Professional Documents
Culture Documents
What is Fatigue?
The ASTM definition.....
The process of progressive localized permanent structural change
occurring in material subjected to conditions which produce fluctuating
stresses and strains at some point or points and which may culminate in
crack or complete fracture after a sufficient number of fluctuations.
Translation:
Cyclic damage leading to local cracking or fracture.
Basic Engineering
Properties
Strength,
Creep
1960s - 1970s
Late 1970s
Crack Growth
8
8
Component
Safety inspection
Inspection size
retirement
Crack Growth
interval
requirement
From Metal Fatigue in Engineering, H.O. Fuchs and R.I. Stephens, John Wiley &
Sons, NY, 1980
Specimen
S/N Plot
Basic Cycle
Terms to Remember
Alternating Stress Amplitude:
Mean Stress:
max min
2
max min
2
min
max
Stress Ratio:
Stress Range:
max min
8Soderberg
8Goodman
8Gerber
(USA, 1930)
Se
(England, 1899)
(Germany, 1874)
Se
Sy
Su
2
m 1
Se Su
used
8Actual
8This
8P&W
8Assuming
Description
Kt
Concentration
Elastic Stress
Kf
Factor (KfKt)
Fatigue Notch
Material constant
Notch radius
Notch sensitivity
Kf 1
Kt 1
Kt 1
1 / r
1
1 / r
Where:
Se(notched)=Se(unnotched) / Kf
8In
Pit
8Ferris
Wheel
Strain Range
Stress Range
Mean Stress
m = 0.5*(max + min)
Inelastic Strain
ei , ep
Temperature
Elastic Modulus,
Stress Ratio,
ee
(monotonic) or
(cyclic)
e e
min
R
max
where
Max. Stress,
max mean
Min. Stress,
min mean
e tot e e e p
Where
e tot
n '
e p 2
2K '
and
E
2 K '
1
n'
8Initiation
8The
to detectable crack.
8The
8Microscopic
8Highly
statistical in nature.
approach by J. Morrow:
e t 3.4
8Alternative approach
Topper (1970):
max e a E f 2 N
2
2b
f e f E 2 N
b c
calculated
calculated
Strain Range,
E max
E min
Where:
Kmax & Kmin are temp. correction factors on strain at max and min
stress points
K vs. T is derived from LCF tests at various temperatures
Kt is the geometric stress concentration factor
max & min are the nominal max and min stresses
Emax & Emin are elastic moduli at the max and min stress points
method
8Neuber Rule
8Glinka Method
ni
Ni
Where:
Ni is life capability for stress excursion I
ni is the actual number of occurrences of excursion I
8The basic assumption is that fatigue damage is cumulative
3.5E+07
Constant 1
3.0E+07
Constant 2
Parameter
2.5E+07
Constant 3
2.0E+07
1.5E+07
1.0E+07
5.0E+06
0.0E+00
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Temperature (F)
ANSYS analysis of
constitutive specimen
specimen correlation
specimen prediction
component analysis
Relevant Topics:
8 Crystal Structure
8 Deformation Mechanisms
8 Crack Initiation .. Sequence of Events
8 Visual Aspects - Fractography
Cubic Arrangement
Hexagonal Close-Packed
Structure
Zn, Mg, Be, a-Ti, etc.
Pure metals are easily deformed. Several methods are used to inhibit
deformation...
Dispersion strengthening
8 Solid solution strengthening
8 Precipitation hardening
8 Microstructure control (grain size and morphology, precipitate
control, etc.)
Grain Boundaries Illustrated: Notice the vacancies and excess atoms at boundaries...
From Metal Fatigue in Engineering, H.O. Fuchs and R.I. Stephens, John Wiley
& Sons, NY, 1980
1220
379
Titanium
3035
1288
Nickel
2647
1094
Iron
2798
1170
Cobalt
2723
1132
32
-213
Ice
or from both
Stage II
2.
3.
Final Fracture
Fatigue Area
Creep/Stress Rupture
Usually long term event, large deformation,
intergranular, elevated temperature
High Cycle Fatigue
transgranular
Cyclic Behavior Must be Modeled: After Tensile yield, there are two models
which describe compressive behavior ...
Isotropic
From Metal Fatigue in Engineering, H.O. Fuchs and R.I. Stephens, John Wiley &
Sons, NY, 1980
Summary:
Simple deformation models can be used to consolidate data and predict loca
stresses and strains.
8