at a certain temperature level. Given sizing
characteristics, the heating coil load can be computed and used to size the heating
plant Calculations for the two types of heating systems are discussed below.
Warm Air Heating Systems. Given space sensible thermal loads and the userspecified supply temperature, the required air now rate is computed by solving the
following equation for Vsa ..
Qss

Pa Vsa Cpa Fu (Th - T sa)

where:
Qss

Space sensible thermal load (BTU/hr or W). This load includes both
space and plenum sensible thermal load components. By CtH1\('n(i\\\~,
a heating load is a negative quantity denoting heat loss from
the space.
Air density (lbm/ft3 or kg/m3).
Values are adjusted
See 2.1.2 for calculation details.

Pa
Cpa

Specific heat of air (.24 BTU/(lbm-F)

Vsa

Supply air flow rate (CFM or Lis).

Indoor temperature

Th

or 1004.832 J/(kg-K).

for heating (F or C).

Tsa

--

Supply air temperature

Fu

Conversion

The zone

for site elevation.

(F or C).

factor to provide load in proper units.

60 min/hr

for English units.

m3/(lOOO

L) for S.L Metric units.

now rate is simply the sum of space flow rates.

Having sized the system, the heating coil load can be computed. Instead of simulating
system operation, the coil load is computed as the sum of space thermal loads and the
ventilation load. This procedure is used because fan heat gain is not considered for the
heating design condition. The design load is:
Qhc = - (Sum of Qss values) - Pa Vva Cpa Fu (Ta - Th)
where:
Qhc

Design heating coil load (BTU/hr

or W). For convenience, we report
the heating coil load as a positive quantity. Note that in this equation,
Qss values are negative indicating a thermal heating load.

Vva

Ventilation

=
Ta

air flow rate (CFM or L/s)_

Indoor temperature
Outdoor

2-8

for heating (F or C).

air temperature

for heating design condition

(F or C).

DESiGN SYSTEM

NALYSIS CALCULA110NS

Hydronic Heating Systems. Given space sensible thermal loads and a user-defined
hot water temperature drop across heating coils, required water flow rates are
computed by solving the following equation for V w:
- Qss = Pw Vw Cpw Fu (WTD)
where:
Space sensible thermal load (BTU/hr or W). Note that by
convention a sensible heating load is a negative quantity.
Pw

--

Cpw
Vw

WTD

Density of water (62.0 Ibm/ft3

at 100 17 (37.8 C) are used.
Specific heat ofwater(J.O

=
=

Fu

or 993. I kg/m3).

BTU/(lbm-F)

Hot water flow rate (gallons/min

Hot water temperature
Conversion

Of

Conditions

for water

or 4186.8 J/(kg-K.

L/s).

drop across coil (F

Of

K).

factor used to provide load in proper units.

(60 min/hr)(.

m3/(1000

3668 ft3/gaI) for English units.

L) for SJ. Metric units.

In addition, a water flow rate is computed to meet the ventilation load. The total zone
hot water flow rate is the sum of space and ventilation load flow rates.
F"inally, the design heating coil load is the slim of space sensible thermal
ventilation
load. Fan heat gains are not considered
for this calculation.

Mathematically,

loads

and the

the design load is:

Qhc

= - (Sum

ofQss

values) - Pa Vva Cpa Fu (Ta - Th)

where:
Design heating coil load (BTU/hr or W). Note that for convenience
we report the heating coil load as a positive quantity. In this equation,
Qss values arc negative since they represent thermal healing loads.

Qhc

Ventilation
-.

air flow rate (CFM or Us).

Indoor temperature
Outdoor

2-9

for heating (F or C).

air temperature

for heating design condition

(F or C).