Waves Thermodynamics

Solutions
of
Waves & Thermodynamics

Lesson 14th to 19th
By DC Pandey
14. Wave Motion

Introductory Exercise 14.1
1. A function, f can represent wave
equation, if it satisfy
2
2 f
2 f
=
v
t 2
x 2
For,
y = a sin wt,
2 y
= - w2 a sin wt = - w2 y
2
t
2 y
but,
=0
x 2
So, y do not represent wave equation.
2
2. y ( x, t) = ae - (bx - et) = ae - ( kx - wt)

w c
k = b and w = e v = =
k b
1
3. y ( x, t) =
represent
1 + ( 4 x + wt) 2
the
given pulse, where,

1
1
y( x, 0) =
=
2 2
1+ k x
1 + x2
k =1
1
1
=
2
1 + ( x - 2w)
1 + ( x - 1) 2
1
w=
2
w 1/ 2
\
v= =
= 0.5 m/s
k
1
10
a
4. y =
=
2
5 + ( x + 2t)
b + ( kx + wt) 2
a 10
Amplitude, y max = =
= 2m
b 5
and
k = 1; w = 2
w
v = = 2 m/s and is travelling in () x
k
direction.
10
5. y =
( kx - wt) 2 + 2
10
10
y( x, 0) = 2 2
= 2
k =1
k x +2 x +2
and y( x, z) =
w = vk = 2 m/s 1 m -1 = 2 rad/s
10
y=
( x - 2t) 2 + 2

x
t
1. y( x, t) = 0.02 sin
+
m
0.05 0.01
= A sin ( kx + wt) m
1
1 -1
A = 0.02 m, k =
s
m -1 , w =
0.05
001
.
w 0.05
(a) v = =
m/s = 5 m/s
k 0.01
y
(b) v p =
= Awcos ( kx + wt)
t
1
v p (0.2, 0.3) = 0.02
0.01
0.2 0.3
cos
+
0.5 0.01
= 2 cos ( 4 + 30)
= 2 cos 34
= 2( - 0.85)
= - 1.7 m/s
w
2. Yes, (v p ) max = Aw = Ak = ( Ak)v
k
3. l = 4 cm, v = 40 cm/s (given)
v 40 cm /s
(a) n = =
= 10 Hz
l
4 cm
2 | Waves & Motion
(b) D f =
2p
l
=
2p
2.5 cm =
5p
4 cm
4
T
1
(c) D t =
Df =
Df
2p
2 pn
1
p
=
2p 10 3
1
s
=
60
(d) v p = (v p ) max
= - Aw = - 2pAn
= - 2p 2 cm 10 s -1
= - 40 p cm/s
= - 1.26 cm/s
4. (a)
y = A sin ( wt - kx)
2p
2p
= A sin v
tx
l
l
2p
2p
= 0.05 sin 12
tx
0.4
0.4
Dx
rad
= 0.05 sin (60 pt - 5px)

(b) y(0.25, 0.15)
= 0.05 sin (60 p 0.15 - 5p 0.25)
= 0.05 sin (9 p - 1.25 p)
= 0.05 sin (7.75 p) = 0.05 sin (1.75 p)
= - 0.0354 m = - 3.54 cm
Df 0.25 p
T
(c) Dt =
Df =
=
2p
w
60 p
1
s = 4.2 ms
=
240

1.
v=
=
T
=
m
T
=
m/ l
500 2
0.06
Tl
m
100 5
= 129.1 m/s
3
2.
v=
=
T
T
=
m
r A
0.98
= 10 m/s
9.8 10 3 10 -6

1W
P
1
=
=
W /m 2
2
2
4p
4 pr
4 p (1 m)
r
2. For line source, I =
2prl
1.
I =
1
and as I A 2
r
1
A
r
I
Waves & Motion
| 3
AIEEE Corner
Subjective Questions (Level 1)

1.
y( x, t) =6.50 mm cos 2p
p
t
28.0 cm - 0.0360s
x t
= A cos 2p -
l T
A = 6.50 mm, l = 28.0 cm,

1
1
n= =
s -1 = 27.78 Hz
T 0.036
v = nl = 28.0 cm 27.78 s -1 = 778 cm/s
= 7.78 m/s
The wave is travelling along ( +)ve x-axis.
x
2. y = 5 sin 30p t
240
p
= 5 sin 30pt - x = A sin ( wt - kx)
8
p
(a) y (2, 0) = 5 sin 3 p 0 - 2
8
p
5
= - 5 sin = = - 3.535 cm
4
2
2p 2 p
(b) l =
=
= 16 cm
k p/ 8
w 30p
(c) v = =
= 240 cm/s
k p/ 8
w 30 p
(d) n =
=
= 15 Hz
2p 2p
3. y = 3 cm sin (3.14 cm -1 x - 314 s -1 t)

= 3 cm sin ( p cm -1 x = 100 ps -1 t)
= A sin ( kx - wt)
(a) (v p ) max = Aw = 3 cm 100p s -1
= 300 p cm/s = 3 p m/s = 9.4 m/s
(b) a = - w2 y = - (100 ps -1 ) 2 3 cm
sin (6p - 111p)
= - 300p sin ( -105p) = 0
v/n
l
350
p
4. (a) Dx =
Df =
Df =
2p
2p
500 2p 3
7p
7
=
m = 0.166 m
60p 50
2p
(b) Df =
Dt = 2pn Dt = 2p 500 10 -3
T
= p = 180
6
5. y ( x, t) =
( kx + wt) 2 + 3
6
6
y ( x, 0) = 2 2
= 2
k x +3 x +3
=
k = 1 m -1
w = vk = 4.5 m/s 1 m -1 = 4.5 rad/s
6
y ( x, t) =
( x - 4.5t) 2 + 3
x
t
6. y = 1.0 sin p
2.0 0.01
x
t
= 1.0 sin 2p
4.0 0.02
x t
= A sin 2p -
l T
(a) A = 1.0 mm, l = 4.0 cm, T = 0.02 s
y
x t
(b) v p =
= - wA cos 2p -
t
l T
2pA
x t
=cos 2p -
T
l T
x
2p 1.0 mm
t
=cos 2p
0.02 s
4.0 0.02 s
x
p
t
= - m/s cos p
10
2.0 cm 0.01 s
v p (1.0 cm, 0.01s) =
p
1 0.01
- m/s cos p
10
2 0.01
p
p
= - m/s cos = 0 m/s
10
2
(c) v p (3.0, 0.01)
p
3
=cos p - 1 = 0 m/s
10
2
4 | Waves & Motion
v p (5.0 cm, 0.01 s) = -
p
5
ms cos p - 1
10
2
= 0 m/s
p
7
v p (7.0 cm, 0.01s) = - m/s cos p - 1
10
2
= 0 m/s
(d) v p (1.0 cm, 0.011s)
p
= - m/s
10
1 0.011
cos p
2 0.01
p
1
= - cos p
- 1.1
10
12
p
p
3p
= - cos 0.6p = - cos
= 9.7 cm/s
10
10
5
v p (1.0 cm, 0.012s)
p
1 0.012
= - m/s cos
10
2 0.01
p
= - cos p (0.5 - 1.2)
10
p
= - cos 0.7 p = 18.5 cm/s
10
p
v p (1.0 cm, 0.013 s) = - m/s
10
1 0.013
p
cos p = - cos 0.8 p

10
2 0.01
= 25.4 cm/s
2p
2p
p
7. (a) k =
=
=
cm -1
l 40 cm 20
= 0.157 rad/cm
1 1
T = = s = 0.125 s
n 8
w = 2pn = 16p rad/s = 50.26 rad/s
v = nl = 8 s -1 40 cm = 320 cm/s
(b) y ( x, t) = A cos ( kx - wt)
= 15.0 cm cos (0.157 x - 50.3 t)
8. A = 0.06m and 2.5l = 20 cm
20
l=
cm = 8 cm
2.5
v 300 m/s
n= =
= 3750 Hz
l
8 cm
y = A sin ( kx - wt) = 0.06m
2p
sin
x - 2p 3750 t
0.08
= 0.06 m sin (78.5 m -1 x - 23561.9 s -1 t)

v 8.00 m/s
9. (a) n = =
= 25 Hz
l
0.32 m
1 1
T= =
s = 0.043 Hz
n 15
2p
2p
k=
=
= 19.63 rad/m
l 0.32 m
x
t
(b) y = A cos ( kx + wt) = A cos 2p +
l T
x
t
= 0.07 m cos 2p
+
0.32 m 0.04 s
0.36 0.15
(c) y = 0.07 m cos 2p
+
0.32 0.04
9 30
= 0.07 m cos 2p +
8
8
39
= 0.07 m cos
p
4
p
= 0.07 m cos 10p -
4
p
= 0.07 m cos = 0.0495 m
4
Df p + p/4
T
(d) Dt =
Df =
=
2p
2pn 2p 25
3
=
s = 0.015 s
200
Mg
T
T
10. v =
=
=
m
rA
rA
=
2 9.8
8920 3.14 (1.2 10 -3 ) 2
2 9.8 104
89.2 3.14 1.44
= 22 m/s
11. l n T M
l2
=
l1
=
M2
M1
8
= 4 = 2.
2
l2 = 2l1
= 0.12 m.
Waves & Motion
T( x)
m
12. T( x) = m ( L - x) g, v( x) =
g ( L - x)
dx
= dt ;
g ( L - x)
t=
2
2 l0
g
t=
8l0
g
15.
Let, L - x = y
dx = - dy
0 - dy
L g y = t
M = dm = kx dx =
0
2M
L2
T
v( x) =
=
m
13. (a) dm w2 R = 2T sin dq
dq
1 2
kL
2
k=
0
dm
= kx
dx
m=
1 - y
L
t=
=2
g
g 1/2 1
| 5
\
dq
T
mR 2dq w2 R = 2T dq
T
w2 R2 =
m
T
\ Wave speed, v =
= w2 R2 = Rw
m
(b) Kink remains stationary when rope
and kink moves in opposite sence
i. e., if rope is rotating anticlockwise
then kink has to move clockwise.
14. x is being measured from lover end of the
string
x
1
\ m( x) = dm = m 0 x dx = m 0 x2
0
2
m( x) g
T( x)
\ v( x) =
=
m
m
1
m 0 x2 g
1
2
=
=
gx
m0x
2
l dx
t
0 1 = 0 dt
gx
2
T
TL2
dx
=
=
kx
2Mx dt
t = dt =
2Mx
dx =
TL2
1
+1
2
L
2M
TL2 1 + 1
2
2 2ML3 2 2ML
=
3 TL2
3
T
Mg
T
16. (a) v =
=
m
m
=
=
(b) l =
1.5 9.8
0.055
16.3 m/s
= 16.3 m/s
v
=
= 0.136 m
n
120 / s
(c) l v T M i. e., if M is
doubled both speed and wavelength
increases by a factor of 2 .
17. E = I At = 2p2 n2 a2 r vAt
= 2p2 n2 a2 (rA) (v. t)
= 2p2 n2 a2 m. l
= 2p2 n2 a2 m
= 2 (3.14) 2 (120) 2 (0.16 10 -3 ) 2
80 10 -3
= 582 10 -6 J = 582 mJ = 0.58 mJ
E
18. P = = IA = 2p2 n2 a2 rnA = 2p2 n2 a2 mv
t
= 2p2 n2 a2 Tm
= 2 (3.14) 2 (60) 2
(6 10 -2 ) 2 80 5 10 -2
= 4 (3.14 60 0.06) 2 = 511.6 W
6 | Waves & Motion
19. P = IA = 2p2 n2 a2 Tm
= 2 (3.14) 2 (200) 2
10 -6 60 6 10 -3
= 8 (3.14) 2 10 -2 6 10 -1 W
= 0.474 W
l
E = Pt = P
v
0.474 2 0.474 2
=
=
J = 9.48 mJ
100
60
6 10 -3
20. P = 2p2 v2 a2 rvA = 2p2 v2 a2 mv ; v =

m=
T
m
T
v2
T
T
v = 2p2 n2 a2
2
v
v
2 (3.14) 2 (100) 2 (0.5 10 -3 ) 2 100
= 2p2 n2 a2
=
100
= 2 (3.14) 10 0.25 10 -6
= 4.93 10 -2 W = 49 mW
2
Objective Questions (Level 1)

1. w =
q=
150 2p
p
4
60
= 5p rad/s, A = 0.04 m and
p
\ y = A sin ( wt + q) = 0.04 sin 5pt +
4
w
2. w = 600p, v = 300 k = = 2p
v
p 2p
=
0.04
6
l
\
l = 12 0.04 = 0.48 m.
v 300 m/s
5. l = =
= 12 m
n
25 Hz
2p
2p
Df =
Dx =
(16 - 10) m = p
l
12 m
6. y = 0.02 sin ( x + 30t) = A sin ( kx + wt)

= 0.04 sin (600pt - 2px)
k = 1, w = 30
3
y (0.75, 0.01) = 0.04 sin 600p 0.01 - 2p
w
T
v = = 30 m/s =
4
k
m
3p
= 0.04 sin 6p
2
4
2
T = m v = 1.3 10 900 = 0.117 N

p
y y x
y
= 0.04 sin 4 p + = 0.04 m
7. v p =
=
=v
= slope v
2
t x t
x
1
up
3. y ( x, t) =
In transverse wave
they are
2
2 + 3 ( kx - wt)
v
1
1
y ( x, 0) =
=
2 + 3 k2 x2 2 + 3 x2
p
perpendicular i. e., . In longitudinal
k =1
2
1
1
y ( x, 2) =
=
wave
, they are either at 0 or
up
2 + 3 ( x - 2w) 2 2 + 3 ( x - 2) 2
v
p
w
p so, 0, and p are the possible angles
w = 1 \ v = = 1 m/s
2
k
A
4. y = A sin ( wt - kx) =
between v p and v.
2
p
8. w = 2p n = 200 p rad/s,
wt - kx =
6
3.5 10 -3
m
w
2p T p
k
=
=
w
=
200
p
\
- = kx
v
T
35
T 6 6
Waves & Motion
= 2p rad/m
y = A cos ( wt - kx) = A cos (200pt - 2px)
y
= 2p A sin (200pt - 2px)
x
When, y = 0
sin (200pt - 2px) = 0
sin (200pt - 2px) = 1

p
1
\
2pA =
A=
= 0.025 m
20
40
\
y = 0.025 cos (200pt - 2px)
2p
2p
9. w =
=
= 8 p rad/s;
T 0.25
w 8p p
k= =
= rad/cm
v 48 6
p
= A sin 8 p 1 - 67
6
p
A
= A sin = A sin 30 =
= 3 cm
6
2
A = 6 cm
10.
vA
vB
=
=
TA
rA A
dB
dA
rA B
TA
TB
=
TA p d2B
TB p d2A
dB
TB / 2
TB
dB / 2
1
=2
= 2
2
11. E A 2 n2
TB
for E to constant, An =
constant
A A n A = A Bn B A A 4n B = A Bn B
AB = 4 A A
12. k = 1 rad/m; v = 4 m/s
w = vk = 4 rad/s
6
6
\ y=
=
2
( kx - wt) + 3 ( x - 4 t) 2 + 3
13. v l =
Y
and v t =
r
Dl
l =v
l
r
Dl
l
v
l
Dl
1
= l = 10 \
=
Dl v t
l
100
| 7
Dl
Dl
E
=E
=
l
l
100
p
p
p
14. A = 4 m, w = , k = , q =
5
9
6
w p/5 9
m/s
\
v= =
=
k p/ 9 5
2p 2p
l=
=
= 18 m
k p/ 9
w p/ 5 1
n=
=
=
Hz
2 p 2 p 10
Stress = Y
15. w = 10p and k = 01

. p
2p 2p
l=
=
= 20 m
k 01
. p
2p
2p
\
Df =
Dx =
10 = p
l
20
2
16. y =
(2x - 6.2t) 2 + 20
2
A=
= 0.1 m, k = 2 rad/m
20
and
w = 6.2 rad/s
w 6.2
\
v= =
= 3.1 m /s
k
2
w
6.2
n=
=
= 1 Hz
2 p 2 3.1
2p 2p
l=
=
= pm
k
2
1
17.
I = 2p2 n2 A 2 rv = w2 A 2 rv
2
2 2 2
E IST 2p n A rv St
u=
=
=
V
V
V
1
= 2p2 n2 A 2 r = rw2 A 2
2
E
2 2 2
P = = I . S = 2p n A rv S
t
1 2 2
= rw A v S
2
E
P
E = Pt P = = IS I =
t
S
18. y = A sin ( px + pt)
y ( x, 0) = A sin ( px) y = 0 for x =0 and 1
a = - w2 y = - w2 A sin ( px)
1
3
a = w2 A at x = and
2
2
8 | Waves & Motion
1
3
and
2
2
So all the above options are correct.
2p
19. y = A sin
( x - bt) = A sin ( kx - wt)
a
2p
2pb
k=
, w=
a
a
w 2pb/ a
v= =
=b
k 2p/ a
2p
2p
l=
=
=a
k 2p / a
v P = pA cos ( px) v p = 0 for x =
x t
x t
20. y = A sin 2p - = A sin 2p -
a b
l T
21.
l = a, T = b
l a
v = nl = =
T b
as
a = - w2 y
JEE Corner
Assertion and Reason

1. For propagation of transverse waves
medium require tension which is
possible due to modulus of rigidity. And
in gases there is no such Youngs
modulus or surface tension. So the
reason given is correct explanation.
2. Surface tension of water plays the role of
modulus of rigidity and that is why
transverse waves can travel on liquid
surface.
3. Both the waves are travelling in same
direction with a phase difference of p. So
reason is false.
4. v = fl is constant for a particular
medium so if frequency is doubled
wavelength becomes half, and speed
remains constant. Thus assertion is
false.
5. Sound is mechanical wave which
requires
material
medium
for
propagation and as on moon there is no
atmosphere, sound cannot travel.
2p
6. Angular wave number, n =
while
l
1
wave number, k = which is defined as
l
the number of waves per unit length.
7. Electromagnetic
wave
are
nonmechanical, they travel depending upon
electric and magnetic properties of
medium. They can travel in medium as
well as an vacuum. So reason is false.
T
1
8. As speed, v =
in second
v
m
m
string m is more (by looking) so v will be
less. Thus reason is true explanation of
assertion.
9. At point A both v p and Dl is zero ie, K.E.
and P.E. are minimum while at B both v p
and Dl are maximum i. e., both K.E. and
P.E. are maximum. Thus both assertion
and reason are true but not correct
explanation.
12.
y
P
x
If P is moving downword then it shows

that the wave is travelling in (-) ve x
direction. So assertion is false.
Waves & Motion
2p 360
=
= 120
3
3
Assertion is true but the reason is false.
Df
, for A = a
2
Df 1
p
cos
= = cos
2 2
3
11. A = 2a cos
| 9
Df =
Match the Columns

1. y = a sin ( bt - cx) = A sin ( wt - kx)
(a)
v=
w b
=
k c
(b)
(v p ) max = Aw = ab
(c)
n=
w
b
=
2 p 2p
2p 2p
l=
=
k
c
(d)
(d)
aB = 0 ve y0 = 0
2 2
2
E IST 2 p n A rvst
=
=
V
V
V
1 2 2
2 2 2
= 2p n A r = rw A
2
[ML2 T -2 ]
[u] =
= [ML-1 T -2 ] s
[L3 ]
E ISt
(b) P = =
= IS = 2p2 n2 A 2 rvs
t
t
1
1
= w2 A 2 rvs = rw2 A 2 s v q
2
2
E [ML2 T -2 ]
[ P] = =
= [ML2 T -3 ] p
t
[T]
E [ML2 T -2 ]
(c) I =
=
St
[L2 T]
v p = 4 p cm /s cos ( pt + 2px)
a = - 4 p2 cm /s 2 sin ( pt + 2px)
(a)
v p (0, t) = 4 p cm s cos pt
= 4p for cos pt = 1
or pt = np t = n = 0, 1, 2, 3,
q, r
(b)
a(0, t) = - 4 p2 cm /s2 sin pt

= 4 p2 for sin pt = 1
p
or pt = (2n + 1)
2
1
t = n + = 0.5, 2. 5
2
p, s
v p (05
. , t) = 4 p cm /s cos ( pt + p)
= 4p for pt + p = np
or t = n - 1 = 0, 1, 2, 3,
q, r
a (0.5, t) = - 4 p2 cm /s2
p
= 4 p2 pt + p = (2n + 1)
2
1
or t = n - = 0.5, 15
. , 25
.
2
(d)
vB = Aw
4. (a) u =
2. y = 4 cm sin ( pt + 2px)
(c)
(c)
= [MT -3 ] = [ML0 T -3 ] s
1
(d) = [L-1 ] = [M 0 L-1 T 0 ] s
l
5.
(a)
v p = wA cos ( wt - kx)
p
r
a = - w2 A sin ( wt - kx)
(b)
y = A sin ( kx - wt)
v p = - wA cos ( kx - wt)
a = - w2 A sin ( kx - wt)
(c)
3. y = A sin ( wt kx) at t = 0
y = - A cos ( wt + kx)
v p = wA sin ( wt + kx)
y = A sin kx
v p = w A cos kx and a = - w2 y
a = w2 A cos ( wt + kx)
(d) y = - A cos ( kx - wt)
(a)
v p = wA cos kx
v p = - A w sin ( kx - wt)
(b)
a A = ( +) ve as y A is negative
a = w2 A cos ( kx - wt)
s
p
ds
15. Superposition of Waves

1.
When displacement of all the particles is

momentarily zero, then there is no
elastic potential energy stored in the
string and as the speed is maximum at
mean position, so entire energy is purely
kinetic.
T
2. (a) v =
m
v2
m1
=
v1
m2
m1
1
=
0.25 m 1
0.25
1
=
=2
05
.
v2 = 2 v1 = 20 cm/s
2 v2
(b) a t =
ai
v1 + v2
2 20
4
=
ai = ai
10 + 20
3
v2 - v1
and a r =
ai
v2 + v1
20 - 10
1
=
ai = ai
20 + 10
3
=
3. (a) For fixed end, a phase change of p

takes place in reflected wave and
direction becomes opposite.
as Yi = 0.3 cos (2x - 40 t)
Yr = 0.3 cos (2x + 40t + p)
(b) For free end, there is no change in

phase for reflected wave and
direction becomes opposite.
as Yi = 0.3 cos (2x - 40 t)
Yr = 0.3 cos (2x + 40 t)
w 50
4. v1 =
=
= 25 m/s and v2 = 50 m/s
k1
2
2 50
2v2
at =
ai =
ai
v1 + v2
25 + 50
4
8
= 2 10 -3 m = mm.
3
3
v2 - v1
50 - 25
ar =
ai =
ai
v2 + v1
50 + 25
1
2
= 2 10 -3 m = mm.
3
3
as v2 > v1 the boundary is rearer and
there is no phase change.
w
k2 =
v2
50 p
=
=p
50
2
\
y r = 10 -3 cos p (0.2 x + 50 t)
3
8
and y t = 10 -3 cos p (1.0 x - 50 t)
3
2 40 cm
5. t1 =
= 8 s, inverted
1 cm/s
4cm
6cm
4cm
Superposition of Waves
4 + 10 + 6
1
= 20 s upright
t2 =
8 10 12 14
t = 2s
8 10 12 14
1
2
t = 2s
4
3
3
1
y
4
3
6.
8 10 12 14
t = 3s
8 10 12 14
4
3
1
2
8 10 12 14
1
2
t = 2s
8 10 12 14
t = 5s

px
cos 40pt = 2a sin kx cos w t
3
5
p
a = = 2.5 cm, k = cm -1 , w = 40 ps -1
2
3
w 40p
v= =
= 120 cm/s
k p/ 3
l 1 2p p
p
cm = 3 cm
Dx = =
= =
2 2 k
k p/ 9
dy
px
vP =
= - 200 p sin
sin 40 p t
dt
3
9
p 3
v P 1.5, = - 200 p sin
8
3
2
9
sin 40 p
8
= - 200 p sin sin ( 45 p)

2
1. y = 5 sin
= - 200 p 1 0
= 0 cm/s
2. Two waves with different amplitudes
can produce partial stationary waves
with amplitude of antinodes being
a1 + a2 and amplitude of nodes being
a1 ~ a2 . As here node is not stationary
that is why energy is also transported
through nodes.
l
3. (a) = 2 m l = 4 m,
2
T
100
102
=
=
= 50 m/s
m
2
4 10 -2
v 50
n= =
= 125
. Hz
l 4
and is fundamental tone or first
harmonic.
2p
y = 0.1 sin
x sin 2 pnt
l
2p
= 0.1 sin
x sin 2p 12.5 t
4
p
= 0.1 sin x sin 25 p t
2
l
4
(b) 3 = 2 m l = m and v = 50 m/s
2
3
v
50
n= =
Hz = 37.5 Hz and is 2nd
l 4 /3
overtone or 3rd harmonic.
2p
y = 0.04 sin
x sin 2p 37.5 t
4 /3
3p
= 0.04 sin
x`sin 75 pt
2
400 4
F
Fl
4. v =
=
=
m
m
160 10 -3
v=
=
(a)
t = 3s
| 11
1600
= 102 = 100 m/s
16 10 -2
l0
= l l 0 = 4 l = 16 m
4
12 | Superposition of Waves
3 l1
4 l 16
m = 5.33 m
= l l1 =
=
4
3
3
5l
4 l 16
and 2 = l l2 =
m = 3.2 m
=
4
5
5
v
100
(b) n 0 =
=
= 6.25 Hz
l0
16
v
100
n1 =
=
= 18.75 Hz
l1 16/ 3
v
100
n3 =
=
= 31.25 Hz
l 3 16/ 5
l 0.54
5. l = n =
n = 0.27 n
2
2
l 0.48
and
l = ( n + 1) =
( n + 1)
2
2
= 0.24 ( n + 1)
0.27 n = 0.24 n + 0.24
0.03 n = 0.24 n = 8
(a) These are 8th and 9th harmonic
(b) l = 0.27 n = 0.27 8 = 2.16 m
l
(c) 0 = l l 0 = 2l = 4.32 m
2
6. 5n 0 - 2n 0 = 54 Hz
3n 0 = 54 Hz n 0 = 18 Hz
7.
n0 =
n2
=
n1
M + 2.2
8.
2.2
1
2l
F
m
F2
F1
M + 2.2
2.2
260 13
=
220 11
169
48
=1 +
121
121
M
=1 +
2.2
48 2.2 9.6
M =
=
= 0.873 kg
121
11
=
nn 0 = 250 Hz and ( n + 1)n 0 = 300 Hz

n 0 = 50 Hz
and n = 5 So these are 5th and 6th
harmonics.
1 F
n0 =
2l m
F = 4 l 2 v20 m = 4 502
36 10 -3
= 360 N
1
AIEEE Corner
Subjective Question (Level 1)

1. A =
A12 + A12 + 2 A1 A1 cos 90
= A1 2 = 4 2 cm = 5.66 cm
2. v2 = 2 v1
v - v1
v
1
Ar = 2
A= 1 A= A
v2 + v1
3v1
3
2 v2
4v1
4
At =
A=
A= A
v2 + v1
3v1
3
2
and
I r Ar
1
=
=
Ii A
9
It
1 8
=1 - =
Ii
9 9
A = 102 + 202 + 2 10 20 cos
p
3
= 100 + 400 + 200 = 700 = 10 7

= 26.46 units
p
20 sin
3
tan q =
p
10 + 20 cos
3
p
3
= sin =
3
2
-1 3
q = tan
= 0.714 rad
2
\ Phase = 5x + 25t + 0.714 rad.
4. y1 = 1 cm sin ( p cm -1 x - 50 ps -1 t)
p
y2 = 1.5 cm sin cm -1 x - 100 ps -1 t
2
250 p
y1 ( 4.5, 5 10 -3 ) = 1 cm sin 4.5 p

1000
| 13
t=0s
t = 0.01 s
t = 0.02 s
9
p
= 1 sin p -
4
2
17 p
= 1 sin
4
p
= 1 cm sin 4 p +
4
p
1
cm and
= 1 sin =
4
2
6. (a)
1 cm/3
1 cm
1cm 1cm 1cm

t=1s
1 cm 1 cm 2 cm
t=0
1 cm/s
1 cm
9 p 500 p
y2 ( 4.5, 5 10 ) = 1.5 cm sin
1000
4
-3
1 cm/s
1 cm
1cm 1cm
t = 2s
t = 3s
1 cm 1 cm
5. v =
9p p
= 1.5 cm sin
-
2
4
5p
= 1.5 sin
4
p
= 1.5 sin p +
4
= - 1.5 sin
4
1.5
=cm
2
1.5
1
y = y1 + y2 =
2
2
0.5
1
==cm
2
2 2
16 N
T
=
-3
m
0.4 10 102 kg/N
=
16 102
4
= 20 m /s
(a) For same shape, time,

2 l 2 0.2
t=
=
s = 0.02 s
v
20
(b)
1 cm
t = 4s
(b)
1 cm
1 cm/s
1 cm 1 cm 1 cm
t=0
1 cm
1 cm/s
1 cm
1cm 1cm 1cm

t = 1s
1 cm/s
2 cm
1cm 1cm
t = 2s
1 cm
t = 3s
1 cm
1cm 1cm
t = 4s
7. y = 1.5 sin (0.4 x) cos (200t)

= 2A sin kx cos wt
2p 2p
l=
=
= 5p m = 15.7 m
k 0.4
w 200 100
n=
=
=
Hz = 31.8 Hz
2p 2p
p
w 200
v= =
= 500 m /s
k 0.4
8. y = y1 + y2 = 3 cm sin ( px + 0.6 pt)

+ 3 cm sin ( px - 0.6 p t)
= 6 cm sin px cos 0.6 pt = R cos 0.6 pt
where, R = 6 cm sin px.
1
(a) R (0.25) = 6 cm sin p
4
6
=
= 3 2 cm = 4.24 cm
2
1
(b) R (0.50) = 6 cm sin p = 6 cm
2
3p
(c) R (1.50) = 6 cm sin
= - 6 cm
2
|R| = 6 cm
(d) For antinodes, R = 6 cm
p
sin px = 1 px = (2n + 1)
2
1
or x = n + = 0.5 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.5 cm
2
2p 2p
9. l =
=
= 4 cm
4
p/ 2
(a) Distance
between
successive
l
antinodes = = 2 cm
2
(b) R( x) = 2 A sin kx
p
= 2 p cm sin 0.5
2
p
= 2p sin
4
2p
=
= 2 p cm
2
n+1 T
n+1
20
10. n n =
=
2l
m 2 20 9 10 -3
=
n+1
100 2
5 2 5 2
=
( n + 1)
9
9
60
3
= 0.786 ( n + 1)
= 0.786 Hz
1.57 Hz, 2.36 Hz, 3.14 Hz
11. (a) T = mv2 = mn2 l2
1.2 10 -3
(220) 2 (1.4) 2
0.7
= 162.6 N
(b) n2 = 3 n 0 = 3 220 Hz = 660 Hz
=
n+1
T
50
=
2l
m 2 0.6 0.01
50 2
=
( n + 1) = 58.93 ( n + 1) Hz
1.2
n n 20,000 Hz n = 338
\ n 338 = 339 58.93 = 199758
. Hz
= 19.976 kHz
12. n n =
n+1
13. nn 0 = 420 Hz and ( n + 1) n 0 = 490 Hz

n 0 = 70 Hz and n = 6
450
1 T
1
T
.
\n0 =
l =
= 0005
2l m
2n 0 m
2 70
300
=
= 2.143 m
140
v 400 m /s 1
14. l = =
= m,
n 800 Hz
2
l
l = 4 = 2l = 1 m
2
(a) 4 n 0 = 400 Hz n 0 = 100 Hz
(b) 7n 0 = 700 Hz
1 T
16. n 0 =
2l m
1
n0
l
n1 : n2 : n 3 = 1 : 2 : 3
1 1 1
= :
:
l1 l2 l 3
1 1 1
l1 : l2 : l 3 = : :
1 2 3
= 6 : 3 : 2 = 6x : 3 x : 2x
6x + 3 x + 2x = 1 m
1
x=
m
11
6
\position of first bridge = 6x =
m
11
and position of second bridge
9
m
= 6x + 3 x = 9 x =
11
9
2
From the same end or 1 m
=
11 11
from other end .
17. n 0 =
v
2l
n0 =
l =
(b) 2A = 5.60 cm A = 2.80 cm

l 3 2p 3 p
(c) l = 3 =
=
2 2 k
k
3p
=
cm = 277.2 cm
0.0340
2p
2p
(d) l =
=
cm = 184.8 cm
k 0.0340
w 50
n=
=
= 7.96 Hz
2p 2p
1
1
T= =
s = 0.216 s
n 7.96
v = nl = 7.96 Hz 184.8 cm
= 1470 cm /s
(e) (v p ) max = Rmax w = 2 Aw
= 5.60 cm 50 rad/s
= 280 cm/s
(f) for eight harmonic,
l
l 277 .2
8 = l l = =
= 69.3 cm
2
4
4
2 p 2 3.14
k=
=
= 0.0907 rad/cm
l
69.3
8
8
v = 8 v 0 = v = 7.96 Hz
3
3
= 21.22 Hz
w = 2pn = 133.4 rad/s
y = 5.60 cm sin (0.0907 rad/s x)
sin (133 rad/s t)
v
2 l
n0
n0
l=
124
90 cm = 60 cm
186
Thus length of the vibrating string has

to be 60 cm.
l
18.
= 15 cm l = 30 cm,
2
Rmax = 2 A = 0.85 cm,
T = 0.075 s
(a) y = 2 A sin kx sin wt
2p
2p
= 0.85 cm sin
x sin
t
0.3 m
0.075 s
w 2p/ 0.075
0.3
(b) v = =
=
= 4 m /s
k
2p/ 0.3
0.075
l 30
(c) =
= 7.5 cm
4
4
\
R (7.5 + 3) = 2 A sin kx
2p
= 0.85 sin
10.5
30
21p
\ R(115
. cm) = 085
. sin
30
= 0.85 sin (0.7 p)
= 0.85 (126 ) = 0.688 cm
19. n 0 =
and
v
48
=
= 16 Hz
2 l 2 1.5
| 15
21. (a) v = nl = n 0 2 l = 60 2 0.8

= 96 m/s
l 0 = 2l = 3 m
v 48
n2 = 3n 0 = 48 Hz and l2 = =
=1 m
n2 48
(b) T = m v2 =
40 10 -3
80 10 -2
(96) 2
962
= 460.8 N
20
(c) (v p ) max = Rmax w
= 0.3 cm 2p
60 rad/s = 113 cm /s = 1.13 m/s
a max = w2 Rmax = (120 p) 2 0.3 cm /s 2
= 426.4 m /s 2
n 3 = 4 n 0 = 64 Hz
v
48 3
and l 3 =
=
= = 0.75 m
n 3 64 4
20. y = 5.60 cm sin (0.340 rad/cm x)

sin (50.0 rad/s t)
= 2 A sin ( kx) sin ( w t)
(a)
1.
n2
=
n1
T2
3
=
T1
2
T + 2.5
T
9 T = 4 ( T + 2.5)
5T = 10 T = 2N
n+1 T n+1
T
2. n =
=
2l
m
2l
pr2 r
n+1 T
n+1 T
=
=
= constant.
2 l r pr
ld
pr
ld
n+1
T
n1 + 1 l1 d1 T2
=
n2 + 1 l2 d2 T1
1 1
= 2
2 3
1
=
=1:3 2
3 2
n +1
or 2
=3 2
n1 + 1
1
3. f ; l = l1 + l2 + l 3
l
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
f0
f1
f2
f3
4. During overlapping the

displacement of particles
is zero while velocity is
maximum. So the entire
energy is purely kinetic.
5.
y ( x, y) = y1 + y2 = a cos ( kx + wt) + y2
= - 2a sin kx sin wt is necessary for a
node at x = 0 . Thus,
y2 = 2a sin kx sin wt - a cos ( kx + wt)
= - 2a sin kx sin wt - a cos kx cos wt
+ a sin kx sin wt
= - a[cos kx cos wt + sin kx sin wt]
= - a cos ( kx - wt)
6. In
transverse
stationary
wave,
longitudinal strain is maximum at node.
While in longitudinal stationary wave at
displacement node pressure and density
are maximum. So all are correct.
7. In stationary wave all particles errors

the mean position simultaneously and
are at their maximum displacement
simultaneously at different instant at
this time all of them are at rest. So all
are correct.
8. Maximum displacement
y max = 3 A - A + 2 A = 4 A
Y Dl
vt vt
=
=
vl vl
=
10. f n =
n+1
2 1
l
r
Y
r
Dl
l
1
l
h
1
=
l
h
100
= 50 ( n + 1)
0.01
= 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 150 Hz

2n + 1 100
nn =
= 25 (2m + 1)
4 1 0.01
= 25 Hz, 75 Hz, 125 Hz
f + f2
\ n2 = 75 Hz = 1
2
50 Hz + 100 Hz
=
= 75 Hz
2
11. In stationary waves all particles perform
SHM such that they are at their positive
and negative
N
N
extremes
N
one
time
each in a
time period, where they come to rest.
Particles between two successive nodes
are in phase while beside node are in
opposite phase. So all the particles
cannot
be
at
positive
extreme
simultaneously.
12. The question is wrong, string has to be
fix at one end and free at other. Then
(2n + 1) n 0 = 90 Hz, (2n + 3) n 0 = 50 Hz
and (2n + 5) n 0 = 210 Hz
2 n 0 = 60 Hz or n 0 = 30 Hz and n = 1
i. e., vibrations are 3rd, 5th and 7th
harmonic.
l 0 = 2l = 1.6 m
\
v = n 0 l 0 = 30 Hz 1.6 m
= 48 m /s
p
13. y = y1 + y2 + y 3 = 12 sin q -
2
+ 6 sin ( q + 0) + 4 sin q +
2
17. R = 2 A sin Kx = 4 mm sin

2mm
= 4 mm sin
(2n + 3) n 0 = 175 Hz
2n 0 = 70 Hz
n 0 = 35 Hz
1 1 1 1 1 1
15. l1 : l2 : l 3 =
:
:
= : :
n1 n2 n 3 1 3 4
= 12 : 4 : 3
\ 12x + 4 x + 3 x = 114 cm
114
x=
cm = 6 cm
19
\ l1 = 12x = 72 cm, l2 = 4 x = 24 cm,
l 3 = 3 x = 18 cm
16. f T
f /2
f
Vrg - Vs1 g
= 1-
s2 1
=
r
2
Vrg
s1 1
s
3
1= 1 =
r
4
r
4
f /3
Vrg - Vs2 g
s
1
=
= 1- 2 =
f
Vrg
r
3
s
s
1
8
1- 2 = 2 =
r
q
r
9
s1 3 / 4 27
s
32
\
=
=
2 =
= 1.18
s2 8 / 9 32
s1 27
where s1 is density of water and s2 is
density of the other liquid.
2px
2 mm = 4 mm sin
3m
2 px
3
p
=
3
3
x = 0.5 m
Thus points 1 and 2 are at 0.5 m from
their nearest boundary. So separation
between them is
1.5 m - 2 0.5 m = 0.5 m = 50 m
2 px
= 100 = 10 mm
and
4mm 2mm
= 6 sin q - 12 cos q + 4 cos q

= 6 sin q - 8 cos q
p
R = 62 + 8 2 + 2 6 8 cos
2
14. (2n + 1) n 0 = 105 Hz
2p
| 17
18. y = - A sin ( wt - kx)

2pn
= - A sin 2pnt x
v
= - A sin (6 pt - 2px)
y(3, t) = + A = - A sin (6 pt - 6 p)
= A sin (6p - 6p t)
p 11
\
6p - 6p t =
= 6t
2
2
11
t=
s
12
2p 3
2p
19. Df1 =
Dx =
l =3p
l
l 2
p
p 5p
and Df2 = - Df = 3 p - =
2
2
2
20.
nn 0 = 400 Hz , ( n + 1)n = 450 Hz
n 0 = 50 Hz and n = 8
1 T
1
T
n0 =
l =
2l m
2n 0 m
1
490 70
=
=
= 0.7 m
2 50 0.1 100
l
2
21. 3 = 1 m, l = m
2
3
2
v = nl = 300 Hz m = 200 m/s
3
l1 2l2 3 l 3
22. l =
,
,
2
2
2
2l
2l
, l3 =
2
3
2l 2l
l1 : l2 : l 3 = 2l : :
2 3
1 1
=1: :
2 3
l1 = 2l, l2 =
23. Df =
=
=
2p
l
2p
vT
2p
Dx
Dx =
2p
300 0.04
(16 - 10)
6=p
12
w 30
24. v = =
= 30 m/s
k 1
T
T
=
=
m
rA
\ T = rAv2 = 8000 10 -6 900 = 7.2 N
2
25. 5n 0 = 480 Hz, 2n 0 = 480 Hz
5
= 192 Hz
2
26.
Ir
A
= 0.64 = r
Ii
Ai
Ar
= 0.8 A r = 0.8 A i
Ai
v - v1
4
Ar = 2
A i = 0.8 A i = A i
v2 + v1
5
5 v2 - 5 v1 = ( 4v2 + 4v1 )
v2 = 9v1 ,
1
v1
9
For, v2 > v1 the boundary is rarer and

there will not be any change in phase of
reflected wave and for v2 < v1 a phase
change of 180 takes place.
\ Yr = 0.8 A sin ( kx + wt + 30+ 180 )
1
T
1
T
27. n A =
=
2
2 l rpd
ld pr
nB
4
1
=
2 2l
2T
2r p
4 d2
4
1
4 ld
T
1
= nA
pr 4
\Third overtone of n B = 4n B = n A
Passage
(Q 28 to 30)
I r = (100% - 36%) I i = 64% I i = 0.64 I i

v - v1
Ar
Ir
\
=
= 0.64 = 0.8 = 2
Ai
Ii
v2 + v1
0.8 v2 + 0.8 v1 = (v2 - v1 )
- 0.2 v2 = 1.8 v1
v2 = 9 v1
for rarer boundary
1
or 1.8 v2 = 0.8 v1 v2 = v1
9
for danser boundary
28. A r = 0.8 A
p
29. Y = A sin ax + bt + + 0.8
2
p
A sin ax - bt + + p
2
p
= A sin ax + bt + - 0.8
2
p
A sin ax - bt +
2
= A cos ( ax + bt) - 0.8 A cos ( ax - bt)

= A cos ax cos bt - A sin ax sin bt
- 0.8 A cos ax cos bt
- 0.8 A sin ax sin bt
= 0.2 A cos ax cos bt - 1.8 A sin ax sin bt
= 0.2 A cos ax cos bt - 0.2 A sin ax sin bt
- 1.6 A sin ax sin bt
= 0.2 A cos ( ax + bt)
- 1.6 A sin ( ax) sin ( bt)
= cA cos ( ax + bt) - 1.6 A sin ax sin bt
e = 0.2
30. For antinodes, sin ax = 1
p
ax = (2n + 1)
2
p
p 3 p 5p
,
x = (2n + 1)
=
,
2a 2 a 2a 2a
So for second antinode, x =

31.
n 0 + 15
n0
1 + 0.21
1
3p
| 19
constant, wavelength increases while

frequency is constant, wavelength
increases while phase do not change
during change in medium.
2a
= 11
15 = 0.1 n 0 n 0 = 150 Hz
1.21
n2
T2
=
=
= 11
.
n1
T1
1
n2 = 110% of v1
l 0 = 2l which do not change
So, (a), (c) and (d) are correct.
32. For interference, sources must be
coherent there frequency has to be equal
and phase different has to be constant.
So, (a) and (d) are correct.
33. Stationary waves are formed due to
superposition (here use of the term
interference is literary and not
scientific because interference is a
different
phenomenon
than
stationary waves) of waves having
some amplitude, same frequency and
travelling opposite direction. Here nodes
are the points who always remain at
rest. Total energy is always conserved.
34. A medium is said to be rarer if speed of
wave in it is higher. And as frequency is
35. Y = A sin kx cos wt = 2a sin kx cos wt

A
a = , third overtone means fourth
2
harmonic and wire oscillate with four
loops.
2p 4 p
l
l = 4 = 2l = 2
=
2
k
k
and stationary wave do not propagate.
36. For stationary waves, frequency and
amplitude has to be same and direction
has to be opposite with constant phase
difference.
It is satisfied in (b) and (d) only.
37.
y = y1 + y2 = 2 A cos kx sin wt
= R sin wt
R = 2 A cos kx so at x = 0 there is
antinode.
\
cos kx = 1
np
p 2p
,
kx = np, x =
= 0, ,
k
4 x
are antinodes.
JEE Corner

1. y1 + y2 = A sin ( wt + kx)
+ A cos ( wt - kx)
p
= A sin ( wt + kx) + A sin - wt + kx
2
p
wt + kx + - wt + kx
2
= 2 A sin
2
p
wt + kx - + cot - kx
2
cos
2
p
p
= 2 A sin kx + cos wt -
4
4
p
= R cos wt -
4
p
where, R = 2 A sin kx + ;
4
p
R(0) = 2 A sin = A 2
4
So, at x = 0, node is not present, i. e.,
Assertion is false.
2. In stationary waves only nodes are at
rest and not other particles. It is so
p
+ A sin q +
2
called as energy is not transmitted, thus

assertion is false.
= - A cos q + A sin q + A cos q

= A sin q
\
R = A I f = Ii
Assertion and reason are both true but
reason do no explain assertion.
3. In rarer medium speed of wave is higher

and as
2 v2
At =
Ai
v1 + v2
At > Ai
so reason is correct explanation to
assertion.
4. In second overtone or third harmonic
there are three loops or three antinodes
or four nodes. And length of the string,
l
l = 3 so, assertion and reason are both
2
true.
10. For two coherent sources phase

difference has to be constant and that
constant be same at all points as
Df Df ( t). Different light sources can
never be coherent. So phase difference
must be same, thus assertion is false.
Match the Columns

v
T
T
and v2 =
= 1
m
9m
3
v1
=3
v2
v - v1 / 3
2/ 3
1
Ar = 1
Ai =
Ai = Ai
v1 + v1 / 3
4 /3
2
2 v2
and A t =
Ai
v1 + v2
2 v1 / 3
1
=
Ai = Ai
v1 + v1 / 3
2
A1
A r 1/ 2 A i
(a)
=
=
= 1q
A2
A t 1/ 2 A i
v
(b) 1 = 3 r
v2
1. v1 =
N
5. As speed of wave is constant in stretched

wire, and v = fl, so with increase in
frequency, wavelength decreases. So
reason is correct explanation of
assertion.
6. In stationary waves, amplitude of nodes
is zero and it is possible only when
superposing waves has same amplitude.
But it is not the only condition, there has
to be same frequency, opposite direction
of propagation and constant phase
difference. So assertion is not completely
true.
7. Energy lying between conservative node
and antinode is constant where it moves
to and fro between node and antinode.
2
I
25 5 2 A1 + A2
8. max =
= =
I min
1 1
A1 - A2
5 ( A1 - A2 ) = A1 + A2
4 A1 = 6 A2 A1 : A2 = 3 : 2.
Thus reason is the correct explanation
of assertion.
p
9. y = A sin q - + A sin q
2
I
A
1 2 1
(c) r = r = = and
I i Ai
4
2
It
1 3
=1 - =
Ii
4 4
I 1 I r I r / I i 1/ 4 1
\
=
=
=
= s
I2
It
I t / I i 3/ 4 3
(d) P = IS = 2p2 n2 A 2 r vr
1
T
= w2 A 2 m
2
m
1 2 2
= w A
Tm
2
1 2 2
w A1 Tm 1
P1 2
=
P2 1 w2 A 2 Tm
2
2
2
A2 m 1
m1
= 12
=
9m 1
A2 m 2
1
= s
3
3
v
n
3
2. (a) 2 = 2l = r
5
n4
v 5
2l
(b) Number of nodes in 3rd harmonic is
4 and in Fifth harmonic 6,
4 2
so, = p
6 3
(c) Number of antnodes in 3rd
harmonic is 3 and in fifth harmonic
3
5, 50, r
5
l2 n4 5
(d)
=
= s
l4 n2 3
3. In danser medium speed of wave is
lesser and in rarer medium it is greater.
(a) When wave goes from denser to
rarer medium its speed increases
p
(b) As frequency do not change with
change in medium then with
| 21
increase in speed wavelength

increases p
(c) As v t > v i then A t > A i p
(d) Frequency remains unchanged r
4.
A 2 + A 2 + 2 A A cos q
q
= 2 A cos
2
60
(a)
R(60 ) = 2 A cos
2
3
= 2 A cos 30 = 2 A
=A 3s
2
(b) R(120 ) = 2 A cos 120/ 2 = 2 A cos 60
1
= 2A = A s
2
(c) R (90 ) = 2 A cos 90/ 2
= 2 A cos 45 = A 2
I R = 2 A 2 = 2I i p
(d) R(0 ) = 2 A cos (0/ 2) = 2 A
I R = 4 A2 = 4I i r
R=
5. n2 = 3n 0 = 210 Hz n 0 = 70 Hz
(a) n 0
(b) n2
(c) n 3
(d) n1
= 70 Hz s
= 3n 0 = 210 Hz p
= 4n 0 = 4 70 Hz = 280 Hz r
= 2 n 0 = 140 Hz s
16. Sound Waves

p0
p0
=
kB 2 p
rv2
l
p0 vl
p0 l
p0
=
=
=
2
2
2p nrv
2p rv
2p nr v
10
m
=
2 3.14 10 3 1.29 340
1. P0 = S0 kB
B=
(b) S0 =
P0
P l
= 0
S0 k 2pS0
14 0.35
2 3.14 5.5 10 -6
= 1.4 105 N/m 2

1450 m /s
v
2. l = l max =
= 72.5 m,
n
20 Hz
1450 m /s
l min =
= 7.25 cm
20000 Hz
3. Pressure wave and displacement wave
p
has a phase difference of , so,
2
(a) When pressure is maximum,
displacement is minimum i.e., zero.
= 3.63 10 -6 m
P
P0
P
4. S0 = 0 =
= 0
kB 2p nr v wrv
P0 k
= 2
rw
12 8.18
=
129
. (2700) 2
= 1.04 10 -5 m

1.
v2
=
v1
T2
= 2 T2 = 4 T1 = 4 273 K
T1
= 3 273 C = 819 C
t 1/ 2
t
2. v t = v 0 1 +
= v0 1 +
273
546
30
3
v 30 - v 3 = v 0 1 +
-1 +
546
546
33
= v 0
546
33
= 332
= 20.06 m/s
546
3.
v = nl = 250 8 = 2000 m/s
B = rv2 = 900 (2000) 2

= 36 10 8 N/m
= 3.6 10 9 Pa
7
8.314 273
gRt
4. v =
= 5
M
32 10 -3
= 315 m/s
Sound Waves
| 23

3
= 20 log
= 20 dB
0.3
1. P0 = S0 kB = 2p nrv S0
= 2 3.14 300 1.2 344 6 10 -6
= 4.67 Pa
P2
( 4.67) 2
I = 0 =
2 rv 2 1.2 344
= 2.64 10 -2 W/m 2
2.64 10 -2
I
L = 10 log
= 10 log
I0
10 -12
= 104 dB
2.
hI
I
2L - L = 10 log
- 10 log
I0
I0
= 10 log (h) = 9 dB
log h = 0.9, h = 10 0. 9 = 7.9
1
k
3. I 2 I = 2
r
r
I
LF - LM = 10 log F
IM
r
= 10 log M
rF
4. (a) I =
P02
(28) 2
; I max =
2rv
2 1.29 345
= 0.881 W/m 2
0.881
Lmax = 10 log
= 119.45 dB
10 -12
(2 10 -5 ) 2
I min =
2 1.29 345
= 4.49 10 -13 W/m 2
4.49 10 -13
dB
Lmin = 10 log
10 -12
= - 3.48 dB
Po
Po
(b) S0 =
=
kB 2pnrv
28
( S0 ) max =
2 3.14 500 1.29 345
( S0 ) min
= 2 10 -5 m
2 10 -5
=
2 3.14 500 1.29 345
= 1.43 1011 m

l
= 12 cm
2
l
and (2n + 1) = 36 cm
2
l = 36 - 12 = 24 cm
v 330 m /s
n= =
= 1375 Hz
l 0.24 m
l
l p l
2. Dx =
Df =
=
2p
2p 3 6
v
350
=
=
= 0.117 m = 11.7 cm
6 n 6 500
2p
Df =
Dt = 2p nD t = 2p 500 10 -3
T
= p rad = 180
1.
(2n - 1)
3. Dx1 = 2 H 2 +
d2
- d = nl
4
and
Dx2 = 2 ( H + h) 2 +
d2
1
- d = n + l
4
2
l
d2
d2
= 2 ( H + h) 2 +
- 2 H2 +
2
4
4
or l = 4 ( H + h) 2 +
d2
-4
4
H2 +
d2
4
l = 2 4 ( H + h) 2 + d2 - 2 4 H 2 + d2
1
4. Dx p = d sin q = n + l for minima
2
24 | Sound Waves
Y
Df =
P
S1
q
l
for first minima
2
l
v
q = sin -1 = sin -1
2d
2nd
340
= sin -1
2 600 2
(a) \ d sin q =
= sin -1 (0.142) = 0.142 rad

= 8.14
(b) For, first maxima d sin q = l
l
340
q = sin -1 = sin -1
d
1200
= 16. 46
2 600
d
l
= 3.53
340
n = 3 maxima.
=
340
5. (a) For coherent speakers in phase,

q
I R = 4 I 0 cos 2
2
2p
2p l
Df =
Dx =
= p= q
l
l 2
p
I R = 4 I 0 cos = 0
2
(b) For incoherent sources,
I R = I 1 + I 2 = I 0 + I 0 = 2I 0
(c) For coherent speakers with a phase
difference 180.
Df = 180 + Df = p + p = 2p
2p
I R = 4 I 0 cos 2
= 4I 0
2
I0
6. 60 dB = 10 log
10 -12
10 6 10 -12 = I 0
I 0 = 10 -6 W/m 2
2pn
Dx
v
(11 - 8) = 3 p = q
(a) \ I R = 4 I 0 cos 2
d sin q
(c) Dx max d nl d, n
Dx =
l
2 p 170
S2
2p
3p
q
= 4 I 0 cos 2
=0
2
2
(b) Df = 3 p + p = 4 p
4p
= 4I 0
2
= 4 10 -6 W/m 2
4 10 -6
I R = 4 I 0 cos
LR = 10 log
10 -12
= 10 log 10 6 dB + 10 log 4
= 60 dB + 2 log 2 dB
= 60 dB + 6 dB = 66 dB
2p 85
2pn
(e) Df =
Dx =
(11 - 8)
v
340
3p
=
=q
2
3p
I R = 4 I 0 cos 2
4
p
2
= 4 I 0 cos p - = 2I 0
4
2 10 -6
LR = 10 log
= 63 dB
10 -12
10 -3
10 -3
7. (a) I 1 =
=
16 p
4 p 22
= 19.9 10 -6 W/m 2
= 19.9 mW / m 2
10 -3
10 -3
I2 =
=
36 p
4 p 32
= 8.84 10 -6 W/m 2
= 8.84 mW / m 2
(b) ( I P ) max = ( I 1 + I 2 ) 2
= ( 4.46 + 2.97 ) 2
= 55.27 mW/m 2
(c) ( I P ) min = ( I 1 - I 2 ) 2
= ( 4.46 - 2.97) 2
= 2.22 mW/m 2
(d) I P = I 1 + I 2 = 28.7 mW/m 2
Sound Waves
| 25

1. (a) n 0 =
345 m /s
v
v
lc =
=
4lc
4n 0 4 220 Hz
harmonics are odd, which can be seen in

closed organ pipe only.
(b) These are 5th and 7th harmonic.
v
(c) n 0 =
4lc
v
344
lc =
=
= 1.075 m
4n 0 4 80
= 0.392 m
3v
(b)
= 5n 0
2l 0
3v
3 345
l0 =
=
= 0.470 m
10 n 0 10 220
4. v = nl = 1000 2 6.77 10 -2 m /s
2. (a)
N
AN
Fundamental
tone
N
N A
A
ANAN A
First overtone Second overtone
l
0.8
d A = l = 0.8 m d A = , l =
m,
3
0.8
2.43
=
m,
m , 0.8 m
5
4
dA =
l 3l
, ,l
5 5
8.314 400
As 1 < r < 2
(b)
NA
N A
N
d A = 0,
n = 2 r = 0.7 2 = 1.4 =
N
N AN A
2l
3
= 0,0.533 m
d A = 0n
3.
= 135.4 m /s
gRT
Mv2
v=
r=
M
RT
n 127 10 -3 (135.4) 2
2l 4l
,
5 5
= 0 m , 0.32 m, 0.64 m
d A = 0,
5. n =
(2n + 1)v
= 0.7 n
7
diatonic
5
(2n + 3)v
4 l1
4 l2
2n + 3 l2 100 5
=
=
=
2n + 1 l1
60 3
2 400, 560
0
4 20, 28
n =1
4 l1 n
4 0.6 440
\v =
=
= 352 m/s
2n + 1
3
HCF of the two shows, 80 and the

values, 400 Hz and 560 Hz are odd
multiples of 80. These conservative

252Hz
256Hz
A1
260Hz
>4
<4
n A = 252 Hz
n A = (256 4) Hz
and
n A - n = (256 6) Hz
\ 256 4 - n = 256 6
4 m 6 = n n = - 4 + 6 = 2
n A = 256 - 4 = 252 Hz
2.
A'1
A'
381
384
A1
A
387
A'
A'1
1.
>3
<3
n A = 387 Hz
n A = (384 3) Hz
and
n A - n = 384 m, m < 3
\ 384 3 - n = 385 m
26 | Sound Waves
and
3-n=m
3 m m = n = ( +) ve
n=+3-m
n A = 384 + 3 = 387 Hz
1 TA
6 Hz = 600 Hz =
2l m
600 Hz =
606
=
600
= 1.02
TB
v
4. 256 4 =
2 0.25
v
and
256 =
2 (0.25 - x)
2 0.25
256
1
=
=
252 2 (0.25 - x) 1 - 4 x
TB
1
2l
TA
TB
TA
= 1.01
256 - 4 256 x = 252

4 = 4 256 x
1
100
x=
m=
cm = 0.4 cm
256
256

1. When source is moving,
v
1
n s =
n=
n
v
v + vs
1m s
v
-1
v
= 1 m s n
v
v
u
= 1 s n = 1 n
v
v
When observer is moving, n 0 =
v v0
v
v
v
= 1 0 n = 1 n
v
v
So, it can be seen that, n 0 and n s are

equal if u << v.
340
2. l =
= 1.7 m
200
80
(a) l = l - uT = 1.7 m = 1.7 m
200
- 0.4 m = 1.3 m
v 340 m /s
(b) n = =
l
1.3 m
= 262 Hz
3. For doppler effect there has to be

relative motion between source and
receiver, but as they are at rest relative
to each other thats why there is no shift
in wavelength and frequency.
v 344
4. l = =
= 0.688 m
n 500
30
(a) l front = l - uT = 0.688 500
= 0.688 - 0.060 = 0.628 m
(b) l behind = l + uT = 0.688 + 0.060
= 0.748 m
344
(c) n front =
= 547.8 Hz
0.628
344
(d) n behind =
= 459.9 Hz
0748
.
v - w - v0
340 - 5 - 20
5. n =
n=
300 Hz
v - w + vs
340 - 5 + 10
315
=
300 Hz = 273.9 Hz
345
6.
vs
P
r
Sound Waves
| 27
AIEEE Corner

1.
t1
t
+v 2
2
2
v
332 3 5
= ( t1 + t2 ) =
+
2
2 2 2
d = d1 + d2 = v
= 332 2 = 664 m
The time for third eco is,
3 5
t = t1 + t2 = + = 4 s
2 2
7
8.314 300
gRT
2. v =
= 5
M
2 10 -3
= 21 8.314 104 = 1321 m /s
gp
3. v =
r
5
76 10 -2 13.6 10 3 9.8
= 3
0.179
5 76 136 9.8
=
= 971 m /s
3 0.179
4. (a) B = rv2 = rn2 l2
= 1300 16 104 64
= 1.33 1010 N/m 2
r l2
6400 (15
. )2
(b) Y = rv2 = 2 =
t
(3.9 10 -4 ) 2
= 9.47 1010 Pa
2
5. v t =
Dl
Dl
Dl v t F
;
=Y
vl
=
l
l
l v l A
2
v
1 2
Y
= Y t = Y =
900
30
tl
2 2 + 1 14
6. M mix =
= 6 m/mole
2+1
v mix
=
vH
2
MH
M mix
2
1
=
6
3
T2
v
1
1
vH =
v0
= 0
2
T1
3
3
3
v0
1300
=
=
= 787 m /s
2.73
2.73
v mix =
300
273
10 -6
= 60 log 10 = 60 dB
10 -12
10 -9
L2 = 10 log
= 30 log 10 = 30 dB
10 -12
L1 = 2L2
I
8. 100 dB = 10 log
dB
I0
7. L1 = 10 log
I = 1010 I 0 = 10 -2 W /m 2
P = 4 pr2 I = 4 p ( 40) 2 10 -2
= 64 p W = 201 W
I
9. (a) 60 dB = 10 log
dB
I0
I = 10 6 I 0 = 10 -6 W/m 2
(b) P = AI = 120 10 -4 10 -6 W
= 1.2 10 -8 watt
I
10. (a) DL = 13 dB = 10 log 2 dB
I1
I 2 = 101. 3 I 1 = 20 I 1
(b) As with doubling the intensity,

loudness increases by
3 dB
irrespective of the initial intensity.
P
5
5
11. I =
=
=
4 pr2 4 p (20) 2 4 p 400
1
=
W/m 2 = 9.95 10 -4 W/m 2
320p
1
I
(b) I = 2p2 n2 a2 rv a =
pn 2 r v
=
1
300 p
1
320 p 2 129
. 330
1
300 p 1012
= 1.15 10 -6 m
1
85.5
28 | Sound Waves
12. 60 dB = 10 log
I
dB
10 -12
I = 10 -6 W/m 2 and a =
=
1
pn
T
2 rv
10 -6
= 13.6 10 -9 m
2 1 .29 330
1
800 p
13. 102 dB = 10 log
(c) A a > A w ;
I
dB
I0
16.
I = 1010.2 I 0 = 1010.2 - 12
= 10 -1. 8 W/m 2
P = 4 p r2 I
= 4 3.14 (20) 2 10 -1. 8
= 80 W
14. I = 2p2 v2 a2 rv
= 2 (3.14) 2 (300) 2
(0.2 10 -3 ) 2 1.29 330 W/m 2
= 30 .25 W/m 2
I
30.25
L = 10 log
dB = 10 log
dB
I0
10 -12
= 134.8 dB
15. (a) v w =
Aw
2.18 10 9
B
=
r
10 3
= 1.48 10 3 m /s
I
1
=
=
2 2
2p n rv pn
=
1
3400 p
I
2rv
3 10 -6
2 10 3 1.48 10 3
= 9.44 10 -11 m
v
1.48 10 3
lw = N =
= 0.43 m
n
3400
1.4 105
gp
(b) v a =
=
= 341.6 m /s
r
1.2
Aa =
1
3400 p
3 10 -6
2 1.2 3416
.
-9
= 5.66 10 m
341.6
la =
= 0.1 m
3400
5.66 10 -9
Aa
=
= 60
A w 9.44 10 -11
As bulk modulus of water is much

larger
than
air,
such
that
displacement of particles of medium
becomes less.
(6 10 -5 ) 2
p2
I = 0 =
W/m 2
2 rv 2 1.29 343
= 4 10 - 12 W
4 10 -12
I
\ L = 10 log
= 10 log
I0
10 -12
= 20 log 2 = 6 dB
v
17. n o =
= 594 Hz;
2l
v n 0 594
nc =
=
=
Hz = 297 Hz
4l
2
2
( n + 1)v
344
18. n 0 =
= ( n + 1)
2l
2 0.45
= ( n + 1) 382.2 Hz
= 3822
. Hz, 764.4 Hz, 1146.7 Hz,
(2n + 1)v
nt =
2l
344
= (2n + 1)
2 0.45
(2n + 1) 191.1 Hz
= 191.1 Hz, 573.3 Hz, 955.6 Hz
v
19. n c =
4l
v = 4 l n c = 4 0.15 500 = 300 m /s
v
300
no =
=
= 250 Hz
2l o 2 0.6
20. y = A cos kx cos wt
2p
330
t
= A cos
x cos 2p
1.6
1.6
= A cos 3.93 x cos 1296 t
2n + 1
2n + 3
21. n =
v=
v
4 0.5
4 0.84
2n + 3 84
=
= 1.68
2n + 1 50
Sound Waves
3 - 1.68 = 2n 0.68
\ n = 0.97 = 1 as n is an integer
4l v
4 0.5 512
v=
=
m /s
2n + 1
3
= 341.3 m/s
2n + 5
n=
n
4l
2n + 5
7
l=
v=
341.3
4n
4 512
= 1.167 m = 116.7 cm
v
340
22. n c =
=
= 85 Hz
4l 4 1
ns =
v
1
=
l 0.4
F
= 85
m
F = (85 0.4) 2 m = (34) 2
4 10 -3
0. 4
= 11.65 N
v
23. n c =
v = 4n ( l + l)
4( l + e)
= 4n( l + 03
. d)
= 4 480 (016
. + 03
. 005
. ) = 336 m/s
(2n + 1) n
24. (a) n e =
4l
5 330
440 =
4l
5 330 15
l=
=
m
4 440 16
5l
15
A
(b) N
=l=
4
16
15 4 3
l=
= m
16 5 4
2 p 15
Dp = Dp0 cos kx = Dp0 cos
3 / 4 32
15 p
5p Dp0
= Dp0 cos
= Dp0 cos
=
12
4
2
(c) At open end there is pressure node,
so, pmax = Dpmin = Dp0
(d) At closed end there is pressure
antinode,
such
that,
and
pmax = p0 + Dp0
pmin = p0 - Dp0
25. (a) n c =
| 29
v
4lc
v
345
=
= 0.392 m
4n c 4 220
5l
3l 3 4
(b) l 0 = , l 0 =
= lc
4
2
2 5
6
6
= l c = 0.392 m = 0.47 m
5
5
vs
v
26. n s = n c
= s
2 0.8 l c 4 l c
v s 1.6
=
= 0.4
va
4
v 340 17
27. (a) l s = =
=
m = 113
. m
n 300 15
v - vs
(b) l a = l - v s T
n
340 - 30 31
=
=
= 1.03 m
300
30
v + vs
l b = l + vs T =
n
340 + 30 37 37
=
=
=
= 1.23 m
300
30 30
1 F
Dn 1 DF
28. n =
=
2l m
n
2 F
DF
Dn
15
.
3
=2
=2
=
= 0.68%
F
n
440 440
n = n + Dn = 440 1.5
= 438.5 Hz or 441.5 Hz
lc =
29. v = 0.32 m/s;

l = vT = 0.32 1.6 m = 0.512 m.
l - l
l
la = l - v s T v s =
=v T
T
0.12
= 0.32 = 0.245 m/s
1.6
l b = l + v s T = 0.512 m + 0.245 1.6
= 0.512 + 0.392 = 0.904 m.
v - v0
340 + 18
30. (a) n a =
n=
262 Hz
v - vs
240 - 30
358
=
262 Hz = 302.5 Hz
310
v - v0
340 - 18
(b) n r =
n=
262
v + vs
340 + 30
30 | Sound Waves
322
262 Hz = 228 Hz
370
v
v
31. Dn =
nn
v - vs
v + vs
2 vv n
2v n
vDn
= 2 s2 ~
- s v=
v
2v s
v - vs
340 4
\
n=
= 680 Hz
2 1
v
32. n 0 = n c Dn = 110 2.2; n c =
4lc
v
330
lc =
=
4n c 4 110
2v
3
\
l c = m; n 0 =
4
2 l0
2 330
2v
l0 =
=
2n 0 2 (330 2.2)
=
= 0.993 m or 1.007 m
7
33. n p = n Q
and n P < n Q as beat
2
frequency increases waxing of P.
v
332
nQ + 5 =
nQ =
nQ
v - vs
332 - 5
332
5
=
nQ 5 =
nQ
327
327
n Q = 327 Hz and
7
n P = 327 - = 323.5 Hz
2
When Q gives 5 beats with its own echo.
OR
7
332
n P = n Q - = n q - 5 =
nQ - 5
2
327
7
5
5- =
nQ
2 327
327 1.5
nQ =
= 98.1 Hz
5
n P = 98.1 - 2.5 = 94.6 Hz

When P gives 5 beats with the echo of Q.
2vv n
2v n
v
v
34. Dn =
nn 2 s 2 ~
- s
v - vs
v + vs
v
v - vs
vn 340 2
vs =
=
2 n 2 680
1
\ v s = m/s
2
l
35. (2n + 1) = 11.5 cm
2
l
(2n + 3) = 34.5 cm
2
2n + 3 34.5
=
= 3 4n = 0 n = 0
2n + 1 11.5
l
\
= 11.5 cm l = 23 cm
2
v 331.2 m/s
n= =
= 1440 Hz
l
0.23 m
v 330
36. l = =
= 1.5 m
n 220
3 9
Dx = S2 P - S1 P = 3 - = m
4 4
3 3 3
l
= = l = (2n + 1)
2 2 2
2
3 1
Here, S1 P = = l
4 2
2p
2p l
f1 =
S1 P =
=p
l
l 2
3
and
S2 P = 3 = 2 = 2l
2
2p
f2 =
2l = 4 p
l
Destructive interference will take place
at P.
\ PP = Pmin = ( P1 - P2 ) 2
= ( 1.8 10 -3 - 1.2 10 -3 ) 2
= 0.6 10 -3 ( 3 - 2) 2
= 0.6 10 -3 0.1 = 6 10 -5 W
x 2
37. Dx = 2 22 + - x = nl = 1 l
2
360 m/s
=
=1m
360 Hz
x2
4
x2
4 4 +
4
2 4+
or
=1 + x
= 1 + 2x + x2
16 - 1 = 2x
x = 7.5 m
Sound Waves
2. Longitudinal waves can travel through

all mechanical mediums.
gR 288
gRT
3.
=
32
28
32
8
T=
288 K = 288 K = 56 C
28
7
1 1.01
0.01
v
1
1
11. n =
n = n = nn n = = 0.5
v+v
2
2
12. I max = ( I + I ) 2 = 4 I = NI N = 4
v
3v
13. n =
=
4 ( l1 + e) 4 ( l2 + e)
4. Third overtone is 7th harmonic ie, there

4 nodes and 4 antinodes.
A
l2 + e = 3 l1 + 3 e
l - 3 l1
e= 2
2
42 - 3 17
\
e=
cm = 0.5 cm
2
v = 4n( l1 + e) = 4 500 (17 + 8.5) 10 -2
= 20 17.5 = 350 m/s
N
N AN A N A
v
n T so with increase in
l
temperature, frequency increases.
5. n
6. For sound water is rarer medium and air

is densor medium so, it bends towards
normal while going from water to air.
l
v
v
2
7. n c =
= no =
c = =1:2
4lc
2l o
lo 4
8.
n2
=
n1
F2
F1
2
n
F2 = 2
n1
F1
n
M 2 = 2
n1
256 2
M 1 =
10 kg
320
= 6.4 kg
\ OM = M 2 - M 1 = 6.4 - 10 = - 3.6 kg
i.e., Mass has to be decreased by 3.6 kg
v
v
9. n direct =
n and n reflected =
n
v - vs
u - vs
as n D = n R so there will be no beats i. e.,
beat frequency will be zero.
( l - l2 )
v
v
10. Dn = n2 - n1 =
=v 1
l2 l1
l1 l2
l1 l2 Dn
v=
Dl
v=
10
3 = 337 m/s
14. At the moment when velocity of source is

perpendicular to the line joining source
and observer then there is no Doppler
effect i.e., n + n1 = n n1 = 0
( n + 1)v
340
15. n =
= (2n + 1)
= 85 (2n + 1)
4l
41
= 85, 255, 425, 595, 765, 935
\ 6 frequencies below 1 kHz.
v - v0
v - v0
v + v0
16. Dn =
nn = n 1 v - vs
v + vs
v + vs
A
o
vs + v0
10
180 = 5 Hz
360
v
v
17. Dn = n = n1 - n2 =
l1 l2
v( l2 - l1 )
nl1 l2
=
v =
l1 l2
l1 - l2
= n
18.
v + vs
A'
345Hz
250Hz
1. Sound cannot travel in vacuum, as it is

mechanical wave.
| 31
Dn<5
Dn>5
355Hz
32 | Sound Waves
As beat frequency between A and B

decreases on loading A.
i. e., n B < n A n B = 345 Hz
B
C'
341Hz
245 Hz
349Hz
After loading A, n A = 345 + 2 = 247 Hz

and n A - n c = 6 n c = l A m 6
= 347 m 6
= 341 or 353 Hz.
As possible frequency of C are 341 Hz
and 249 Hz then only 341 Hz is justified.
l - 3 l1 122 - 3 40
19. e = 2
=
cm = 1 cm
2
2
5v
v
So,
=
l ( l1 + e) 4( l1 + e)
l 3 = 5l1 + 4 l
= 5 40 + 4 1 = 204 cm
Dn 1 DF
1 DF
20.
=
Dn = n
n
2 F
2 F
1
1
= 200
= 1 Hz
2
100
2n + 1
2n + 1
21. n =
v
l=
v
4l
4n
2n + 1
340
= (2n + 1)
=
m
4 340
4
1
3
5
= m, m, m.
4
4
4
As, l max = 120 cm l = 25 cm 75 cm.
\Height of water column
= 120 cm - 75 cm = 45 cm
105 4
l
22. 7 = 105 cm l =
= 60 cm
4
7
N
N
l 60
=
= 15 cm
4
4
l
l l
l
So, nodes are at, , 3 , 5 and 7 from
4
4 4
4
closed end i. e.,
they are at,
15 cm, 45 cm, 75 cm and 105 cm.
v
v
v
= 512 Hz, n o =
=2
4l
2l
4l
= 2 n c = 2 512 Hz = 1024 Hz
1 32 + 1 2
24. M min =
= 17
1+1
23. n c =
v min
=
vH 2
MH
M min
2
17
25. n a > f and n r < f but n a = constant and

n r = cosntant.
So, curve in (b) represents correctly.
(2n + 1) v ( m + 1) v
26. u =
4l
2l
(2n + 1) v ( m + 1) v
How,
4 2l
4 2l
4
= = 2 beat/s
2
v
v
27. Dn = n a - n r =
nn
v - v1
v + v1
2 vv1n
=
(v - v1 ) (v + v1 )
2 320 4 243
=
= 6 Hz
316 324
28. n c =
(2n + 1) v
4lc
320
(2n + 1)
41
= (2n + 1) 80 Hz = 80 Hz, 240 Hz,

400 Hz,...
( n + 1)v
320
n0 =
=
( n + 1)
2l 0
2 1.6
= ( n + 1) 100 Hz = 100 Hz, 200 Hz,
300 Hz, 400 Hz,...
\ n c = n o = 400 Hz
29. I max = 4 I 0
and
I max
= 4 I max = 16I 0
L = 10 dB + 10 log 16
= 10 dB + 40 log 2 dB = 22 dB
2p 2p
30. l =
=
= 4m
k p/2
l
4
l =5 =5 m =5m
4
4
Sound Waves
31. d = (2n + 1)
l (2n + 1) 330
=
m
4
4
660
= 33.33 Hz and n A n B
So both (a) and (b) options are wrong.
v + v0
f = 1 + 0 f and
v
v
fr = 1 - 0 f
v
f a v + v0
=
fr
v - v0
34. f a =
330
(2n + 1) cm = (2n + 1) 13.75 cm.
24
= 13.75 cm, 41.25 cm, 68.75 cm, 96.25 cm
etc.
v ( l2 - l1 )
v
v
32. Dn =
=
l1 l2
l1 l2
332 1 10 -2
=
= 13.15 Hz
0.49 0.5
300
33. Dn B = n A - n B =
300 - 300
300 - 30
| 33
( f a - f r )v = ( f a + f r )v 0
f + fr
v
.
= a
v0
fa - fr
and
fa - fr =
2v0
f - fr
f
f = 2 a
v
fa + fr
f + fr
f = a
.
2
JEE Corner

v
v 3v 5v
= ,
,
,...
4l 4l 4l 4l
( n + 1)v v 2 v 3v 4v
while, n 0 =
= ,
,
,
,...
2l
2l 2l 2l 2l
5. With increase in intensity sound level

increases in lograthmic order so
assertion is false.
it can be seen that n c n o at all situation

1
and n c =
n o so assertion is true but
2
reason is false.
6. Speed of sound v =
1. n c = (2n + 1)
gp
, with increase in
r
only pressure density increases such

that
p/r remains constant. Again

gRT
so both assertion and reason
M
2. Apparent frequency is constant for

constant relative velocity so assertion is
false.
v=
3. At a point of minimum displacement

pressure amplitude is maximum i. e.,
pressure difference is maximum not
pressure. So assertion is false.
explanation of assertion.
4. The deriver receiver two sounds one

v+u
direct, n 0 = n and other n R =
n such
v -u
that be detects beats. So reason is true
explanation of assertion.
are true but reason is not correct

7. n A = n B + 4 when A is loaded with little
wax then n A sightly decreases and then
beat frequency decreases, but if it is
heavily loaded with wax then its
frequency goes much below n B such that
beat frequency increases. So, assertion
and reason are both true but reason is
not correct explanation of assertion.
34 | Sound Waves
8. 150 450, 7 50,

3,
The frequencies are odd harmonics then

the pipe is closed and fundamental
frequency is also 150 Hz. So assertion
and reason are both true but reason is
not correct explanation of assertion.
9. n
1
with increase in diameter end
l+e
correction, e, increases and n decreases.

So reason is correct explanation of
assertion.
10. With increasing length of air column,
number of overtone increases and not
the wavelength so assertion is false.

1. At the boundary between two mediums,
one part of incident wave gets reflected
and other part gets transmitted or
refracted.
3.9 p
3l
2.
= 3.9 p l =
2
1.5
2p
2p
3
k=
=
=
r 0 = S0 kB
3.9
p
l
3.9
1.5
10 -2 105
r0
S0 =
=
3
kB
1.3 (200) 2
3.9
3.9 10 -1
=
= 0.025 m = 2.5 cm
12 1.3
2 v2
2 100
At
2
=
=
=
A i v1 + v2 200 + 100 3
v
v
4. Dn =
nn
v + v2
v + v1
vn (v1 - v2 ) ~ n (v1 - v2 )
=
(v + v2 ) (v + v1 )
v
vDn 340 10
\ v1 - v2 =
=
= 2 m/s
n
1700
6. 7
l
2L
=L l=
2
7
A = a cos kx = a cos
7. For maxima, nl = 3
3
v nv
l= ;n= =
= 110 n.
n
l 3
\n = 110, 220, 330 Hz, ..etc. maxima will
be formed so maximum will not be
formed at 120 Hz and 100 Hz.
20 m/s
8.
W 60
S
3.
5. v s = gt = 10 m/s
v + v0
v - v0
Dn =
nn
v - vs
v + vs
300 + 2
300 - 2
150 Hz
=
300 - 10 300 + 10
302 298
=
150 = 12 Hz
290 310
2p L
= a cos p = - a
L 7
2
7
n =
20 m/s
v + wcos 60
v + w cos 60 - v s
300 + 10
=
500 Hz
300 + 10 - 20
310
=
500 = 534 Hz
290
v + 20 v + 20
9. Dn = n R - n 0 =
500
v - 10 v + 10
360 360
=
500 Hz = 31 Hz
300 350
404 p 400p
10. Dn =
= 202 - 200 = 2 Hz
2p
2p
2
I max 2 + 1
=
=9 :1
I min 2 - 1
Sound Waves
l
4
= 34 cm l = 34 cm
4
3
v
136
n = v51 = nl =
n
l
3
273 + 16
v16
289
1
1
=
=
=
=
v51
273 + 51
324
1.121 1.1
nl51
nl16 =
1.1
136
\ l16 =
= 41.21 cm
3 1.1
v -v
v+v
12. 176
= 165
v - 22
v
11. 3
176 v (v - v) = 165 (v + v) (v - 22)
\
176 330 (330 - v) = 165(330 + v) (330 - 22)
or 1.143 (330 - v) = 330 + v
or
0.143 330 = 2.143 v v = 22 m/s
2 32 + 3 48
13. M min =
= 41.6
2+3
n2 v2
m1
32
=
=
=
= 0.77
n1 v1
m2
41.6
= 0.875 = 175 Hz
14.
v 0 = gt = 30 m/s
v + 30
1100 =
1000, 1.1v = v + 30
v
0.1 v = 30 v = 300 m/s
Passage (Q 5 to 17)
v m + v p = 8 m/s, 50v m = 150v p
v m = 3v p , 4v p = 8 m/s
v p = 2 m/s and v m = 6 m/s
v+2
332
15. n =
f0 =
f 0 = constant
v -6
324
v -2
328
16. n =
f0 =
f 0 = constant
v+6
336
17. n < f 0 < v and graph is (a)
18.
| 35
D
A
Both (a) and b are correct.

More Than One
(2n + 1)v
19. n =
4l
v
330
l =
(2n + 1) =
(2n + 1) m
4n
4 264
= (2n + 1) 31.25 cm
= 31.25 cm, 93.75 cm, 156.25 cm
20. (a) v p0 , (b) v T v2 T,
where T is absolute temperature.
1
(c) v F (d) n
l
\(c) and (d) are correct.
Dp
Dp
21. P0 = BA k; B = Dp
DV
p
V
Dpr
r
\
Dr =
= BA k = rA k
B
B
r p;
Pressure and density equations are in
p
opposite phase i. e., Df = and not p.
2
So, (a), (b) and (c) are correct.
5v
3v
l
125
.
2
2
8
22.
=
= o =
= .
4 l c 2l o
lc
lo
l c 1.25 5
2v
v
v
(a) n c =
=
=
5
4lc 4 l
5 lo
o
8
4 v
4
=
= no nc < no
5 2l o 5
3v
3v
12 v
(b) n c =
=
=
4lc 4 5 l
5 2l 0
0
8
6 2v 6
=
= no nc > no.
5 2 lo 5
36 | Sound Waves
15 v
6v
v
=
= 12
5
4 lc 4 l
lo
2l o
o
8
= 12 v 0 twelbth harmonic.
(c) n c =
15 v
(d) Closed organ pipe cannot have

tenth harmonic it only has odd
harmonics.
gRT
v
1
23. f =
=
4( l + e) 4( l + e) M
(b) increase in T increase in v

increase in f
(c) increase in M decrease in v
decrease in f
(d) increase in P increase in r no
change in v no change in f
v
v
24. f a =
and f r =
f
f are
v - vs
v + vs
constants during approach and received.
(a) increase in r increase in e

decrease in f
Match the Columns

v
=f
2l
f
v
(a) n c =
= = 0.25 f s
4 2l 4
5v
5
(b) n c2 =
= f = 1.25 f p
4 2l 4
3v
3
(c) n c1 =
= f = 0.75 f r
4 2l 4
3v
(d) n c1 =
= 0.75 f r
4 2l
1. n o =
2 vv f
v
v
2. Dn1 =
f = 2
f
v - v2s
v - vs v + vs
v
2v
4 f = 16 1 f = 8 f
=
15 2
15
v2
v2 16
v + vs
2vs
Dn2 =
- 1 f =
f
v - vs
v - vs
2 v/4
2
=
f = f
v - v/4
3
v
v
Dn 3 =
f =0
v - v5 v - v5
8
(a) Dn1 =
fq
15
2
(b) Dn2 = f p
3
(c) Dn 3 = 0 s
(d)Dn 3 = 0 s
3. f = f T - f S
(a) If tuning fork is loaded f T decreases
such that beat frequency may
increase or decrease depending
upon amount of wax r, s
(b) If prongs are filed, beat frequency
must increase p
(c) If tension is increased beat
frequency may increase or decrease
depending upon the amount of
change in tension. r, s
(d) If tension is decreased, beat
frequency must increase p
1
1
4. (a) For point source, I , and A r
r
r
(b) q
1
(c) For line source, I and
r
1
A
q
r
(d) p
2 p 2p
5. l =
=
=2m
k
p
l 5
l = 5 = m = 2.5 m
4 2
(a) l = 2.5 m s
(b) l = 2 m r
l 2l
(c) ,
= 1m, 2 m p, r
2 2
l
l
(d) , 3 = 0.5 m, 1.5 m q
4
4
17. Thermometry, Thermal

Expansion & Kinetic Theory of Gases
C F - 32
5
for F = 0, C = - 32
=
5
9
9
= - 17.8 C
K - 273.15 F - 32
(b)
for K = 0,
=
5
9
9
F = - 273.15 + 32 = - 459.67 F
5
x 2x - 32
10x
2. (a) =
x=
- 17.8
5
9
9
10
17.8 =
- 1 x
9
C F - 32
9
=
x = x - 32
5
9
5
4
x = - 32
5
5
x = - 32 = - 40 C
4
1
6. Dt = at Dq
2
1
= 1.2 10 -5 86400 30
2
= 1.5 1.2 8.64 s = 15.55 s given.
1. (a)
5.
x = 17.8 9 = 160.2 C
x x / 2 - 32
5
(b) =
x=
x - 17.8
5
9
18
13
17.8 = x x = - 24.65 C
18
C -5
F - 32
3.
=
99 - 5 212 - 32
C - 5 F - 32
=
94
180
52 - 5 F - 32
=
94
180
180
F = 32 +
47 = 122 F
94
K - 273.15 F - 32
4.
=
5
9
5
x - 273.15 = x - 17.8
9
4
x = 255.35 x = 574.54
9
7. As from 0C to 4C, density of water

increases so the volume of wooden block
above water level increases and as from
4C to 10C density of water decreases
so the volume of block above water
decreases.
8. V1r 1 g = V2 s1 g and V2 r 2 g = V2 s2 g
DV1
V
s
=1 - 1 = -1 - 1
V1
V1
r1
DV2
s
and
=1 - 2
V2
r2
DV2 DV1
\
V2
V1
s
s s
s
= 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 = 1 - 2
r2
r1 r1 r2
s1 s1 (1 - g 2 DT)
=
r1
r 1 (1 - g 1 T)
38 | Thermometry, Thermal Expansion & Kinetic Theory of Gases

DT
s1 g 2 - g 1
r 1 1 - g 1 T
s1 (1 - g 2 DT)
s1
r1
r 1 (1 - g 1 T)
s1 g 2 - g 1
r 1 1 - g 1 T
DT
9. On cooling brass contracts more than

iron ( a B > a Fe ) such that brass disk gets
loosen from hole of iron.
10. V T V = kT ln V = ln k + ln T
DV DT
DV
1
= =g
V
T
VDT T

1. For ideal gases, pV = nRT
V
VM
T=
p=
p
nR
mR
VM
Slope =
mR
1
As slope m2 < m1
m
p
T
2. pV = nRT 2 = 2
p1 T1
360 6
=
=
300 5
6
6
p2 = p1 = 10 atm = 12 atm
5
5
1
1
28 + 44
7 + 11
4
3. M mix = 4
=
= 36
1 1
1
+
4 4
2
m
pV = nRT =
RT
M
pM
m
pM =
RT = rRT r =
V
RT
101
. 105 36 10 -3
\
r=
8.31 290
101
. 36
8.31 29
.
4. pV = nRT =
N=
= 15
. kg/m 3
N
RT
NA
pVN A
RT
10 -6 13.6 10 3 10 250 10 -6
6.02 1023
8.31 300
13.6 5 6.02
=
1015 = 8.21 1015
8.31 6
5. pV = nRT
nR
T
p
1
Slope
r
V =
p1 > p2
1
V
y = mx is a straight line passing
through origin.
6. pV = nRT p = ( nRT)

1. Average velocity depends on the
direction of motion of gas molecules and
as container do not move such that their
net effect becomes zero, due to the
reason that some molecules are moving
in one direction while other are moving

in opposite direction. But in case of
average speed only magnitudes are in
use which do not cancel each other.
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion & Kinetic Theory of Gases
2.
3
3
8.31
kT =
300 J
2
2 6 1023
3
= 8.31 10 -21 J
4
= 6.21 10 -21 J
KE =
3. v rms =
v He =
4 10 -3
= 1.37 10 3 m /s
3 8.31 300
v Ne =
= 608.5 m/s
20.2 10 -3
3
KE = kT = 6.21 10 -21 J
2
3 RT
4. v rms =
M
Mv2rms 4 10 -3 10 6
T =
=
3R
3 8.31
5. r =
= 160.45 K
n1r 1 + n2 r 2
n1 + n2
(1 - n2 ) r 1 + n2 r 2
1 - n2 + n2
= r 1 + n2 (r 2 - r 1 )
r - r1
1.293 - 1.429
n2 =
=
r 2 - r 1 1.251 - 1.429
136
=
= 0.764 = 76.4% by mass
178
( p + hrg)
V
pT
6. 2 = 1 2 = 0
V1
p2 T1
p0 277
=
1
1023 ;
3
S = 4 pR2 = 4 3.14 (6400 10 3 102 ) 2
=
3 RT
,
M
3 8.31 300
(1.01 105 + 40 10 3 10) 293
1.01 105 277

5.01 293
=
= 5.25
1.01 277
V2 = 5.25 V1 = 105 cm 3
1
7. N = nN A =
6 1023
18
| 39
= 5.14 1018 cm 2
N
1023
=
S 3 5.14 1018
= 6.5 10 3 molecules/cm 2
3
(a) nCV = nR = 35 J/K
2
70
n=
= 2.8 mole
3R
3
(b) U = nRT = 35 J/K 273 K = 9555 J
2
5
(c) C p = CV + R = R = 20.8 J/K mole
2
8. (a) n(C p - CV ) = nR = 29.1 J/K
29.1
n=
mole = 3.5 mole
8.314
3
(b) CV = nc V = n R = 3.5 1.5 8.314
2
= 43.65 J/K
5
C p = nc p = n R = CV + nR
2
= 43.65 + 3.5 8.314
= 72.75 J/K
5
(c) CV = nc V = n R = 72.75 J/K
3
7
C p = nc p = n R
2
= 72.75 + 3.5 8.314
= 101.85 J/K
3 RT
8 RT
10. v rms =
and v av =
M
pM
8
Here 3 > v rms > v av ,
p
i. e., the statement is true.
AIEEE Corner

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
C 68 - 32 36
=
=
=4
5
9
9
K - 273 68 - 32
C = 20 C ;
=
=4
5
9
K = 293 K
C 5 - 32
27
=
== -3
5
9
9
K - 273 5 - 32
C = - 15 C;
=
= -3
5
9
K = 258 K
C 176 - 32 144
=
=
= 16
5
9
9
K - 273
C = 80 C;
= 16
5
K = 353 K
30 F - 32
=
F = 54 + 32 = 86 F
5
9
= 546 R
5 F - 32
=
F = 9 + 32 = 41 F = 501 R
5
9
20 F - 32
=
5
9
F = - 36 + 32 = - 41 F
= 456 R
x
32
x
9
4
=
32 = x - x = - x
5
9
5
5
5
x = - 32 = - 40
4
- 40 C = - 40 F
DC DF
9
9
=
DF = DC = 40 = 72
5
9
5
5
\ F2 = F1 + 72 = 140 .2 F
32 - 20
C - 0
=
80 - 20 100 - 0
12 100
12
C
=
C =
= 20 C
60 100
60
T2
p
160
= 2 =
= 2 T2 = 2T1
T1
p1
80
\ T2 = 2 273.15 K = 546.30 K
7. Rt = R0 (1 + a D q)
3.50 = 250
. (1 + 100a) 1 = 250 K
10
.
or a =
= 4 10 -3 /C
250
\ 650
. = 250
. (1 + 4 10 -3 Dq)
4 = 10 -2 Dq
Dq = 400 q2 = 400C
Dq = 400
q2 = 400C
i. e., boiling point of sulphur is 400C.
75 + 45 120 3
T
p
8. 2 = 2 =
=
=
T1
p1
75 + 5
80 2
3
3
T2 = T1 = 30015
. K
2
2
= 450225
.
K = 177.08 C
9. Dg = g ( a Br - a Fe ) Dq
Dg
1
Dq =
g a Br - a Fe
=
0.01 10 -3
6 10
-2
a Br
1
- a Fe
-3
=
\
10
6 ( a Br - a Fe )
q2 = q1 +
= 30 C +
10 -3
6 ( a Br - a Fe )
10 -3
100
= 30 C +
6 ( a Br - a Fe )
6 0.63
= 57.78 C.
10. (a) Dl = l aDq ~
- 88.42 2.4 10 -5 30
= 0.064 cm
(b) Dl = l ( a Al - a St ) Dq
= 88.42 (2.4 - 1.2) 10 -5 30
= 0.032 cm
l S = l + Dl = 88.42 + 0.032 cm
= 88.45 cm
Dl
100% = a D q 100%
l
= - 1.2 10 -5 35 100%
= - 0.042%
Dl
12. F = YA
= YA a Dq
l
= 2 1011 2 10 -6 1.2 10 -5 40
= 4 1.2 40 N = 160 1.2 N = 192 N
11.
13. Vsg = (50 - 45) 10 -3 kg

= 5 10 -3 kg
V s g = (50 - 451
. ) 10 -3 kg
= 4.9 10 -3 kg
s
V (1 + g s Dq)
g = 4.9 10 -3
1 + g l Dq
1 + g s Dq 4.9
=
1 + g l Dq
5
5 + 5g s Dq = 4.9 + 4.9 g e Dq
0.1 + 5g s Dq
1
5
gl =
=
+
gs
4.9 Dq
49 Dq 4.9
1
5
gs =
+
12 10 -6
49 75 4.9
= 272.1 10 -6 + 12.2 10 -6
= 2.84 10 -4 C
14. M = 14 + 3 = 17 g/mole
= 17 10 -3 kg/mole
17 10 -3
kg/molecule
M =
6033
.
10 -23
= 282
. 10 -26 kg/molecule
6
-2
pV 1.52 10 10
15. n =
=
= 6.13
RT
8.314 298.15
r=
m nM 6.13 2 10
=
=
V
V
10 -2
-3
= 1.23 kg/m 3
m nM 16 nM
r =
=
=
= 16 r
V
V
V
= 19.62 kg/m 3
V
76
16. p2 = p1 1 = 1 atm
V2
6
= 12.7 atm
| 41
p1 V1 T2
p T
= 1 2 V1
T1
p2
p2 T1
1
270
=
500 m 3 = 900 m 3
0.5 300
pV
p V
18. 1 1 = 2 2
T1
T2
mg + p A h
mg + p Ah
0
i
0
f
A
A
=
293
273
373
373
hf =
hi =
4 cm = 50.9 cm
293
293
25/ 28 40/ 4
n
n
19. p1 = p2 1 = 2 =
=
V1 V2
L1 A
L2 A
L1 25 1
5
=
= 0.089
L2 28 10 56
n1 25/ 28
25
5
=
=
=
= 0.089
n2
40/ 4 280 56
17. V2 =
20. n = n1 + n2
p( V1 + V2 ) = p1 V1 + p2 V2
p V + p2 V2
p= 1 1
V1 + V2
1.38 0.11 + 0.69 0.16
\p =
MPa
0.11 + 0.16
0.1518 + 0.1104 0.2622
=
=
= 0.97 MPa
0.27
0.27
pV1
pV2
pV
pV
21.
+
= 1 1 + 1 2
T
T
T1
T2
1 atm
600 cm 3
293 K
400 cm 3 200 cm 3
= p1
+
373 K
273
K
600/ 293
p1 =
atm
400 200
+
373 273
3
\ p1 =
atm
2
1
293
+
373 273
3
3
=
=
atm
1.57 + 1.07 2.64
= 1.136 atm
22. V =
nRT 1 8.314 273.15 3

=
m
p
1.013 105
= 0.02242 m 3 = 22.42 litre

pV T
V T
23. p2 = 1 1 2 = p1 1 2
T1
V2
V2 T1
0.75 430
= 1.5 105
0.48 300
= 3.36 105 Pa
24. r = p1 + p1 + p2
n RT n1 RT n2 RT
= 1
+
+
V
V
V
1.4
1.4 0.4 RT
= 0.7
+ 0.3
+
28
14
4 V
8.314
1500
0.7 0.3
1
=
+
+
10 10
20
5 10 -3
3.3
=
8.314 3 105 Pa
20
= 4.11 105 Pa
1
1
25. RKE = 2 kT = Iw2
2
2
2
1.38 10 -23 300
2kT
w=
=
I
8.28 10 -38 10 -7
6 1.38
\ w = 1012
= 1012 rad/s
8.28
gp
26. v =
r
2
rv2 1.3 (330)
g=
=
= 1.398
p
1.013 105
f +2
2 ~
=
f =
-5
f
0.398
5
7
n1C p1 + n2 C p2 3 2 + 2 2
27. g =
=
3
5
n1CV + n2 CV
3 + 2
1
2
2
2
15 + 14 29
=
=
= 1.53
9 + 10 19
3
28. K = pV
2
3
p2 V2
K2
3 15
=2
=
= 4.5
3
K1
2
5
p1 V1
2
K 2 = 4.5 K
f +2
58
29. C p =
R = 29 f =
-2 =5
2
R
pV
pT = p
nR
p2 V = constant
1
pV 1/ 2 = constant a = ,
2
f +4
f
R
c= R+
=
R = 29
1
2
2
12
58
f =
- 4 =3
R
3
2
30. TKE = of total energy and RKE = of
5
5
total energy, so the gas is diatomic.
3
3
TKE = kT = 1.38 10 -23 300 J
2
2
= 6.21 10 -21 J/molecule
5
DQ = nCV DT = 1 8.314 1 = 20.8 J
2
n1C p1 + n2 C p2
31. C p =
n1 + n2
2.5 R + 3.5 R
=
= 3R
1+1
n1`CV + n2 CV
1
2
CV =
n1 + n2
1.5 R + 2.5 R
=
= 2R
1+1
C
3R
g= P =
= 1.5
CV
2R
32. g =
n1C p1 + n2 C p2
n1CV + n2 CV
1
C p1
CV
( n1 + n2 )C p1
( n1 + n2 )CV
=g
33. p = aV pV - b = constant
DQ
C=
= 0 for adiabatic process for
nDT
which pV g = constant comparing, we
get, b = - g
34. p = kV pV -1 = constant
pV = a constant a = - 1
R
R
R
C = CV +
= CV +
= CV +
1-a
1+1
2
35. v rms =
3 8.314 373.15
3 RT
=
M
2 10 -3
= 2.16 10 3 m /s
= 2.16 km/s
36. v rms =
(500) 2 + (600) 2 + (700) 2 + (800) 2

+ (900) 2
5
100
=
25 + 36 + 49 + 64 + 81
5
= 714 m/s
500 + 600 + 700 + 800 + 900
v av =
5
= 20 (5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9) = 700 m/s
v rms v av
3
37. KE = pV
2
N 6 10 -26 = 1.5 2 105 100
10 -3 10 -3
3 10
\ N=
= 5 1026
6 10 -26
5000
=
6.023 1023 = 830.15 Na
6.023
\ n = 8300.15 moles
v
v
38. Frequency of collision, n =
=
2 3 l 2 3 V
1
3 RT
=
M
2 3V
p
RT
RT
\n =
=
=
nRT
4 VM
4 nM
4
M
p
=
2 10 +5
4 1 46 10 -3
= 41.04 10 3 /s
3
3
39. KE = pV = 105 2 10 -6 = 0.3 J
2
2
| 43
-6
m 50 10
=
= 6.25 1020
m1 8 10 -26
K
0.3
30
\K 1 =
=
=
10 -22 J
20
N 6.25 10
6.25
N=
= 4.8 10 -22 J
3 RT0
40. v 0 =
M0
(a)
v
=
v0
T
573
=
= 1.4 v = 1.4 v 0
T0
293
(b) v = v 0 as RMS speed changes with

temperature and not with pressure.
M0
M0
v
1
(c)
=
=
=
v0
M
3M 0
3
v0
v=
= 0.58 v 0
3
MH
gRT
gRT
2
41.
=
T =
T
MH
MO
MO
2
2
=
320 = 20 K = - 253 C
32
1
GMm
42.
mv2e =
= g e Re m
2
Re
3 RT
v e = 2 g e Re = v H =
2
M
2 g e Re M
Te =
3R
2 9.8 6367
.
10 6 2 10 -3
=
3 8.314
= 10007 K
2 g m Rm M
and Tm =
3R
2 1.6 1.75 10 6 2 10 -3
=
3 8.314
= 449 K
3
3
43. (a) KE = kT = 1.38 10 -23 300 J
2
2
-21
= 6.21 10
J
3
(b) KE = kT N a = 6.023 1023
2
6.21 10 -21 J
= 3740 J
(c) v rms =
3 8.314 300
3 RT
=
M
32 10 -3
= 483.6 m /s

1. v av =
2. v rms =
=
8 RT
pM
T=
12 + 02 + 22 + 3 2
4
14
= 3.5 m /s
4
Dl
= - aDq = - 12 10 -6 50
l
= - 600 10 -6 = - 6 10 -4
V
T
4. V T 2 = 2 = 2;
V1 T1
V
V1
DV
= 2
= 2 - 1 = 1 = 100%
V
V1
3.
5. KE T
K 2 T2 2E
=
=
=2
K 1 T1
E
T2 = 2T1 = 2 283 K
\ T2 = 566 K = 293 C
f
n
6. TE = kT = kT.
2
2
v
T2
1200
7. 2 =
=
= 2 v2 = 2 v1
v1
T1
300
8. (a) pav = m1v is different for different m1
3
(b) (KE) molecule = kT is same for any
2
gas.
3 pV 3
(c) (KE)/ V =
= p is different as
2 V
2
p is different for different.
3 pV 3 p
(d) (KE) m =
is different as
=
2 m
2 r
p
is different.
r
pV
p V
pV1 pV2 p( V1 + V2 )
9. 1 1 + 2 2 =
+
=
RT1
RT2
RT
RT
RT
10. a =
p( V1 + V2 )
T T p( V1 + V2 )
= 1 2
p1 V1
p V
p1 V1 T2 + p2 V2 T1
+ 2 2
T1
T2
0.08 10 -3
Dl
=
l Dq 10 10 -2 100
= 8 10 -6 / C
DV = VgDq = 3 VaDq = 3 100 cc 8
10 -6 100
= 0.24 cc
V = 100 cc + 0.24 cc = 100.24 cc
11. T = T0 + tan 45 V = T0 + V
pV = nRT = nR( T0 + V ) = nRT0 + nRV
nRT0
b
or p = nR +
p=a+
V
V
ie, p versus V graph will be hyperbola.
12. p2 V = constant
2
nRT
V = constant.
V
T2 V
T2
=
T1
V2
3 V0
=
= 3
V1
V0
T2 = 3 T1 = 3 T0
1 2
1 m 2
13. p = rv rms =
v rms
3
3 V
mT = constant
m1 T2 310
=
=
= 1.1
m2
T1 280
14. As temperature of vessels A and B are

some so is average velocity of O2 , i.e., u.
pV
15. N = nN a =
Na
RT
10 -13 10 -6
=
6.023 10 +23
8.314 300
=
16.
602.3
= 24
8.314 3
9
63
28 g =
g
20
5
mp
m
m
21. r =
=
=
RT ( n1 + n2 ) RT
V
( n1 + n2 )
p
5
12 1.01 10 10 -3
=
= 0.12 kg/m 3
(2 + 2) 8.314 300
=
1
GMm GMm
mv2 =
= mgh
2
R
R+h
h~
-
h=
| 45
v2
3 RT
=
2 g 2 gM
3 8.314 273
2 10 28 10 -3
kM
V
pV = constant is for isothermal
process, i. e., T = constant
p2
23.
= constant
r
22. p = kr =
= 1216
. 10 3 m 12 km
l
a
19
17. 1 = 2 =
and l1 - l2 = 30 cm
l2
a 1 11
11
l1 =
l1 = 30 cm
19
19
l1 =
30 cm = 7125
. cm
8
11
and l2 =
l1 = 41.25 cm
19
18. p V T V = constant
p
p2 V constant pT = constant
r /2
p2
r2
1
=
=
=
p1
r1
r
2
p
p2 = 1
2
T2
p1
=
= 2
T1
p2
T2 = 2T1 = 2T
1
as pT = constant p
T
i. e., p - T graph is hyperbola.
19. V = V0 + tan q T, pV = nRT =

\
or
m
p( V0 + tan q T) =
RT
M
1 m
tan q =
RT - pV0
pT M
mR V0
tan q =
pM
T
m
RT
M
\ tan q remains same when m 2 m

and p 2 p
pV
p V
20. n1 = 1 and n2 = 2
RT1
RT2
n1
p1 T2 10 300 600 20
=
=
=
=
n2
T1 p2
5 330 330 11
11
\ n2 =
n1
20
11
\ Dm = m1 - m2 = m1 =
m1
20
24. p2 V = constant
PT = constant and T 2 V -1 = constant.
p2
V1
V
1
=
=
=
p1
V2
4V 2
p
p
p2 = 1 =
2
2
T2
V2
4V
=
=
=2
T1
V1
V
T2 = 2T1 = 2T
1
as p p-T graph is hyperbola.
T
C -0
F - 32
F - MP
25.
=
=
100 - 0 212 - 32 BP - MP
ice point = 32 F and steam point
= 212 F
26. p V at a p = p0 and V = V0 and at b ,

m
p = 2 p0 and V = 2V0 , r =
V
r b Va
V0
1
=
=
=
ra
Vb 2V0 2
1
r b = Pa
2
Tb
PV
2 p0 2V0
= b b =
=4
Ta
Pa Va
P0 V0
Tb = 4 Ta
U T Ub = 4Ua
as
P V T V2
Parabola passing through origin
27. (a) TKE = 3 nRT is independent of type
2
of gas true.
(b) In one degree of freedom for one
1
mole of gas, V = RT
2
(c) false
(d) false
28. V T V = tan q T
m
pV = nRT =
RT
M
mRT
mR
p T tan q =
tan q +
M
MP
m1 m2
tan q1 > tan q2
>
p1
p2
all a, b, c and d are possible.
29. pV = nRT
N m/V
n
m
p = RT = a
RT =
RT
V
M
M
3 kN a T
3 RT
3 kT
v rms =
=
=
M
M
M
(a) and (d) are correct.
JEE Corner
Assertion & Reason

1. Assertion is false.
p
isobaric
h
oc
ic
or
isothermal
is
2. Assertion and reason are both true but

reason is not correct explanation of
assertion. As at low temperature atoms
in molecules are tightly bound such that
they cannot oscillate.
2
3. pV = nRT = KE
3
2 KE
2
p=
p = E.
3 V
3
Assertion and reason are both true but
reason cannot explain assertion.
4. Internal energy remains same in train

frame of reference, so temperature do
not change, but KE of gas molecules in
ground frame increases.
5. According to equipartition theory,
energy is equally distributed for each
degree of freedom, so assertion is false.
6. At high temperature and low pressure
intermolecular distance is much larger
than size of the molecules and
intermolecular forces can be neglected.
So, assertion and reason are both true
but not correct explanation.
7. At 4C, volume is minimum or density is
maximum i. e., liquid will overflow on
increasing or decreasing temperature
This reason is false.
8. Temperature remains constant as

pressure is double and volume is halfed,
so internal energy remains constant. So
reason partially explains assertion.
| 47
MR
nR
T slope m; reason
T =
r
Mp
is correct explanation.
10. V =
9. Assertion and reason are both true but

not correct explanation.
Match The Columns

1.
(a) TKE = 3 nRT = 3 2RT = 3 RT

2
2
2
2
(b) RKE = nRT = 2RT = 2RT
2
2
(c) PE =
(d TKE = 5 nRT = 5RT
2
)
(d)
p
s
s
1
aTDq increases with
2
increasing temperature
DT =
5. (a) p = constant q
p
q
2.
U
T
1
VT = constant
V
pT 2 = constant and pV 2 = constant
(a) U increases T increases
P decreases r
(b) p increase V decreases r
(c) U increases T increases q
T TV constant
(d)
as
=
=
= increase
V V2
V2
Vdecreases q
8
3. x1 = 3, x2 = , x 3 = 2 and x4 = r
p
(a) r, (b) s, (c) q, (d) s
U = p T
(b) V T
1
U
r
U
R
p
(c)
p
V
(d) V T
4.
(a)
(b)
(c)
density of water is
maximum of 4C
depends of change in
density of solid and liquid
depends of change in
density of solid and liquid
1
T
r
T
s
s
r
r
18. First Law of Thermodynamics

1. (a) DW = pDV = - 1.7 105 (1.2 - 0.8) J
4
= - 6.8 10 J
(b) DV = 1.1 105 J
DQ = DU + DW = - 17.8 104 J
i.e., 1.78 105 J of heat has flown out of
the gas.
(c) No, it is independent of the type of
the gas.
2. (a) In p - V graph of cyclic process,
clockwise rotation gives positive
work and anticlockwise gives
negative work. And as loop 1 has
greater area than loop 2, that is why
total work done by the system is
positive.
(b) As in cyclic process change in
internal energy is zero, thats why
for positive work done by the
system, heat flows into the system.
(c) In loop 1 work done is positive so,
heat flows into the system and in
loop 2 work done is negative so
heat flows out of the system.
3. As the box is insulated i.e., no heat

exchange takes place with surrounding
and as the gas expands against vacuum
i.e., zero pressure thats why no work
has been done and there is no change in
internal energy. Thus, temperature do
not change, internal energy and gas does
not do any work.
f
3
4. U = nRT = nRT
2
2
2U
2 100
n=
=
3 RT 3 8.314 300
= 0.0267 mole.
5. DQ = ms Dq = 1 387 30 J = 11610 J
m
DV = Vg Dq =
3 a Dq
r
1
=
3 7 10 -6 30
8.92 10 3
= 7.1 10 -8 m - 3
DW = p DV = 1.01 105 7.06 10 - 8
= 7.13 10 - 3 J
DU = DQ - DW = 11609.99 J

1. (a) At constant volume,
DU = 0 DW = 0
DQ = nCV DT
DQ
200
D=
=
= 16.04 K
nCV 1 3 8.314
2
\ Tf = Ti + DT = 300 + 16.04 = 316.04
K
(b) At constant pressure,

DQ
200
DT =
=
= 9.62 K
nC p 1 5 8.314
2
Tf = 300 + 9.62 K = 309.62 K
2. For adiabatic process,
pVg = constant = c (say)
V
V
V
c
\ f p dV = f g dV = c f V - g dV
Vi
Vi V
Vi
49 | First Law of Thermodynamics
=c
V -g +1
-g+1
-g + 1
Vf
=c
Vi
-g + 1
pf Vf Vf
Vf
-g + 1
- Vi
1-g
- g +1
- pi Vig V f
1-g
p f V f - pi Vi pi Vi - p f V f
(Proved)
=
=
1-g
g -1
3. DW AB = + 500 J,DQ AB = + 250 J
DU AB = - 250 J
DW AC = + 700 J, DQ AC = + 300 J
DU AC = - 400 J
(a) Path BC is isochoric process, i.e.,
DWBC = 0
\
DQBC = DUBC = DU AC - DU AB
= - 400 J - ( - 250 J) = - 150 J
(b) DWCDA = DWCD + DWDA
= - 800J + 0 = - 800 J
(Work is negative as volume is
decreasing)
DUCDA = DU AC = - DU AC = 400 J
DQCDA = DWCDA + DUCDA
= - 800 J + 400 J = - 400 J
-2
5
pV 1 10 2 10
4. (a) T =
=
nR
1 8.314
= 240.6 K
5
-3
pDV 2 10 5 10
(b) DW =
=
5
g -1
-1
3
3
10
J
=
2/ 3
5. (a)
p2
p2
p2 1
1
=
2m i 2m f
2 m i m f
(10 10 -3 200) 2
1
1
=
-3
2
2.01
10 10
1
= 2 100 - = 199 J
2
DQ
DQ
(b) DQ = nCV DT DT =
=
m
nCV
CV
M
DK =
M DQ
m 3R
200 199
2010 3 8.314
= 0.8 C
6. DW = DW AB + DWBC + DWCD + DWDA
p
= nRT1 m 1 + p2 ( VC - VBC )
p2
p
+ nRTm 2 + p1 ( V1 - V2 )
p1
p
= nR( T2 - T1 ) ln 2 + p1 V2 - p1 V1
p1
+ p1 V1 - p1 V2
p2
= ( p2 V2 - p1 V1 ) ln
p1
7. DW ABCA = (+)ve DW AB = (+)ve,
DWBC = 0, DWCA = ( -)ve
For BC, DQ = ( -)ve DUBC = ( -)ve and
DWBC = 0
For CA, DU = ( -)ve DQCA = ( -)ve as
DWCA = ( -)ve.
DU
AB
BC
CA
Total
+
0
DW
+
0
+
DQ
+
+
For AB, as DU ABCA = 0 and

DUBC = ( -)ve,
DUCA = ( -) ve
DU AB = ( -) ve
As DQ ABCA = DW ABCA = ( +)ve and
DQBC = ( -)ve
DQCA = ( -)ve DQ AB = ( +)ve
In isobaric process, DW = pDV = nR DT
= 0.2 8.314 (300 - 200) = 166.3 J
1
9. DW = p dV = aV 2 dV = aV 3
3
1
5
= 5 1.01 10 (2 3 - 1 3 )
3
= 1.18 10 6 J
First Law of Thermodynamics

p
1.
p0
5V0
CV
29.39
= 1.4
21.07
1600 = 1 C p 72
C p = 22.22
B
V0
Cp
2. DQ = DU + DW ; DQ = nC p DT
p0/5
g=
CV = C p - R = 13.9 g =
V
DWBB = nRT ln B = 3 R 273 ln 5
VA
= 10959 J
DWBC = 0
DQ = DU + DW
DU = DQ - DW
= 80000 - 10959
= 69041
Tf = 5Ti = 5 273 K = 1365 K
DQ ABC = DQ AB + DQBC
= DWBC + 0 + 0 + DUBC
DQBC
DQBC = nCV DT CV =
nDT
69041
=
= 21.07
3 4 273
Cp
CV
= 1.6
DW = DQ - DU = 1600 - nCV DT
= 1600 - 1 13.9 72
= 1600 - 1000.8 J
= 599.2 J
and DU = nCV DT = 1 13.9 72
= 1001
= 1 kJ
1
3. DW = DpDV
2
1
= 20 1.01 105 1 10 -3
2
= 10 101 = 1010 J
nDW 100 1010 J
\p=
=
Dt
60 s
= 1.68 kW
C p = CV + R = 29.39
AIEEE Corner
Subjectve Questions (Level 1)

1. DU = DQ - DW = 254 J + 73 J
= 327 J
2 DQ
2 200
DQ
2. (a) DT =
=
=
nCV
3 nR 2 1 8.314
= 16 K
Tf = Ti + DT = 316 K
(b) DT =
Tf
2 DQ
2 200
DQ
=
=
nC p 5 nR 5 1 8.314
= 9.6 K
= Ti + DT = 309.6 K
3. DU = nCV DT, in adiabatic process,

DQ = 0 and DU = - DW
| 50
where, DW =
DU
900
=
= 14.43
3
nCV 5 8.314
2
Tf = Ti - DT = 127 C - 14.43 C
= 112.6 C
DT =
1-g
nRDT
for all process.
DU =
g -1
4.
nR DT
DV = 0 DW = 0
5
\ DQ = DU = nCV DT = n R DT
2
5
5
= ( p f V f - pi Vi ) = ( p f - Vi ) V
2
2
5
5
5
= (5 10 - 10 ) 10 10 -3
2
5
= 4 105 10 -2 = 104 J
2
5
5. DQ1 = DU1 = nCV DT = n R (3 Ti - Ti )
2
= 5 nRTi
5
DQ2 = nC p DT = n R (6Ti - 3 Ti )
2
= 7.5 nRTi
12.5 nRTi
12.5 R
DQ
\c =
=
=
= 2.5 R
n DT n (6Ti - Ti )
5
p
1
6. DW AB = 0, DWBC = 0 V0 = p0 V0
2
2
1
= nRT0 = 300 R
2
p
A
p0
p0/5
2V0
1
1
1
1
= rm
= rm
r
1000
999.9
i
f
105 2 0.1
== - 0.02 J
1000 999.9
(work done is negative as volume
decreases)
DQ = ms Dq = 2 4200 4
= 33600 J
DU = DQ - DW = 33600.02 J
m
10. DW = pDV pV f = p
r
5
-3
10 10 10
=
= 1666.67 J
0.6
DQ = msDq + mL
= 10 -2 4200 100 + 10 -2 25
. 10 6
= 4200 J + 25000 J = 29200 J
DU = DQ - DW = 29200 J - 1666.67 J
= 27533.33 J = 2.75 104 J
= 1.013 105 1670 10 -6
= 1.013 167 J = 169.2 J
DQ = mL = 10 -3 2.256 10 6 J
= 2256 J
\ DU = DQ - DW = (2256 - 169.2) J
= 2086.8 J 2087 J
DQ = ( DU + DW ) AB + ( DU + DW ) BC
= DU AB + DUBC + DWBC
= 0 + 300 R
(As TA = TC )
= 2.49 10 3 J = 2.49 kJ
7. DU = DQ - DW = 1200 J - 2100 J
= 900 J
9. DW = rDV = r( V f - Vi )
11. DW = p DV
V0
8. When gas expands it does positive work

on the surrounding and for this purpose
heat has to be supplied into the system.
12.
DW = pDV = - 2.3 105 0.5

= - 1.15 105 J
DU = - 1.4 105 J
DQ = DU + DW
= - (1.4 + 1.15) 105 J

= - 2.55 105 J
Thus, 2.55 105 J of heat flows out of the
system and it is independent of the type
of the gas.
13. In a cyclic process, U = 0 DQ = DW
(a) \Wh = (Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 )
- (W1 + W2 + W3 )
= (5960 - 5585 - 2980 + 3645)
- (2200 - 825 - 1100)
= 1040 - 275 = 765 J
work done
1040
(b) h =
=
= 10.83%
heat supplied 9605
1 1
AB AC = 2 p0 V0
2
2
= p0 V0
2 p0 V0
p V
(b) TC =
and TA = 0 0
nR
nR
p V
DQCA = nC p DT = - nC p 0 0
nR
p0 V0
5
5
= - R
= - p0 V0
2
R
2
3 p0 V0
, DQ AB = nCV DT
TB =
nR
p V
3 3 p V
= n R 0 0 - 0 0
2 nR
nR
3
= 2 p0 V0 = 3 p0 V0
2
(c) DQ AB + DQBC + DQCA = DW
5
= 3 p0 V0 + DQBC - p0 V0 = p0 V0
2
p0 V0
DQBC =
2
(d) Temperature is maximum at a point
D lying somewhere between B and C
where the product pV is maximum.
2 p0
p=+ 5 p0
V0
- 2 p0
pV =
V + 5 p0 V
V
14. (a) DW =
| 52
2 p0 2
V + 5 p0 V
V0
d
For pV = maximum
( pV ) = 0
dV
2p
- 2V 0 + 5 p0 = 0
V0
5V0
V =
4
2 p0 5V0
5
p=
+ 5 p0 = p0
V0
4
2
( pV ) max
\ Tmax =
nR
5
5
p0 V0
25 p0 V0
4
\
p= 2
=
1 R
8R
nRTA 2R 300
15. V A =
=
= 3 10 -3 R
pA
2 105
=-
p
2 atm
1 atm
C
D
V
VB =
VC =
2R 400
2 105
2R 400
105
2R 300
= 4 10 -3 R,
= 8 10 -3 R
= 6 10 -3 R
10
DW = 2 105 ( 4 - 3) 10 -3 R
8
+ 2R 400 ln + 1 105 (6 - 8) 10 -3
4
K
3
+ 2R 300 ln
6
V0 =
\ DW = 200R + 800R ln 2 - 200R

- 600R ln 2
= 2000R ln 2 = 1153 J
As DQ = DW = 1153 J and DU = 0 cyclic
process.
V
1 3V
16. DW = 0 - 0 ( pB - p0 )
2 2
2
V
1 3V
+ 0 - 0 ( p0 - p0 )
2 2
2
1
1
= V0 ( pB - p0 ) + V0 ( p0 - pD )
2
2
1
= V0 ( pB - pD )
2
p V
3 p0
where, pB = p0 + 0 0 =
V0 2
2
p0 V0
p0
and pD = p0
=
V0 2
2
1 3
1
1
\DW = V0 p0 - p0 = p0 V0
2 2
2
2
V 1 3V
V
3V
DW ABC = p0 0 - 0 + 0 - 0
2 2 2
2
2
1 3
( pB - p0 ) = p0 V0 + V0 p0 - p0
2 2
5
= p0 V0
4
DU ABC = nCV ( TC - TA )
3 V0
V
p
p0 0
3 0 2
2 =3 p V
= n R
0 0
2 nR
nR 2
5
11
\DQsupplied = p0 V0 =
p0 V0
4
4
1
p0 V0
2
h= 2
=
= 0.1818 = 18.18%
11
11
p0 V0
4
17. (a) As the cyclic process is clockwise i.e.,
work done is positive, so heat is
absorbed by the system.
(b) In cyclic process work done is equal
to the net heat absorbed (as change
in internal energy is zero) so, work
done in one cycle is 7200 J.
(c) In anticlockwise rotation, work done
is negative and heat is liberated by
the system, and its magnitude is
7200 J.
18. (a) As area under clockwise loop is
more than that at anticlockwise
loop, so network done is positive.
(b) In loop I work done is positive and

in loop II work done is negative.
(c) As network done in one cycle is
positive so heat flows into the
system.
(d) In loop I heat flows into the system
and in loop II heat flows out of the
system.
p V
1.01 105 22.4
19. TA = A A =
nR
10 3 8.314
= 273 K
p V
2 pA VA
TB = B A =
= 2TA
nR
nR
= 546 K = Tc
nRTc nRTc nRTB
Vc =
=
=
pc
pA
pA
2nRTA
=
= 2V A = 44.8 m 3
pA
20. (a) DW = AB BC
= ( 4 - 1.5) 10 -6 ( 4 - 2) 105
= 2.5 0.2 = 0.5 J
(b) DQ = DW as DU = 0 in a cycle
DQ = 0.5 J
1
21. As r
V
r
2
2r0
p
r00
2p
21
p0
2p0
p0
V0/2
V0
V / 2
(a) DW12 = nRT0 ln 0
V0
M
= - p0 V0 ln 2 = - p0
ln 2
r0
V
DW23 = 2 p0 V0 - 0 = p0 V0
2
M
; DW31 = 0
= p0
r0
(b) DQ231 = DQ23 + DQ31
= nCV DT23 + DW23 + nCV DT31
V
2 p0 0
2p V
3
2 + p V
= n R 0 0 0 0
2 nR
nR
2 p0 0
p V
3
2 +
+ n R 0 0 2 nR
nR
3
5
p0 V = p0 V0 + p0 V0 = p0 V0
2
2
\ Heat rejected = DQ231 - DW
5
= p0 V0 - p0 V0 + pV ln 2
0
2
3
= p0 V0 + p0 V0 ln 2
2
p M 3
5
= p0 V0 + ln 2 - 0 - ln 2
p0 2
2
work done
DW
(c) h =
=
heat supplied DQ231
p V - p0 V0 ln 2 2
= 0 0
= (1 - ln 2)
5
3
p0 V0
2
22. DW AB = p0 (3 V0 - 2V0 ) = p0 V0 ;
p
c
p0
a
(200 K)
2V0
b
(300 K)
3V0
| 54
DWBC = 0, DWCA = ?
DQ = DW AB + DWBC + DWCA
- 800 J = P0 V0 + 0 + DWCA
DWCA = - 800 J - p0 V0
1
= - 800 J - nRTA
2
\ DWCA = - 800 J - 200R = - 2463 J
p V - pA VA
23. DW AB = B B
1-g
p
A
C
B
V0
2V0
3
( p A V A - pB VB )
2
T
3
3
= nR( TA - TB ) = nRTB A - 1 ; TV g - 1
2
2
TB
-1
3
2 3
3
= nRTB
- 1 = nRTB (22 / 3 - 1)
2
2
T
V
DWBC = nRTB ln 0
2V0
= -nRTB ln 2 and DWCA = 0

Heat Supplied
3
DQCA = DUCA = nR( TA - TC )
2
3
= nR( TA - TB )
2
T
3
3
= nR TB A - 1 = nRTB (22 / 3 - 1)
2
TD
2
DW
\ h=
DQCA
3
nRTB (22 / 3 - 1) - nRTB ln 2 + 0
2
=
3
nRTB (22 / 3 - 1)
2
h =1 -
ln 2
2
2/ 3
= 1 - 07867
.
= 0 .213
3 2
-1
= 21.3%

1.
3
3
1 RT = RT
2
2
2U
T=
3R
2V0
TD =
= 300 K U0 = 450 R,
3R
4 V0
TA =
= 600 K
3R
2V
DW = DW AB + WCD = nRTA ln 0
V0
V0
+ nRTD ln
= nR( TA - TD ) ln 2
2V0
U = nCV T =
p
2
p
2
2. DW12 = pDV = nRDT

= 2R 300 = 600R
DW23 = ?; DW31 = 0.
As, DQ = DW12 + DW23 + DW31
= - 300 J = 600R + DW23 + 0
DW23 = - 300 J - 600R = - 5288 J
3. nC p DT1 = nCV DT2
4. TV
4
T
k 2
V
2
1
1
R
pV = nR ( T2 - T1 ) = ( T2 - T1 )
2
2
2
7. p V 2 , W = p dV = kV 2 dV
= constant
pV V n - 1 = pV n = constant
ln p + n ln V = ln c
Dp
Dp
DV
=-n
= np = B
p
V
D
V
/V
V
4
5. 2 3 and 4 1 are isobaric.

3 4 is close to isothermal and 1 2 is
isochoric.
1
2
6. W = p dV = kVdV =
7
5
30 = DT2
2
2
DT2 = 42 K
n-1
4
V
= 1 R (600 - 300) ln 2
= 300R ln 2 = DQ
3
T
1
1
kV 3 = pV
3
3
1
= nR ( Tf - Ti ) = ( +) ve
3
Vf
8. DW = - nRT ln
V
i
1
= - nRT ln = nRT ln 2
2
=
9. DU = 600 J - 150 J = 450 J

3
= nCV DT = R nDT
2
600 J 3
DQ
600
=
= R
nDT 450 J 2
450
3
R
2
3
4
= R = 2R
2
3
C=
10. DW1 = ( +) ve, DW2 = 0, DW3 = ( -) ve

and DU1 = DU2 = DU3
as
DQ = DU + DW Q1 > Q2 > Q3
11. U = 2 p0 2V0 - 2 p0 V0 = 2 p0 V0
and DW = p0 (2V0 - V0 ) = p0 V0
\ DQ = DU + DW = 3 p0 V0
12. In adiabatic compression, temperature
of the gas increases and as pV T so,
pV increases.
13. As DW1 < DW2 while DU1 = DU2
DQ1 < DQ2

C1 < C2
C1
<1
C2
14. DW = nR( 4 T - T) +
+ nR (3 T - 5T) +
nR (5T - 4 T)
1-g
nR ( T - 3 T)
1-g
nRT 2nRT
= 3 nRT - 2nRT +
1-g
1-g
nRT
= nRT +
g -1
g
nRT
=
( g - 1 + 1) =
nRT
g -1
g -1
5/ 3
=
1 RT = 2.5RT
5/ 3 - 1
15. Up = constant
3
nM 3 2
T
= nRT
= n MR
2
V
2
V
T V i.e., isobaric process.
3/2
DU
DU
3
=
=
=
DW DQ - DU 5 - 3 2
2 2
CV
C p - CV
16. DW = 50 (0.4 - 0.1) +
| 56
CV
R
1
50 (0.2 - 0.1)
2
= 15 + 2.5 = 27.5 J
DU = 2.5 J
DQ = DU + DW = 20 J
17. W1 =
2 V0
V0
pdV = p(2V0 - V0 ) = pV0
1
kV 2
2
1
3
3
= k ( 4 V02 - V02 ) = kV02 = PV0
2
2
2
W1 < W2
W2 =
2 V0
V0
kVdV =
18. DW = p r1 r2 = p ab
r - r1 ( p2 - p1 )
=p 2
2
2
p
= ( p2 - p1 ) ( V2 - V1 )
4
nRT
dx
19. W = PdV =
dV = nRT
V -b
x
x=V -b
dx = dV
2V
= nRT ln x = nRT ln ( V - b)
V
= nRT [ln (2V - b) - ln ( V - b)]
2V - b
2V - b
= nRT ln
= RT ln
V - b
V - b
as n = 1 mole
20. AB is isochoric process, so, DW AB = 0
BC is isothermal process, so,
V
V
DWBC = nRT2 ln 2 = RT2 ln 2
V1
V1
CA is close to isobaric process, so,

DWCA = nRT = nR ( T1 - T2 )
= R ( T1 - T2 )
21. DQ = DU + DW = - DQ + DW
DW = 2 DQ
DU = nCV DT = n
f
n
RD T =
RDT;
2
g -1
g=
f +2
f
2
f =
g -1
=1 +
2
f
positive. Looking at the graph, area can

be assumed to be equal so,
WDEF = - W ABC .
DW = p dV = 2 DQ 2 nRDT
2n
RD T
g -1
nRDT
for polytropic
1-g
1-a
process with pV a = constant
1-g
2
1
\
=
1 - a =
1-g 1-a
2
1 g
1- + =a
2 2
1+ g
1
or
a= +g=
2
2
\
pV a = constant
=
1+ g
2
= constant
22. DW AB = 0, DU AB = 600 J
p
8 atm
3atm
2104
5104
DWadiabatic
= 0.693 pV
p f 2V - pi V
=
1-g
r
V
pi
2V - pi V
pV (21 - r - 1)
2V
=
=
1-g
1-r
1 - 21 - r
= pV
r -1
1 - 4 -1/ 3
= pV
2/3
= 0.55 pV
So, work done is minimum in adiabatic
process.
-1
g -1
2
DWisobaric = pDV = p(2V - V ) = pV

2V
DWisothermal = nRT ln
= pV ln 2
V
= TV a - 1 = TV
= TV
24.
DWBC = 8 105 (5 - 2) 10 -4 = 240 J

DUBC = QBC - WBC = 200 - 240
= - 40 J
DU = DU AB + DUBC + DUCA = 0 in cyclic
process.
\ DUCA = - DU AB - DUBC
= - 600 J + 40 J = - 560 J
23. Starting and ending points along x-axis
in graph are not clear, so nothing can be
said about the magnitude of work.
It can only be said that work done in
ABC is negative and that in DEF is
25. DQ = DU + DW
7
5
RT0 = 10 RDT + 10RDT = 35RDT
2
2
T0 = 100T = 10 ( T - T0 )
11 T0 = 10 T
T = 1.1 T0
pV0
pV
=
RT0
R 1.1 T0
11
V =
V0 = 1.1 V0
10
26. DW = (3 p0 - p0 )(2V0 - V0 ) = 2 p0 V0
p V
3 3 p V
DQsupplied = n R 0 0 - 0 0
2 nR
nR
5 3 p0 2V0 3 p0 V0
+ n R
2
nR
nR
2p V
3p V
3
5
= nR 0 0 + nR 0 0
2
nR
2
nR
15
21
= 3 p0 V0 +
p0 V0 =
p0 V0
2
2
2 p0 V0
DW
4
h=
=
=
21
Dr
p0 V0 21
2
| 58
27. DW12 < DW13 can be seen from area

under the curve, while DV1 = DV2
DQ12 < DQ13
Q2 < Q1 or Q1 > Q2
28. DWCA = p0 ( V0 - 2V0 ) = - p0 V0
3
and
DUCA = - p0 V0
2
5
DQCA = - p0 V0
2
29. DQ AB = 200 kJ = nCV DT;
p
C
A
V
800 T ln VB = 9 104 J
225
T ln VD =
2
DW ABCD = DW AB + DWBC
+ DWCD + DWDA
VB pC pC - pB pB
+
= nRT ln
1-g
VA
+ pC ( VD - VC ) + 0
5
10
nRT
B
= 9 104 +
+ 105 (2 - 1)
5
13
3
4
5
= 19 10 - (10 - 800 TB )
2
4
= 4 10 + 1200 TB
2.4 105 1
= 4 104 + 1200
100 8
DUBC = - 100 kJ and DWBC = - 50 kJ

DW AB = 0 DU AB = 200 kJ, DQCA = 0
= 4 105 J
DU ABC = DU AB + DUBC + DUCA = 0
p V - pB VB
or 200 kJ - 100 kJ + DUCA = 0
31. DW = DW AB + C C
+ DWCD
1-g
DUCA = - 100 kJ
DQ AB + DQBC + DQCA
103N/m2
= 200 kJ + ( - 100 kJ - 50 kJ) + 0
A
2.4
= 50 kJ
B
DW AB + DWBC + DWCA
= 0 + 200 kJ + DWCA
C
1
D
= DQ ABC = 50 kJ
\ DWCA = - 150 kJ
m3
1
2
20 10 -3 20 10 3
30. DQ = DW = p ab = p
2
2
2 105 - 9 104
p
= 9 104 +
- 1 105
1 - 5/ 3
2.4
= 102A p J
3
B
= 9 104 + 11 104 - 10 104
VB
2
4
31. DW AB = nRT ln
= Q AB = 9 10 J
33
1
=
- 1 104 = 15.5 104
C
2
1
D
1
32. DW = p dV = kVdV = kV 2
2
V
1
1
1
1
pV = nRT0 = RT0
2
2
2
3
DU = nCV DT = 1 RT0
2
3 1
DQ = + RT0 = 2RT0
2 2
37. h = 1 -
pV
p2 V
=
nR
nR
2
p V = constant
33. pT = constant = p
A
B
V
p 2
\
p20 V0 = 0 V V = 4 V0
2
p0
4 V0
p V
T= 2
= 2 0 0 = 2T0
nR
nR
3
\ DU = nCV DT = 2 R (2T0 - T0 )
2
p0 V0 3
= 3R
= p0 V0
2R
2
V
35. DWBC = nRT0 ln C
VB
p
V
= nRT0 ln B = 2 nRT0 ln B
p
C
VA
p
= 2nRT0 ln A
pB
2
p
p
\ ln B = ln 0 = ln 4
p0 / 2
pC
38. As the volume is adiabatically

decreased, temperature of the gas
increases and as the time elapsed,
temperature normalizes i.e., decreases
and so pressure also decreases.
39. As the compression is quick , the process
is adiabatic while leads to heating of the
gas.
Tsink
300
=1 Tsource
600
1
= 1 - = 0.5 = 50%
2
pB = 4 pC
p
p
pC = B = 0
4
8
36. As, DWa > DWb DW1 > DW2

while, DU1 = D U2 DQ1 > DQ2
40. pV g = constant
nRT g
=
V = nRTV g - 1
V
TV g - 1 = constant
T1 V2
=
T2 V1
g -1
L
= 2
L1
ngT
41. pV g = constant = p
-1
L
= 2
L1
p1 - g T g = constant
pg - 1 T g
g
g -1
pT
7/5 7
g
As
=
= for diatom gases.
7
g -1
-1 2
5
3.5
\ p T a = 3.5
nRDT
42. pV x = constant , DW =
,
1-x
5
D U = n RD T
2
nRDT 5
+ nRDT
1-x
2
DQ
C=
=
nDT
nDT
5
R
= R+
<0
2
1-x
5
R
2
R<
x -1 <
2
x -1
5
7
x < 1.4 but x > 1 as for x < 1,
5
C will become positive.
\ 1 < x < 1.4
n1CV + n2 CV
13
1
2
43. CV =
=
R
n1 + n2
6
5
5
2 R + 4 R
2
2 = 15 R
(a)
2+ 4
6
5
3
2 R + 4 R
2
2 = 11 R
(b)
2+ 4
6
3
5
2 R + 4 R
2
2 = 13 R and
(c)
2+ 4
6
6
3
2 R + 4 R
2
2 = 12 R
(d)
2+ 4
6
3
R ( TC - TB )
2
p V
3 p V
= n R C - B
2 nR
nR
3 1
2
= p A - p A V
2 3
3
x<
=n
1
1 3
3
p A V = - pB V = - nRTB
2
2 2
4
3
25
= - 1
850 = - 5312.5 J
4
3
=-
49. DW AB = ( +) ve, TA = TB
p
p0
46. pV
nRT
= constant = p
T p
5/ 3 - 1
5/ 3
T p
\
TB
TA
2 /5
p
= B
pA
2 /5
T p
2p
= c
3 pc
2 /5
\ TB = 0.85TA = 850 K
25
1
150
nRT
3
47. DW AB =
=
5
1-g
-1
3
= 75 25 J = 1875 J
48. DWBC = 0, DQBC = DUBC
p0
3
V + p0
2V0
2
p0
nRT
3
=V + p0
V
2V0
2
p0
3 p0
2
T =V +
V0
2nRV0
2nR
p=-
y = ax2 + bx is parabola .
p nRT 3
Again, p =
+ p0
2V0
p
2
g -1
2V0
p1 - g T g = constant
V0
or
p0/2
Passage 44 & 45
pV
1
44. DW ABCA = p V =
= DQnet
2
2
45. CA isobaric and BC isochoric,
Cp
5
\
=g=
Cv
3
| 60
= 0.85
is also equation of parabola.

While going from A to B temperature
first increases ad than decreases.
50. pV 2 = constant
k
1
dV = k -
2
V
V
f
= - pV i = pi Vi - p f V f
= nR( Ti - Tf ) = - nR ( Tf - Ti ) = ( -) ve
as Tf > Ti
as Ti < Tf Ui < U f
DU = ( +) ve
DW = p dV =
3
RT0 + 4 RT0 ln 2
2
= 3 RT0 + 4 RT0 ln 2
DQ = nCV DT - nRDT = n(CV - R) DT

= ( +) ve as CV > R
i.e., heat is given to the system.
=2
52. ab isochoric, bc isobaric and
51. In cyclic process, DU = 0
ca isothermal.
p
2T0
c
b
a
T0
a
V0
2V
DW = 0 + nR2T0 ln 0
V0
2V0
V
+ 0 + nRT0 ln 0
2V0
= 2nRT0 ln 2 - nRT0 ln 2
= nRT0 ln 2 = ( +) ve
i.e., DW > 0
DQsupplied = DUab + DWbc
= nCV (2T0
DWab = 0, DUca = 0
as in ca density is increasing, so
volume is decreasing i.e.,
DWca = ( -) ve, i.e., DWca < 0
in isochoric process DQab is positive for
increase in temperature.
53. In isochoric process DW = 0.
2V
- T0 ) + nR 2T0 ln 0
V0
and in adiabatic process

DQ = 0 Q3 to be minimum
Q2 > Q1 > Q3
JEE Corner
Assertion & Reasons

1. In adiabatic expression, DW = ( +) ve
depends on the path through which the

gas was taken from initial to find state.
while DQ = 0 and as according to first law

of thermodynamics,
DQ = DU + DW DU = - DW
3. Assertion is false, as first law can be

applied for both real and ideal gases.
i.e., DU = ( -) ve this implies decrease in

temperature. So, Assertion and reason
are both true but not correct
explanation.
4. During melting of ice its volume

decreases, so work done by it is negative
and that by atmosphere is positive. So,
reason is true explanation of assertion.
2. Assertion is false, as work done is a path

function and not a state function i.e., it
5. As DQ = DU + DW DU = DQ - DW ,
where DU is state function while DQ and
DW are path function as for definite
initial and final state DU is constant and

so is Q - W . Thus assertion and reason
are both true
but not correct
explanation.
6. Carnots engine is ideal heat engine with
maximum efficiency but it is not also
100%. So assertion and reason are both
true but not correct explanation.
pV
p2 V
7. pT = constant = p
=
R
nR
p2 V = constant
dV
V 1/ 2
\ DW = p dV = k
= k
1/ 2
V
2
= 2 k V = 2 kV = 2 p / V
= 2 pV = 2nR ( Tf - Ti ) = 2nRT DT
\ DW = ( +) ve for DT = ( +) ve
nRT
and
T = constant.
V
| 62
T2 V
or,
V T2
Thus assertion is true but reason is
false.
8. In adiabatic changes for free expansion,
Q = 0, W = 0 and DU = 0
as in free expansion no work is done
against any force.
For ideal gases pV = constant as DU = 0
T = constant So, assertion and reason
are both true but not correct
explanation.
9. Assertion and reason are both true and
correct explanation.
10. Assertion and reason are both true and
Match the Columns

1. (a) DW = p dV = pV = nR ( Tf - Ti )
= nRT = 2RT r
(b) DU = nCV T = 2
3
R (2T - t)
2
= 3RT p
nR (2T - T)
3
(c) DW =
= - 2RT
1 - 5/ 3
2
= - 3RT s
(d)DU = nCV DT = 3 RT p
2. (a) In ab slope is more so, pressure is less
nR
as V =
T, but is constant and in
p
isobaric process. DW = pDV = nRDT and
as DT is same in both process so, DW is
same for both r
(b) As DU = - nCV DT is same for both
process r
(c) As DQ = DU + DW , it is also same for
both process s
(d) Nothing can be said about molar

heat capacity s
3. (a) DW = pdV
=
k
dV
dV = k
V
V
= 2 kV = 2 pV = 2nRDT p
3
(b) DU = nCV DT = nRDT s
2
3
(c) DQ = 2nRDT + nRDT
2
7
= nRDT s
2
(d) s
4. (a) DW = pDV = nRDT and DU = nCV DT
DW < DU q
(b) DW = 0 DQ = DU ,DU = ( -) ve p, r
(c) DW = ( +) ve, DU = ( -) ve, DQ = 0 p
(d) DW = ( +) ve, DU = 0, DQ = ( +) ve p
1
5. (a) DW AB = p0 V0 + p0 V0
2
3
p0 V0 s
2
(b) DU AB = DQ - DW
3
9
= + 6 p0 V0 - p0 V0 = + p0 V0 s
2
2
(c) DQ = + 6 p0 V0
p V
4 p0 V0
= nC
- 0 0
nR
nR
3 p0 V0
=
C
R
C = 2R p
(d) DU
p V
4 p0 V0
= nCV
- 0 0
nR
nR
p V
9
= 3CV 0 0 = p0 V0
R
2
3
CV = R s
2
19. Calorimetry and Heat

Tansfer
Introductory Exercise 19.1.
1.
140 g
140 g
ice Q1
15C
ice
0C
Q2
mg
200 g
water
0C
water
0C
Q3
200 g
water
40C
or
As Heat gain = Heat loss

Q1 + Q2 = Q3
140 0.53 15 + m 80
= 200 1 40
8000 - 1113
m =
= 86 g is the mass of
80
ice melt
\ Mass of water
= 200 g + 86 g = 286 g
and mass of ice
= 140 g - 86 g = 54 g
while final temperature of mixture is
0C.
2.
16C
A
12C
23C
B
19C
C
28C
0C
ms A (16 - 12) = ms B (19 - 16)
4s A = 3sB
or
or
ms B (23 - 19) = ms C (28 - 23)

4sB = 5 sC
4
ms A ( q - 12) = ms (28 - q)
5
3
4
s B ( q - 12) = s B (28 - q)
4
5
15 ( q - 12) = 16 (28 - q)
31q = 448 + 180
q = 20.26 C
3. mL = msDq
80 cal = 1 cal/ C (q - 0 C)
q = 80 C
4. As Heat gain = Heat loss
(100 - m) 529 = m 80
\
100 529 = 609 m
100 529
m =
g = 86.86 g of ice will
609
be formed.
dq d
dm
5. P =
=
( msDq) =
sDq
dt dt
dt
dm
P
=
dt
sDq
500 10 6 J/s
dm
\
=
dt
4200 J/ kg C 10 C
5
=
104 kg/s = 12
. 104 kg/s
4.2
65 | Calorimetry and Heat Tansfer
Introductory Excersise 19.2

242
= - 8.07 C
30
dQ 0.01 1 (19 + 8.1)
=
dt
3.5 10 -2
1. Rest of the liquid will be heated due to

conduction and not convection.
2
dQ k 4 pr ( - dq)
2.
=
dt
dr
= 7.74 W/m 2
0.44 kg
dQ dm
5.
=
L=
2.256 10 6 J/kg
dt
dt
300 s
r+dr
or q = -
= 3308.8 J/s
kA q 50.2 0.15 ( q - 100)
=
=
t
1.2 10 -2
dQ dr
= - 4pk dq
dt r2
T
dQ b dr
or
= - 4 pk 2 dq
2
T1
dt a r
dQ 1 1
or
- = - 4 pk ( T2 - T1 )
dt a b
T - T2
dQ 4 pk ( T1 - T2 )
=
= 4 pkab 1
1 1
dt
b-a
a b
dQ kADq
3.
=
dt
t
dQ
t
k=
dt ADq
m
\ Unit of k = watt 2
= W/m - K
m -k
K 1 A D q1 K 2 A D q2
4.
=
l1
l2
\
19C
= 627.5 ( q - 100)
3308.8
q - 100 =
= 5.27
627.5
q = 105.27 C
dQ kA [0 - ( - q)] dm
6.
=
=
L
dt
y
dt
dy
10C
0.01
0.08
3.5 cm
001
. (19 - q)
3.5
2 cm
0.08 ( q + 10)
2
or 2 (19 - q) = 28 ( q + 10)
or 38 - 280 = 30q
dy
dV
L = rA
L
dt
dt
dy
kAq
= rAL
y
dt
dy
kq
(Proved)
=
dt Lry
=r
dQ
= esAT 4
dt
= 4 5.67 10 -8 4 p ( 4 10 -2 ) 2
(3000) 4
2
4
= 0. 4 4 p 5.67 4 3 J/s
= 3.7 104 watt
dQ
Dq
Dq K
8.
=
Rth =
=
= KW -1
dq W
dt Rth
dt
7.
Calorimetry and Heat Tansfer
| 66
AIEEE Corner
Subjective Questions (Level-1)

Q3
Q2
Q1
1. ice Water Water steam

0 C
0 C
100 C
100 C
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = mL f + msDq + mLv
= 10 [80 + 1 100 + 540]
= 10 720 cal = 7200 cal
2. 10 g of water at 40C do not have
sufficient heat energy to melt 15 g of ice
at 0C , so there will be a mixture of
ice-water at 0C. Let the mass of ice left
is mg.
\ (15 - m) 80 = 10 1 40
15 - m = 5 m = 10 g
\Mass of ice = 10 g
and mass of water = (10 + 5) g = 15 g
3. 4 s P (60 - 55) = 1 s R (55 - 50)
4s P = s R
1 s P (60 - 55) = 1 s Q (55 - 50)
sP = s Q
1 s Q (60 - q) = 1 s R ( q - 50)
or s P (60 - q) = 4 s P ( q - 50)
260
260 = 5q q =
= 52 C
5
3
dQ m 336 10 J/ kg
4.
=
dt
4 60 s
T
1
5. Q =
2
v=
\ v=
=
=
6. h mg Dh = msDq
hgDh 0.4 10 0.5
1
\ Dq =
=
=
C
s
800
400
= 2.5 10 -3 C
K 1 A ( q - 0) K 2 A(100 - q)
7.
=
l
l
( K 1 + K 2 ) q = 100 K 2
100 K 2
100 46
\ q=
=
= 1055
. C
K 1 + K 2 390 46
8. iCD = i AC - iCB
KA( q - 25) KA(100 - q) KA( q - 0)
=
l
l /2
l /2
or
or
q - 25 = 2 (100 - q) - 2q
5q = 225 q = 45 C
45 - 25
Dq
iCD =
=
=4W
Rth
5
9. i A = iC + iD
KA ( T1 - q)
l
qC
0C
= 1400 J/ kg
= 1400 mW/ kg
m sDq m 4200 ( q - 0) c
=
=
t
2 60 s
1400 2 60
\
=q
4200
q = 40 C
1
mv2 = ms Dq + mL
2
4 ( sDq + L)
4 (125 300 + 25
. 104 )
4 (3.75 + 2.5) 104
4 6.25 104 = 500 m /s
KA( q - T3 )
KA( q - T2 )
3l /2
3l /2
2
2
T1 - q = ( q - T3 ) + ( q - T2 )
3
3
2
4
or T1 + ( T2 + T3 ) = q 1 +
3
3
2
T1 + ( T2 + T3 )
3
q=
7/3
3 T + 2 ( T2 + T3 )
= 1
7
KA(200 - q1 ) 2 KA( q1 - q2 )
10.
=
l
l
3 KA( q2 - 100)
(60 - 30)
6
t
45
60 + 30
- 20 t = 9 min
l
\ 200 - q1 = 2 ( q1 - q2 ) = 3 ( q2 - 100)
3 q1 - 2q2 = 200
q1 + 3 q2 = 500
q1 =
11. 25 =
-11q2 = - 1300
1300
q2 =
= 118.2 C
11
1/2
+
Objective Questions (Level-1)

1.
1
[200 + 2q2 ] = 145.45 C
3
400 10 -4 ( q - 100)
400 10 -4 ( q - 0)
1/ 2
S
1/2 m
3 KA(35 - q)
10
KA( q - 0)
20
6 (35 - q) = q
6 35
q=
= 30 C
7
\
Dq A = 35 - 30 = 5 C
TS
l N 350
2.
=
=
= 0.69
TN
l S 510
According to Wiens law
1 K 4 A Dq
25 W
100C
0C
1/2 m
25 = 8 10 -2 [ q - 100 + q]
or
312.5 = 2q - 100
412.5
q=
= 206.25
2
\ Dq1 = 106.25 and Dq2 = 206.25
Dq1 106.25 C
\
=
= 212.5 C/m
Dl
1/ 2 m
Dq2 206.25 C
and
=
= 412.5 C/m
Dl
1/ 2 m
dQ
12.
= esAT 4 = 0.6 5.67 10 -8
dt
2 (0.1) 2 (1073) 4
= 0.6 5.67 (10.73) 4 10 -2 2
= 902 W
dQ
= esAT 4 and dQ = sAT 4
13.
dt 1
dt 2
( dQ/ dt) 1 210
e=
=
= 0.3
( dQ/ dt) 2 700
(80 - 50) c 80 + 50
14.
=
- 20 c
5
2
6
K =
;
45
dQ
3.
dt 2
dQ = 4
dt 1
l /2
KD q
l
=2
dm
dm = 0.2 g/s

=2
dt 2
dt 1
dQ 4 pK ( q - 0) 4 p K (100 - q)
4.
=
=
2a - a
3 a - 2a
dt
a 2a
3 a 2a
2q = 6 (100 - q)
6
q = 100 = 75 C
8
K 1 A( T2 - T1 ) K 2 A( T3 - T2 )
5.
=
d
3d
1
K 1 ( T2 - T1 ) = K 2 ( T3 - T2 )
3
1
K1 = K2 K1 : K2 = 1 : 3
3
dQ dQ
2 K 2 A Dq KA Dq = 2
6.

=
l
2l
dt 2 dt 1
dQ
dQ = 8 cal/s

=2
dt 2
dt 1
q, q, + dq
7.
0C
dx
x
dQ K Adq K 0 (1 + ax) A d q
=
=
dt
dx
dx
l
K 0 A 100
dx
\
=
dq
0 1 + ax
P 0
P=
102 10 -4
1
ln (1 + ax) |l0 =
q |100
=1
0
a
1
ln (1 + al) - ln 1 = 1
ln (1 + al) - ln 1 = 1
ln (1 + al) = 1
or 1 + al = e1
1
or l = ( e - 1) = e - 1 = 1.7 m
a
l2
T1 2
2
8.
=
= l2 = l m
l1 T2 3
3
9. Heat required to boil 1 g of ice is 180 cal
while 1 g of steam can release 540 cal
during condenstion. So, temperture of
the mixture will be 100C with 2/3 g
steam and 4.3 g water.
10. T1 < T2 < T3 as temperature of a body
decreases in rate of cooling also
decreases such that time increases for
equal temperature difference.
11. Conduction is maximum for which
thermal resistance is minimum, as
l
Rth 2 then for
r
(a) 50 (b) 25 (c) 100 (d) 33.33,
So option b has minimum resistance.
12. Slope of temperature versus heat graph
gives increase of specific heat or heat
capacity and the portion DE is the
gaseous state.
13. dQ = m sdt = maT 3 dT
Q a 42 a
15a
= T |1 = (16 - 1) =
m 4
4
4
14. Resistance becomes 1/4th in parallel of
that in series, so times taken will also
become 1/4th ie, 12/4 = 3 min.
15. ms1 12 = ms2 8 s1 : s2 = 2 : 3
16.
KA( T - Tc )
2l
| 68
KA( Tc - 2 T)
l
T
T
+ 2T = Tc + c
2
2
1+ 2
3
T=
Tc
2
2
3
Tc =
T
1+ 2
17. P = (1000 - 160) W = 840 W

2 4200 50
=
t
42 104
\ t=
= 500 s = 8 min 20 s
840
dQ KA( T2 - T) 2 KA( T - T1 )
18.
=
=
dt
x
4x
1
1
T2 - T = T - T1
2
2
1
3
T2 + T1 = T
2
2
2
1
1
T = T2 + T1 = (2T2 + T1 )
3
2
3
dQ KA
1
\
=
T2 - (2T2 + T1 )
dt
x
3
KA
1
=
[3 T2 - 2T2 - T1 ]
x
3
KA
1
=
( T2 - T1 )
x
3
1
f =
3
1
19. Dq
K
Dq A
K
1
= B =
Dq B
KA 2
1
Dq A = Dq B = 18 C
2
More than One Correct Options
20. Amount of heat radiated or absorbed

depends upon. Surface type, surface
area,
surface
temperature
and
temperature of surrounding, so (a) and
(b) are correct.
21.
KA( 40 - q)
l
or
So,
KA( q - 30)
KA( q - 20)
l
40 - q = 2q - 50
3 q = 90
q = 30 C
(b) and (d) are correct.
22. m s (2q - q 0 ) = m 2s ( q 0 - q)
4
4q = 3q 0 q 0 = q
3
c1 : c2 = m1 : s2 = s1 : s2 = 1 : 2
So, (b) and (c) are correct.

23. In series rate of R = R1 + R2
qq
1 1
1
=
+
q= 1 2
q q1 q2
q1 + q2
1
1
1
In parallel
=
+
R R1 R2
1
q = q1 + q2 as q
R
So, (b) and (c) are correct.
24. (a), (c) and (d) are correct.
JEE Corner

1. Assertion is false.
2. According to Wiens law assertion and
reason are correct.
2 -2
(c) e = E = [ML T ] = [MT -3 ]
At
[L2 T]
q
(d) Rth = dq =
dQ/ dt [ML2 T -2 T -1 ]
3. Assertion and reason are true but not

4. Assertion is true but reason is false as
resistance becomes 1/4th.
5. Assertion and reason are both false.
6. Assertion is false as this statement was
not given by Newton.
7. Assertion and reason are both true with
8. Both are true
explanation.
but
not
correct
9. Assertion is false as temperature at

different points become different.
10. As mass of follow sphere is less so
cooling will be faster. So, both are true
with correct explanation.
Match the Columns
1.
2 -2 -1
(a) s = ( dQ/ dt) = ML T T
AT4
L2 q4
-3 -4
= [MT q ]
(b) b = lT = Lq
r
s
= [M-1L-2 T 3q]
2.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
3.
Slope of line ab
Length of line bc m
Solid + liquid bc
Only liquid cd
KA (100 - q b )
l
=
=
s
r
s
q
KA ( q b - q d )
l
KA ( q d + 80)
l
\ 100 - q b = q b - q d and
100 - q b = q d + 80
q - 2q b = - 100
\ d
-3 q b = - 120
q d + q b = 20
q b = 40 C q d = - 20 C
40 - 20
qc = q f =
= 10 C
2
\ (a) q, (b) p, (c) p, (d) r
4. (a) ms ( q1 - q) = 2ms (2q - q1 )

5
3 q1 = 5q q1 = q q
3
(b) ms ( q2 - q) = 3 ms (3 q - q2 )
5
4 q2 = 10 q q2 = q p
2
(c) 2ms ( q 3 - 2q) = 3 ms (3 q - q 3 )
13
5q 3 = 13 q q 3 =
qs
2
(d) ms ( q4 - q) + 2ms ( q4 - 2q)
= 3 ms(3 q - q4 )
7
6q4 = 14 q q4 = q r
3
5.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
1 dQ
J
=
m dq kg C
dQ
c = ms = m
= J/C
mdq
dQ
i=
= J/s
dt
E
L=
= J/kg
m
s=
q
s
r
s
| 70

Waves Thermodynamics

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Solutions

Waves & Thermodynamics

14. Wave Motion

2. y ( x, t) = ae - (bx - et) = ae - ( kx - wt)

given pulse, where,

Introductory Exercise 14.2

2 | Waves & Motion

= 0.05 sin (60 pt - 5px)

Introductory Exercise 14.3

Introductory Exercise 14.4

Waves & Motion

Subjective Questions (Level 1)

A = 6.50 mm, l = 28.0 cm,

3. y = 3 cm sin (3.14 cm -1 x - 314 s -1 t)

4 | Waves & Motion

v p (5.0 cm, 0.01 s) = -

cos p = - cos 0.8 p

= 0.06 m sin (78.5 m -1 x - 23561.9 s -1 t)

Waves & Motion

13. (a) dm w2 R = 2T sin dq

6 | Waves & Motion

20. P = 2p2 v2 a2 rvA = 2p2 v2 a2 mv ; v =

Objective Questions (Level 1)

= 5p rad/s, A = 0.04 m and

6. y = 0.02 sin ( x + 30t) = A sin ( kx + wt)

T = m v = 1.3 10 900 = 0.117 N

Waves & Motion

sin (200pt - 2px) = 0

sin (200pt - 2px) = 1

15. w = 10p and k = 01

8 | Waves & Motion

Assertion and Reason

If P is moving downword then it shows

Waves & Motion

Match the Columns

a(0, t) = - 4 p2 cm /s2 sin pt

15. Superposition of Waves

When displacement of all the particles is

3. (a) For fixed end, a phase change of p

(b) For free end, there is no change in

Introductory Exercise 15.2

= - 200 p sin sin ( 45 p)

nn 0 = 250 Hz and ( n + 1)n 0 = 300 Hz

Subjective Question (Level 1)

A12 + A12 + 2 A1 A1 cos 90

A = 102 + 202 + 2 10 20 cos

= 100 + 400 + 200 = 700 = 10 7

y1 ( 4.5, 5 10 -3 ) = 1 cm sin 4.5 p

1cm 1cm 1cm

(a) For same shape, time,

1cm 1cm 1cm

7. y = 1.5 sin (0.4 x) cos (200t)

8. y = y1 + y2 = 3 cm sin ( px + 0.6 pt)

13. nn 0 = 420 Hz and ( n + 1) n 0 = 490 Hz

(b) 2A = 5.60 cm A = 2.80 cm

Thus length of the vibrating string has

21. (a) v = nl = n 0 2 l = 60 2 0.8

20. y = 5.60 cm sin (0.340 rad/cm x)

Objective Questions (Level 1)

4. During overlapping the

7. In stationary wave all particles errors

= 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 150 Hz

17. R = 2 A sin Kx = 4 mm sin