THE STUDY OF CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT IN VARIOUS

PLANTS
A Project Report

Submitted by

ABHISHEK MATH

In partial fulfillment of the

CBSE GRADE XII

IN
BIOLOGY
AT

AECS MAGNOLIA MAARUTI PUBLIC SCHOOL

Arakeri, off Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore- 560076

2014-15

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Abhishek Math of grade XII, AECS MAGNOLIA

MAARUTI PUBLIC SCHOOL, BANGALORE with register number
_______________________ has satisfactorily completed the project in
Biology on STUDY OF CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT IN VARIOUS
PLANTS, in partial fulfillment of the requirements as prescribed by
CBSE in the year 2014-2015.

Signature of the Candidate

Signature of Teacher
in Charge

Signature of the Principal Signature of the

ExternalExaminer

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I warmly acknowledge the continuous encouragement and timely

suggestions offered by our dear principal Dr. SeemaGoel. I extend my
hearty thanks for giving me the opportunity to make use of the facilities
available in the campus to carry out the project successfully

I am highly indebted to Mrs. Nikhila and Mrs. Gayathri for the constant
supervision, providing necessary information and support in completing
the project. I would like to express my gratitude towards them for their
kind co-operation and encouragement.

Finally, I extend my gratitude to one and all who are directly or indirectly
involved in the successful completion of this project work.

Signature of the
Candidate

TABLE OF CONTENTS

S no

Topic

Page number

Introduction

Objective

Scope and limitations

Theory

Experiment

11

Procedure

13

Observations

17

Result

18

Bibliography

19

INTRODUCTION
Chlorophyll is a green photosynthetic pigment found in chloroplasts of
organisms like cyanobacteria, algae and plants. Its name is derived from
the Greek words chloros, meaning green and phyllon meaning leaf.
First isolated by Joseph BienaimeCaventou and Pierre Joseph Pelletier in
1817, chlorophyll is an extremely important biomolecule, playing a vital
role in nature. Chlorophyll is critical in photosynthesis, where the green
pigment plays the role of absorbing energy for plants to use.
There are at least seven types of chlorophyll known as chlorophyll a, b, c,
d, e, bacteriochlorophyll and bacterioviridin. Chlorophyll absorbs light
most strongly in the blue portion of the electromagnetic spectrum,
followed by the red portion. However, it is a poor absorber of green and
near green portions of spectrum, hence green colour of chlorophyllcontaining tissues.
Chlorophyll molecules are specifically arranged in and around
photosystems that are embedded in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
In these complexes, the vast majority of chlorophyll serves two primary
functions : to absorb light, and to transfer that light energy by resonance
energy transfer to a specific chlorophyll pair in the reaction centre of the
photosystems.
The two currently accepted photosystem units are photosystem II and
photosystem I, which have their own distinct reaction centre chlorophylls,
named P680 and P700, respectively. These pigments are named after the
wavelength ( innanometres ) of their red peak absorption maximum. The
identity, function and spectral properties of the types of chlorophyll in
each photosystem are distinct, and determined by each other and

the protein structure surroundingthem.

Once extracted from the protein into a solvent (like acetone or methanol
), these chlorophyll pigments can be separated in simple paper
chromatography experiment and, based on the number of polar groups
between chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, will separate out on the paper.
The function of reaction centre chlorophyll is to use the energy absorbed
by, and transferred to it from other chlorophyll pigments in the
photosystems, so that the reaction centre undergoes a charge separation, a
specific redox reaction in which the chlorophyll donates an electron into a
series of molecular intermediates called an electron transport chain. The
charged reaction centre chlorophyll (P680+) is then reduced back to its
ground state by accepting an electron. In photosystem II, the electron that
reduces P680+ ultimately comes from the oxidation of water into O2 and
H+ through several intermediates. This reaction is how photosynthetic
organisms such as plants produce O2 gas, and is the source for practically
all the O2 in earths atmosphere. Photosystem I typically works in series
with photosystem II; thus the P700+ of photosystem I is usually reduced
via many intermediates in the transfer reactions in the thylakoid
membrane by electros ultimately from photosystem II. Electron transfer
reactions in the thylakoid membranes are complex, however, the source
of electron used to reduce P700+ can vary.
The electron flow produced by the reaction centre chlorophyll pigments is
used to shuttle H+ ions across the thylakoid membrane, setting up a
chemiosmotic potential used mainly to produce ATP chemical energy;
and those electrons reduce NADP+ to NADPH, a universal reductant
used to reduce CO2 into sugars as well as for other biosynthetic
reductions.

Reaction centre chlorophyll protein complexes are capable of directly

absorbing light and performing charge separation events without other
chlorophyll pigments, but the absorption cross section ( the likelihood of
absorbing a photon under a given light intensity) is small. Thus, the
remaining chlorophylls in the photosystem and antenna pigment protein
complexes associated with the photosystems all cooperatively absorb and
funnel light energy to the reaction centre. Besides chlorophyll a, there are
other pigments called accessory pigments, which occur in these pigmentprotein antenna complexes.
Chlorophyll is a chlorine pigment, which is structurally similar to and
produced through the same metabolic pathway as other porphyrion
pigments such as heme. At the centre of the chlorine ring id=s a
magnesium ion. At time of discovery in 1900s, this was the first time this
element was detected in a living tissue. the chlorine ring can have several
different side chains, usually including a long phytol chain. There are a
few different forms that occur naturally but most widely distributed form
in terrestrial plants is chlorophyll A. after initial work done by german
chemist Richard Willstatter spanning from 1905-1915, general structure
of chlorophyll a was elucidated by Hans Fischer in 1940. By 1960, when
most of stereochemistry of chlorophyll a was known, Robert published a
total synthesis of the molecule. In 1967, Ian Fleming completed the last
remaining stereo chemical elucidation, and in 1990 Woodward and coauthors published an updated synthesis.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this experiment is to study the chlorophyll levels in

different plant species.
In this experiment I seek to use chromatography to separate the various
pigments present in the leaves of various plants. Through this, we can
measure the amount of each pigment present in each type of leaf and
hence, understand the chlorophyll content in the assorted plants.
We extract the pigments from various leaves, and with the addition of
various chemicals methodically, we separate the various pigments present
in leaves like, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenioids, and
xanthophylls. We then measure the quantity of each, and put all the data
in a table to compare the levels of various pigments in various plants.
In this manner, we also perform an internal study where we compare
pigment levels in yellow and green leaves of the same plants to
understand the pigment difference when senescence takes place and leaf
yellowing takes place.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This project also helps us in understanding the importance of chlorophyll
for animals as well as in human diet.
Chlorophyll is known to be the plants blood, in other words the
principle physiology of plant life. Chlorophyll is so important to plants
because it performs metabolic functions such as respiration and growth.
Just as significantly, chlorophyll supplies our bodies with the much
needed, micronutrient magnesium which is essential to how our body
produces energy. Many health specialists use chlorophyll as a tonic for
the blood due to its richness in nutrients.

THEORY
Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts
of algae and plants. It is a critical biomolecule in the process of
photosynthesis, which allows plants to absorb energy from light. It is
present in the chloroplasts thylakoid membrane. Within the chloroplast,
there is a membranous system of grana, stroma lamellae and fluid stroma.
The membrane system is responsible for trapping light energy and for
synthesis of ATP and NADPH.

The colour of leaves we see is not due to a single pigment but due to four
pigments namely chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, xanthophylls and
carotene.

Although Chlorophyll a is the chief pigment associated with

photosynthesis, other thylakoid pigments like chlorophyll b, xanthophylls
and carotenes are the accessory pigments. They absorb light and transfer
the energy to chlorophyll a.

The function of the vast majority of chlorophyll is to absorb light and

transfer that light energy to a specific chlorophyll pair in the reaction
centre of the photosystems.

There are two photosystem unit present photosystem I

(PS I) and photosystem II (PS II) that have their own reaction centers
P700 and P680 respectively.
Within each PS I and PS II their are photochemical light harvesting
systems present which are made up of many pigment molecules bounded
to proteins.

Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll a is essential for most photosynthetic organisms to
release chemical energy but is not the only pigment that can be used for
photosynthesis. One molecule of chlorophyll a forms the reaction centre.
It absorbs energy from wavelengths of violet and red light.

The molecular structure of chlorophyll a consists of a chlorin ring, whose

four nitrogen atoms surround a central magnesium atom, and has several
other attached side chains and a hydrocarbon tail.

This photosynthetic pigment is essential for photosynthesis in

eukaryotes, cyanobacteria and pro chlorophytes because of its role as
primary electron donor in the electron transport chain.

Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll b helps in photosynthesis by absorbing light energy.It is
more soluble than chlorophyll a in polar solvents because of
its carbonyl group. Its color is yellow, and it primarily absorbs blue light.
In land plants, the light
harvesting antennae around photosystem II contain the majority of
chlorophyll b.

Xanthophylls
Xanthophylls (originally phylloxanthins) are yellow pigments that form
one of two major divisions of the carotenoid group. Their molecular
structure is similar to carotenes, which form the other major carotenoid
group division, but xanthophylls contain oxygen atoms,
while carotenes are purely hydrocarbons with no oxygen.

Like other carotenoids, xanthophylls are found in highest quantity in

the leaves of most greenplants, where they act to modulate light energy
and perhaps serve as a non-photochemical agent to deal with excited
chlorophyll.

Carotenes
Carotene is an orange photosynthetic pigment important
for photosynthesis. Carotenes are all coloured to the human eye.

Carotenes contribute to photosynthesis by transmitting the light energy

they absorb to chlorophyll. They also protect plant tissues by helping to
absorb the energy from singlet oxygen, an excited form of the oxygen
molecule O2 which is formed during photosynthesis.

EXPERIMENT
Chlorophyll content in various plant species

Aim: To compare and study the chlorophyll content in different plant

species.

Requirements

Fresh leaves of spinach

Mint
Methi leaves
Winkarosea
Banana leaves
Separating funnel
Measuring cylinder
Beakers
Vials

Chemicals required:
Acetone

 Diethyl ether
Petroleum ether
Methyl alcohol
Calcium carbonate
Potassium hydroxide
Distilled water

PROCEDURE
Take 10g of fresh leaves in pestle and crush it with 4ml 80%
acetone. Add a little CaCO3 and again crush it. Filter the extract in
a Buchner funnel. The filtrate is called acetone extract and it is rich
in chlorophyll and carotenoids.
Take 4ml of the acetone extract and add petroleum ether. Shake
funnel gently.
Add water and shake again. Two layers will be formed. Upper
containing petroleum ether will contain chlorophyll a and carotene.

The lower acetone water layer is discard.

To the upper remaining layer add 4ml 92% methyl alcohol. Shake
the funnel and let it separate into two layers. Upper layer contains
petrol and ether rich in chlorophyll a and carotenoids; lower is the
methyl alcohol layer rich in chlorophyll b and xanthophyll
pigments.

To the upper layer add 1.5ml 30% methyl alcohol and KOH. Add
water and shake funnel.

Two layers are obtained. Upper has chlorophyll a and lower has
carotene.

 To the lower methyl alcohol layer add 5ml diethyl ether and shake.
Add water slowly 1ml at a time. Two layers are obtained. The
upper layer is the diethyl ether layer and lower contains methyl
alcohol.
Discard lower layer.
To the upper layer add 1.5ml 30% methyl alcohol-KOH. Shake
funnel and add water.
Two layers are obtained.

 Upper layer contains chlorophyll b and lower contains xanthophyll.

Collect the samples, weigh them and note the amount of
chlorophyll pigments present in them.

OBSERVATION TABLE

TYPE OF LEAF

WEIGHT OF PIGMENT

NO
CHLOROPHYLL

CHLOROPHYLL

CAROTENE

XANTHOPHYLL

SPINACH

A
3.4

B
0.6

4.6

4.82

FENUGREEK

1.76

0.5

2.92

3.16

BOUGAINVILLA

1.75

0.37

2.23

2.37

MINT

3.4

1.02

4.73

4.63

CABBAGE

3.59

0.55

5.3

4.9

RESULT
Each type of leaf has various levels of pigments based on its genetic
constitution, exposure to light, age, season, wind, precipitation,
photosynthetic rate, respiration rate, and protein level.
Out of the five leaves tested, cabbage had the highest level of Chlorophyll
a, and Bougainvillea the lowest. The highest level of Chlorophyll b was
present in mint while the lowest level was present in mint while the
lowest level was present in Bougainvillea. Cabbage had the most
Carotene and Bougainvillea had the least. Cabbage also had the greatest
level of Xanthophylls and Bougainvillea had the least.
As seen clearly, chlorophyll value decreases with leaf senescence.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

* www.wikipedia.org
* www.google.com
* www.howstuffworks.com
* www.letsmakesciencefun.com