Evaluating Chiller &

Chiller Plant Efficiency

Jonathan Spreeman LEED AP
Product Support Manager CenTraVac
Centrifugal Chillers, LaCrosse, WI

Confidential and Proprietary

Energy Efficiency Guidelines

Efficiency

Doing the Right Thing, Driving to Lower Carbon Footprints

Confidential and Proprietary

ASHRAE 90.1 - 2007

ASHRAE 90.1 Minimum Requirements for Chillers
> 300 Ton Water-Cooled
Full Load
(centrifugal chillers) @ AHRI Conditions IPLV (Part Load)

0.576 kW/Ton
0.549 kW/Ton

6.10 COP
6.40 COP

Understanding the Requirements for Minimum Efficiency

Confidential and Proprietary

ASHRAE 90.1 - 2007

Addendum M changes hit at the start of this year

Where do they stand with your local code?

Further Changes to the Standard Coming this Year

Confidential and Proprietary

Lift Versus Load

lvg condenser water

lift
(DT)

60F

lvg evaporator water

lift a Pcnd Pevp

lift a Tlvg cnd Tlvg evp
Confidential and Proprietary

ASHRAE 90.1 - 2007

Addendum M changes hit at the start of this year

Where do they stand with your local code?

Further Changes to the Standard Coming this Year

Confidential and Proprietary

ASHRAE 90.1 - 2007 (Addendum M)

Tonnage
Range

Path A

Path B

Full

Change
(%)

IPLV

Change
(%)

Full

Change
(%)

IPLV

Change
(%)

< 150

0.634

9.9%

0.596

11.0%

0.639

9.2%

0.450

32.8%

150 < 300

0.634

0.0%

0.596

0.0%

0.639

-0.8%

0.450

24.5%

300 < 600

0.576

0.0%

0.549

0.0%

0.600

-4.1%

0.400

27.2%

600

0.570

1.1%

0.539

1.9%

0.590

-2.3%

0.400

27.2%

Both full and part load efficiencies are required

with or without VSD (ASHRAE 6.4.1.1-2004)
Is This Moving Our Industry to Better Efficiencies?
Confidential and Proprietary

The Truth to some Claims

VFDs and centrifugal chillers

Where multiple rating conditions or performance

requirements are provided, the equipment shall satisfy all
stated requirements, unless otherwise exempted by
footnotes in the table
from ASHRAE 90.1-2004,
Section 6.2.1, Mechanical Equipment Efficiency

If a frequency conversion device or motor starter is

furnished as part of the compressor circuit, the compressor
power input shall be measured at the input terminals of the
frequency converter or motor starter
from AHRI 550/590-1998

6/16/2010

Confidential and Proprietary

AHRI Standard 550/590

ASHRAE 90.1 uses IPLV to define the

minimum part-load value
What is the scope of IPLV use?
How is the equation defined?
What are the assumptions behind the
equation?

How does it hold up comparing multiple

chillers in a plant?
What other factors should we be aware
about?

Understand the Background of Integrated Part Load Value

Confidential and Proprietary

AHRI Standard 550/590

Derivation of Integrated Part Load Value (IPLV)
How is the equation defined?
What are the assumptions behind the
equation?

Temperatures: Expected Entering Tower Water

AHRI Conditions: Chilled Water: 54 /44F (12/7C)
Condenser Water: 3 GPM/Ton (0.054 L/S/kW)

What Does this Really Mean?

Confidential and Proprietary

AHRI Standard 550/590

AHRI Definition of Integrated Part Load Value (IPLV/NPLV)

IPLV =

A = kW/Ton @ 85F(30C) @ 100% Load

1% + 42% + 45% + 12%

A
B
D
C

B = kW/Ton @ 75F(24C) @ 75% Load

C = kW/Ton @ 65F(18C) @ 50% Load
D = kW/Ton @ 65F(18C) @ 25% Load

Temperatures: Expected Entering Tower Water

AHRI Conditions: Chilled Water: 54 /44F (12/7C)
Condenser Water: 3 GPM/Ton (0.054 L/S/kW)

1%

85F(30C)

57%

75
65

42%
(24C)

(18C)

Real World Chillers Operate at Real World Conditions

Confidential and Proprietary

Centrifugal Chillers with Drives:

kW/ton

Impact of Drive vs. Constant Speed

Chiller with Drive
AHRI Relief

What is
AHRI Relief

kW/ton

0.9

0.6

0.3
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Load

Drive-Equipped Chiller Standard AHRI Relief

Confidential and Proprietary

Selection: 800 ton @ 42/56 ~ 85 & 2.5 gpm/ton

1.2

Centrifugal Chillers with Drives:

Impact of Drive vs. Constant Speed

kW/ton

Chiller with Drive

AHRI Relief
Constant Condenser 85F

kW/ton

0.9

0.6

0.3
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Load

Same Chiller with Relief & Constant 85F

Confidential and Proprietary

Selection: 800 ton @ 42/56 ~ 85 & 2.5 gpm/ton

1.2

AHRI Standard 550/590

Derivation of Integrated Part Load Value (IPLV)
What is the scope of IPLV use?

Average Part-Load Efficiency for a Single Chiller ONLY

Confidential and Proprietary

Chiller Plant Loading

100
90

CHILLER LOAD %

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

10

20

30

40
50
60
SYSTEM LOAD %

Single
Two Chiller
ChillerPlant
Plant
Confidential and Proprietary

70

80

90

100

Chiller Plant Loading

100
90

CHILLER LOAD %

80
70
60
50
40

IPLV assumes that 57% of operating hours of the chiller

are at 50% load or less
In most multi chiller applications only one chiller runs less
than 50% load, and this occurs only when the entire chiller
plant is unloaded to less than 16.7% capacity.

30
20
10

10

20

30

40
50
60
SYSTEM LOAD %

70

80

90

100

IPLV not Accurate inThree

Evaluating
ChillerMulti-Chiller
Plant
Applications
Confidential and Proprietary

Real World Comparisons

Number of Chillers

Chicago (One Chiller Plant)

IPLV =

Custom Analysis versus Generic NPLV Estimates

1%
A +

42%
12%
45%
+
+
B
D
C

100
90

Chiller Load (%)

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

4% of Operation
(IPLV = 45%)

33% of Operation
(IPLV = 42%)

23% of Operation
(IPLV = 1%)

40% of Operation
(IPLV = 12%)

55F(13C)
Other Maps

60F(16C)

65F(18C)

70F(21C)

75F(24C)

Entering Condenser Water Temp

Where Does Your Plant Run?

Confidential and Proprietary

80F(27C)

85F(30C)

Real World Comparisons

Number of Chillers

Chicago (Two Chiller Plant)

IPLV =

Custom Analysis versus Generic NPLV Estimates

1%
A +

42%
12%
45%
+
+
B
D
C

100
90

Chiller Load (%)

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

9% of Operation
(IPLV = 45%)

29% of Operation
(IPLV = 42%)

41% of Operation
(IPLV = 1%)

21% of Operation
(IPLV = 12%)

55F(13C)

60F(16C)

65F(18C)

70F(21C)

75F(24C)

Entering Condenser Water Temp

Where Does Your Plant Run?

Confidential and Proprietary

80F(27C)

85F(30C)

Real World Comparisons

Number of Chillers

Chicago (Three Chiller Plant)

IPLV =

Custom Analysis versus Generic NPLV Estimates

1%
A +

42%
12%
45%
+
+
B
D
C

100
90

Chiller Load (%)

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

9% of Operation
(IPLV = 45%)

26% of Operation
(IPLV = 42%)

53% of Operation
(IPLV = 1%)

12% of Operation
(IPLV = 12%)

55F(13C)

60F(16C)

65F(18C)

70F(21C)

75F(24C)

Entering Condenser Water Temp

Where Does Your Plant Run?

Confidential and Proprietary

80F(27C)

85F(30C)

Real World Comparisons

Number of Chillers

Chicago (Four Chiller Plant)

IPLV =

Custom Analysis versus Generic NPLV Estimates

1%
A +

42%
12%
45%
+
+
B
D
C

100
90

Chiller Load (%)

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

7% of Operation
(IPLV = 45%)

24% of Operation
(IPLV = 42%)

62% of Operation
(IPLV = 1%)

8% of Operation
(IPLV = 12%)

55F(13C)

60F(16C)

65F(18C)

70F(21C)

75F(24C)

Entering Condenser Water Temp

Where Does Your Plant Run?

Confidential and Proprietary

80F(27C)

85F(30C)

Efficiency Comparison:

Index Ratings vs. Real-World

Chicago

Washington, D. C.

Ottawa

London

Paris

Rome

Warsaw

Moscow

Beijing

Kansas City

Seoul

Tokyo
Boston

Vancouver

Shanghai

Atlanta

Seattle

Taipei

Miami
Hong Kong

Denver

Houston
Hanoi

Los Angeles
HoChiMinh

Cairo
Phoenix

Singapore
Jerusalem

Bangkok

Dallas

Mumbai

Mexico City

New Delhi
Caracas

Sao Paulo

Cape Town

Riyadh

Dubai

Sydney
Melbourne
Perth

Note: Chicago location includes graphs for a 1, 2, 3 & 4 chiller plant

All other locations include graphs for a 2 chiller plant
Confidential and Proprietary

Efficiency Comparison:

Index Ratings vs. Real-World

Mexico City (Two Chiller Plant)

Custom Analysis versus Generic NPLV Estimates

100
90
80

Chiller Load (%)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10

15% of Operation
(IPLV = 45%)

23% of Operation
(IPLV = 1%)

48% of Operation
(IPLV = 42%)

14% of Operation
(IPLV = 12%)

0
55 (13C)
55F

60 (16C)
60F

65 (18C)
65F

70 (21C)
70F

75 (24C)
75F

Entering Condenser Water Temp

Where Does Your Plant Run?

Confidential and Proprietary

80 (27C)
80F

85(30C)
85F

Efficiency Comparison:

Index Ratings vs. Real-World

Dubai (Two Chiller Plant)

Custom Analysis versus Generic NPLV Estimates
100
90
80

Chiller Load (%)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10

2% of Operation
(IPLV = 45%)

65% of Operation
(IPLV = 1%)

27% of Operation
(IPLV = 42%)

6% of Operation
(IPLV = 12%)

55F
55 (13C)

60F
60 (16C)

65F
65 (18C)

70F
70(21C)

75F
75 (24C)

Entering Condenser Water Temp

Where Does Your Plant Run?

Confidential and Proprietary

80F
80 (27C)

85F
85(30C)

Efficiency Comparison:

Index Ratings vs. Real-World

Hong Kong (Two Chiller Plant)

Custom Analysis versus Generic NPLV Estimates
100
90
80

Chiller Load (%)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10

5% of Operation
(IPLV = 45%)

18% of Operation
(IPLV = 42%)

64% of Operation
(IPLV = 1%)

13% of Operation
(IPLV = 12%)

0
55 (13C)
55F

60 (16C)
60F

65 (18C)
65F

70 (21C)
70F

75 (24C)
75F

Entering Condenser Water Temp

Where Does Your Plant Run?

Confidential and Proprietary

80 (27C)
80F

85(30C)
85F

Efficiency Comparison:

Index Ratings vs. Real-World

Los Angeles (Two Chiller Plant)

Custom Analysis versus Generic NPLV Estimates

100
90
80

Chiller Load (%)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10

15% of Operation
(IPLV = 45%)

43% of Operation
(IPLV = 42%)

19% of Operation
(IPLV = 1%)

22% of Operation
(IPLV = 12%)

0
55 (13C)
55F

60 (16C)
60F

65 (18C)
65F

70(21C)
70F

75 (24C)
75F

Entering Condenser Water Temp

Where Does Your Plant Run?

Confidential and Proprietary

80 (27C)
80F

85(30C)
85F

IPLV/NPLV Good or Bad?

Neither It is a Rating Point

Confidential and Proprietary

History of Chiller Performance

Chiller efficiency, COP

8.0

Centrifugal
>600 tons
Screw
150-300 tons

6.0

Scroll
<100 tons

4.0
2.0
0.0

1977

1980

1989

1999

ASHRAE Standard 90.1

Confidential and Proprietary

best
available

500,000 lbs/hr
air

2006 American Standard Inc.

600,000 lbs/hr
water
Confidential and Proprietary

History of Chiller Performance

Chiller efficiency, COP

8.0

Centrifugal
>600 tons
Screw
150-300 tons

6.0

Scroll
<100 tons

4.0
2.0
0.0

1977

1980

1989

1999

ASHRAE Standard 90.1

Confidential and Proprietary

Chilled Water Pump/

Condenser water pump

best
available

optimized control strategies

Chiller-Tower Optimization

chiller + tower energy, kW

400

300

200

optimal
set-point

total kW
chiller kW
tower kW

100

72

74

76

78

80

82

leaving tower water temperature, F

Confidential and Proprietary

84

Real Paybacks Require Real Analysis

Always, Always Remember

The Meter is On The BUILDING
EnergyPlus
TRACE
700

Building Energy
Analysis Tool
H.A.P. v4.5

Total System Efficiency Versus Chiller-Only Optimization

Confidential and Proprietary

Wrap-up & Questions

The Meter is on the building!

ASHRAE Journal,
A Closer Look at Chiller Ratings December 2009

95% the Chiller Life-cycle cost is ENERGY!

Confidential and Proprietary

Evaluating Chiller &

Chiller Plant Efficiency
Jonathan Spreeman LEED AP
Product Support Manager CenTraVac
Centrifugal Chillers, LaCrosse, WI

Confidential and Proprietary