Chia cng sut v ghp nh hng

Chia cng sut v ghp nh

hng
Bi:
i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Gii thiu
- Cc b phn chia cng sut v ghp nh hng l cc cu phn SCT th ng dng
chia hoc ghp cng sut.
- Vi b chia cng sut, mt tn hiu vo c chia thnh 2 hay nhiu tn hiu c cng
sut nh hn. Cc b chia c th l cc cu phn 3 hoc 4 cng, c hoc khng c tn
hao.
- Cc mng 3 cng thng c dng T v dng cho chia cng sut
- Cc mng 4 cng thng dng cho ghp nh hng hoc hn tp.
- B chia cng sut thng c dng chia cn bng (3dB)
- Cc b ghp nh hng c th c thit k cho vic chia cng sut ty , cn cc b
ghp hn tp thng dng cho chia cng sut cn bng.
- Cc b ghp hn tp thng c gc lch pha gia cc cng ra l 900 (quadrature) hoc
800 (magic T).
- C rt nhiu loi ghp ng dn sng v chia cng sut c khm ph v nghin
cu ti MIT Radiation Labotory trong nhng nm 40 th.
- n nhng nm 50th,60th, chng c pht trin dng cho cng ngh ng truyn
di v vi di.

1/13

Chia cng sut v ghp nh hng

Cc c trng c bn
Trong phn ny s s dng l thuyt ma trn tn x rt ra nhng c trng c bn
ca cc mng 3 v 4 cng, v nh ngha cc khi nim: cch ly, ghp v tnh nh
hng l nhng i lng c bn c trng cho cc b ghp v chia hn tp.
Mng 3 cng (T Junctions)
L dng gin nht ca cc b chia cng sut,gm 2 cng ra v mt cng
vo.
Ma trn tn x c 9 phn t c lp:

- Nu cu phn l th ng v khng cha cc vt liu bt ng hng th l thun

nghch v [S] phi i xng.
- Thng trnh tn hao cng sut, cn phi c kt cu khng tn hao v c phi
hp tr khng tt c cc cng, tuy nhin iu ny l khng th thc hin c.
* Tht vy nu tt c cc cng u phi hp th Si i = 0, i =1,3.

- Nu mng l khng tn hao th t iu ma trn tn x phi l unita kin (3.53)

Cc iu kin (5.3d-f) -> S12,S23,S13= 0 -> mu thun

- Vy mng 3 cng khng th ng thi thun nghch, khng tn hao v phi hp tr
khng ti tt c cc cng (gi tt l phi hp).

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Chia cng sut v ghp nh hng

- Nu mng khng thun nghch th Sij Sji v iu kin phi hp tr khng ti cc cng
v khng tn hao c th c tha mn, mng c gi l mch vng, cu to t cc vt
liu bt ng hng (nh ferrite).
- C th chng minh rng bt k mt mng 3 cng khng tn hao, phi hp, phi khng
thun nghch (tc l 1 mch vng Circulator):
+ ma trn :

* Mt trng hp khc c th xy ra l mt mng khng tn hao, thun nghch th ch

c 2 trong 3 cng l phi hp.
- Gi s cng 1 v 2 l phi hp, khi :

3/13

Chia cng sut v ghp nh hng

* Nhn xt: Mng bao gm 2 cu phn tch bit, mt phn c phi hp 2 cng, 1
phn khng phi hp, 1 cng
* Trng hp mng 3 cng c tn hao th c th thun nghch v phi hp; y l trng
hp ca b chia tr tnh.
Mng 4 cng (Cc b ghp nh hng)

Vi mng thun nghch, cc cng u phi hp

- Nu mng khng tn hao, s c 10 phng trnh t iu kin ca ma trn unita.
Chng hn xt tch ca hng 1 v hng 2, hng 3 v hng 4:

Nu S14 = S23 =0, ta c b ghp nh hng

* T tch ca cc hng vi chnh n =>

4/13

Chia cng sut v ghp nh hng

* Vic gin c tip theo c thc hin bi vic hcn goc pha tham chiu trn 3 trong
4 cng. gi s chn v S24 = ej vi v l cc s thc, v l cc hng s pha cn
tm (1 trong 2 c ty ).
- Tch chp hng 2 v 3 =>

Trong thc t thng xy ra hai trng hp :

Ghp i xng:
= = / 2 (pha ca cc s c bin c chn bng nhau).Khi :

Ghp phn i xng

= 0, = (pha ca cc s c bin c chn ngc nhau).Khi :

Ngoi gc pha tham chiu, mt b ghp nh hng l tng ch c 1 bc t do.

Nu S13 = S24vS12 = S24

5/13

Chia cng sut v ghp nh hng

* Kt lun: Bt k mng 4 cng thun nghch khng tn hao v phi hp u l 1 b

ghp nh hng.
* Hot ng ca b ghp nh hng:
- Cng sut cung cp vo cng 1 c ghp ti cng 3 vi h s ghp S132 = 2, phn
cn li ca cng sut cung cp c ly n cng 2 vi h s S122 = 2 = 1 2. Trong
b ghp nh hng l tng, khng c cng sut no c ly ra cng 4 (Isolated
port)
+ Cc i lng c trng cho b ghp nh hng:

B chia cng sut T-Junction

Gii thiu
T Junction powerdivider l trng hp n gin ca mng 3 cng,c th s dng cho
chia cng sut hoc cng cng sut v c th c thc hin cho hu ht cc dng mi
trng ng truyn.
B chia khng tn hao
- C s tch t nng lng do s gin on ti junction, dn ti nng lng tch t c th
quy cho dn np tp trung B.
6/13

Chia cng sut v ghp nh hng

- iu kin phi hp tr khng u vo ( Z0)

- Nu cc ng truyn l khng tn hao th cc tr khng c trng l thc, tc B = 0

v

- Trong thc t B thng b nh cc phn t in khng (trong di tn s hp).

- Cc gi tr Z1, Z2 c th c chn thay i t s chia cng sut. C th dng cc
on 1/4 thay i cc tr khng ng ra (Z1, Z2)
- Nu cc ng ra c phi hp th ng vo s c phi hp, nhng s khng c
s cch ly gia 2 cng ra v s c s mt phi hp khi nhn vo cc cng ra.
Tm Z1, Z2 mt b chia T khng tn hao c Z0 = 50 v cng sut c chia theo
t l 2/1. Tnh h s phn x nhn vo cc cng ra.
B chia tn hao: (b chia tr tnh)
Mt b chia T c tn hao c th phi hp ti tt c cc cng mc d cc cng ra c th
khng c cch ly.
Hnh bn minh ha mt b chia dng cc in tr tp trung, c chia u cho 2 cng
ra (- 3 dB) .
Quan nim rng tt c cc cng u c kt ni vi Z0 th tr khng Z nhn vo cc
in tr Z0 / 3 theo sau bi cc ng ra l:

Vy tr khng vo ca b chia l :

Tc l li vo phi hp vi feed line. V mng l i xng cho tt c cc cng nn phi

hp ti tt c cc cng, tc l S11 = S22 = S33 = 0

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Chia cng sut v ghp nh hng

Ti tm ca mng :

- Cng sut pht ra mi cng thp hn cng sut vo 6 dB.

- Ma trn tn x:

C th chng minh [S] khng unita

- Cng sut u vo :

- Cng sut cc u ra :

=> Mt na cng sut cung cp b tn hao trn cc in tr.

B chia cng sut Wilkinson

Gii thiu
Dng cho mch di hoc vi di.
C th phn tch mch wilkinson bng cch tch thnh 2 mch n gin hn bng k
thut phn tch mode chn l.

8/13

Chia cng sut v ghp nh hng

Php phn tch mode chn l

n gin, c th chun ha tt c cc tr khng theo Z0 v v li (h.b) vi cc ngun
th ti cc cng ra.
Hai in tr ngun c gi tr chun ha bng hai mc song song cho 1 in tr gi tr
1, biu th tr khng ca ngun phi hp.
on /4 c tr khng c trng, chun ha Z v tr shund c gi tr chun ha r (vi
chia cn bng z = 2 v r = 2).
nh ngha: Hai mode ring r ca s kch thch mch (h5.4.2): mode chn vi Vg 2
= Vg 3 = 2V v mode l vi Vg 2 = - Vg 3 = 2 V. Khi chng chp 2 mode s c kch
thch vi Vg2 = 4, Vg3 = 0, t tm ra cc thng s S ca mng.
Mode chn:
Vg 2 = Vg 3 Ve2= 2 = Ve3 v khng c dng qua cc in tr r/2 v qua ngn mch
gia cc input ca 2 ng truyn ti c th tch i mng (h5.4.2) vi vic h mch ti
nhng im ni trn cng 1 c s sau:
Khi nhn vo cng 2 thy tr khng

Mode l:
Vg = Vg3 = 2V V20 = V30 v c mt in p khng dc theo on gia ca mch,

do c th tch bng cch ni t ti 2 im trn machj ct gia ca n c s

sau:

9/13

Chia cng sut v ghp nh hng

Nhn vo cng 2 thy tr khng r/2 v on ng truyn song song l /4 v

ngn mch ti cng 1 (nn c th xem nh h mch ti cng 2). Vy cng 2 s
c phi hp nu chn r = 2.Khi V0 = 1V v V10 = 0 .Vi mode kch thc
ny ton b cng sut ri trn r/2 ,khng c cng sut ti cng 1.
Trng hp cc cng 2 v 3 kt cui vi ti phi hp
Tng t nh mode chn v V2 = V3 s tng ng (Khng c dng chy qua
tr chun ho 2 nn c th b nh h.b)

Cc b chi Wilkinson khng cn bng v N way

- V s + cng thc
-Gi s

P3
P

= K2

Cc phng trnh thit k sau c th s dng:

Nu K= 1 b chi cn bng.Cc ng ra phi hp vi cc tr R2 = Z0K,R = KZ .

Cc b ghp phi hp c th c dng chuyn i cc tr khng ra ny.
* Cc b chia Winkinson cng c th c thit k c N way divider hoc combiner
nh hnh v.
Mch ny c th phi hp ti tt c cc cng vi s cch ly gia tt c cc cng.
Hn ch ca mch l yu cu c in tr ngang khi N 3 hn ch khi ch to dng
planar.
Winkinson divider c th thc hin vi cc on bc thang tng rng bng.

10/13

Chia cng sut v ghp nh hng

Ghp nh hng ng dn sng

Gii thiu
Cc b ghp nh hng l cc mng 4 cng c cc c trng c bn
- Cng sut ti ti cng 1 s ghp ti cng 2 (through port) v ti cng 3 (coupled port)
nhng khng ti cng 4 (isolated port).
- Tng t, cng sut ti cng 2 s qua cng 1 v 4, khng qua 3 .
- T s cng sut ghp t 1 n 3 l C: ghp (5.20a).
- Cng sut r t 1 n 4 l I: cch ly (5.20c)
- nh hng D = I C (dB) l t s cng sut ti cng ghp v cng cch ly.
- B ghp l tng c nh ngha c I v D = , l b ghp khng tn hao v
phi hp tt c cc cng.
- B ghp nh hng c th c nhiu dng: ghp ng dn sng, ghp hn tp (3dB,
quadrature hoc magic T) .
B ghp l Bethe
c tnh nh hng ca tt c cc b ghp nh hng c c l nh s dng cc sng
hoc cc thnh phn sng ring r, ng pha cng ghp v trit tiu nhau cng cch
ly. Phng php n gin nht l dng 2 ng dn sng c chung 1 l nh trong vch
ngn chung gia 2 ng, b ghp nh vy gi l Bethe hole coupler.
Nguyn l hot ng: L ghp c th thay bng cc ngun bt x tng ng,
gm cc moment in v t. Moment in v moment t dc bc x sng c
tnh cht i xng chn v moment t ngang bc x sng i xng l. Bng
cch iu chnh bin tng i ca cc ngun ny c th lm trit tiu bc
x theo hng ca cng cch ly v tng cng bc x theo hng cng ghp.
iu ny c th c thc hin nh iu chnh thng s .
Cu hnh song song . Gi thit c sng TE10 n cng 1,

11/13

Chia cng sut v ghp nh hng

Bin ca sng ti v sng v ca ng dn sng bn di l:

Nhn xt:Bin sng ti cng 4 ( A10+ ) ni chung khc vi bin sng ti cng.
trit tiu cng sut ti cng 3 ( A10 ) cn iu kin :

Cc bc thit k
- Dng (5.41) tm S (v tr ca l)
- Dng (5.42) xc nh r0 (bn knh l) tha mn D, C cho trc.
* Cu hnh xin: L t ti v tr S = a/2, iu chnh trit tiu sng n cng 4. Trong
trng hp ny in trng khng thay i theo nhng thnh phn t trng ngang
thay i theo h s cos ,do c th dng (5.40)vi vic thay m = mcos.

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Chia cng sut v ghp nh hng

Thit k b ghp bethe song song cho di bng tn x - ng dn sng hot ng 9 GHz,
h s ghp 20dB

13/13