Appendix

Important
Relations and
Results
PL
AE
2. Temperature stress in bar, s = a t E = a t s/e
3. Net strain in the direction of s1, e1 = s1/E s2/E s3/E
1. Elongation of a bar, =

4. Relation between elastic constants, E = 2G(1 + ) = 3K(1 2 ) =

9KG
3K + G

5. Normal stress on an inclined plane = s cos2 u

6. Shear stress on an inclined plane =
7. Strain energy stored in a bar =

1
s
2

sin 2q

P2L s 2
1
=
3 volume = 3 stress 3 strain 3 volume
2 AE 2 E
2

t2
2G
9. Maximum bending moments in standard cases:
In a cantilever with a point load at free end = Wl
8. Shear strain energy per unit volume =

In a cantilever with a uniformly distributed load =

wl 2 Wl
=
2
2

Wl
4
In a simply supported beam with a point load W at a distance a from one end of the span
Wa(l - a )
l=
l
wl 2 Wl
=
In a simply supported beam carrying a uniformly distributed load =
8
8
10. The moment of inertia of a rectangular lamina of sides b and d about centroidal axis parallel to side
bd 3
b=
12
In a simply supported beam with a point load at mid-span =

SM-RattanAppendix.indd 731

3/8/2011 4:44:35 PM

732

Appendix

11. The moment of inertia of circular lamina =

pd4
64

s M E
=
=
y
I
R
The diameter of kern of a circular cross-section of diameter d is d/4.
Shear centre of a semi-circular arc is at 4r/p
The exural rigidity of a beam is EI
Deection and slope of standard cases:
Cantilevers:
Wl 3
A point load at the free-end: Deection of free end =
(maximum)
3EI
Wl 2
Slope of free end =
(maximum)
2 EI
5Wl 3
A point load at the mid-span, deection of free end =
48EI
wl 4
A uniformly distributed load, deection of free end =
(maximum)
8EI
wl 3
Slope of free end =
(maximum)
6 EI
Simply supported beam:
Wl 3
Central point load, Deection at mid-span =
(maximum)
48EI
Slope at mid-span = Zero
Wl 2
Slope at the support =
(maximum)
16 EI
5Wl 4
Uniformly distributed load, Deection at mid-span =
(maximum)
384 EI
wl 3
Slope at the supports =
24 EI
Fixed beam:
Wl 3
Central point load, Maximum deection =
192 EI
wl 4
Uniformly distributed load, Maximum deection =
384 EI
T t Gq
The relation governing the torsional torque in circular shafts is = =
J r
l
Torsional rigidity of a shaft = GJ = Tl/u
16T
Maximum shear stress of a solid shaft is given by
p d3

12. The relation governing the simple bending of beam is

13.
14.
15.
16.

17.
18.
19.

SM-RattanAppendix.indd 732

3/8/2011 4:44:36 PM

Appendix

733

32WR 2 l 8WD3 n
=
Gp d 4
Gd 4
8WD
Shear stress in a closed-coiled helical spring under an axial load =
p d3
64TDn
The angle of twist of a closely coiled helical spring =
Ed 4
ss
The equivalent stiffness of two springs joined in series, s = 1 2
s1 + s2
The equivalent stiffness of two springs joined in parallel, s = s1 = s2
The equivalent lengths of columns for different types of end conditions:
both ends hinged, le = l
one end xed and the other free, le = 2l
both ends xed, le = l/2
one end xed, other hinged, le = l / 2

20. Deection of a closely coiled helical spring under axial load =

21.
22.
23.
24.
25.

p 2 EI
l2
pd
pd
In a thin cylinder, hoop stress =
; longitudinal stress =
2t
4t
pd
In a thin spherical shell, hoop stress =
4t
3 pd
The volumetric strain in a thin spherical shell =
(1 - n )
4tE
Hoop stress induced in a rotating ring, s q = r r 2w 2 = r v 2

26. Euler crippling load for columns with both ends hinged =
27.
28.
29.
30.

31. In a solid rotating disc, at the centre of the disc, s r = s q =

At the outer surface, s q =

3+n
rw 2 R 2
8

1-n
rw 2 R 2 , sr = 0
4

32. In a hollow rotating disc,

Radial stresses are zero at inside and outside radii.
3+n
sr is maximum at r = Ri Ro and is
rw 2 ( Ro - Ri ) 2
8
rw 2
su is maximum at inner radius and is
[(1 - n ) Ri2 + (3 + n ) Ro2 ]
4
rw 2
At outer radius, s q =
[(3 + n ) Ri2 - (1 - n ) Ro2 ]
4
(3 - 2n )
rw 2 R 2
33. In a long rotating solid cylinder, the radial stress at the centre =
8(1 - n )
34. In plastic bending:
Moment of resistance at rst yield, My = (sy /sw) ? Mw
Moment of resistance in fully plastic state, Mp = SZsy
Load factor, L = Wc /W = S(sy /sc) = Shape factor Factor of safety

SM-RattanAppendix.indd 733

3/8/2011 4:44:36 PM