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CO2 Storage and Leakage
CO2 Storage and Leakage
Abstract A remote online carbon dioxide (CO2 ) concentration monitoring system is developed, based on the technologies
of wireless sensor networks, in allusion to the gas leakage monitoring requirement for CO2 capture and storage. The remote
online CO2 monitoring system consists of monitoring equipment,
a data center server, and the clients. The monitoring equipment
is composed of a central processing unit (CPU), air environment
sensors array, global positioning system (GPS) receiver module,
secure digital memory card (SD) storage module, liquid crystal
display (LCD) module, and general packet radio service (GPRS)
wireless transmission module. The sensors array of CO2 , temperature, humidity, and light intensity are used to collect data and
the GPS receiver module is adopted to collect location and time
information. The CPU automatically stores the collected data
in the SD card data storage module and displays them on the
LCD display module in real-time. Afterwards, the GPRS module
continuously wirelessly transmits the collected information to
the data center server. The online monitoring WebGIS clients
are developed using a PHP programming language, which runs
on the Apache web server. MySQL is utilized as the database
because of its speed and reliability, and the stunning crossbrowser web maps are created, optimized, and deployed with
the OpenLayers JavaScript web-mapping library. Finally, an
experiment executed in Xuzhou city, Jiangsu province, China is
introduced to demonstrate the implementation and application.
Index Terms CO2 capture and storage (CSS), general packet
radio service (GPRS), global positioning system (GPS), remote
online leakage monitoring, wireless sensor networks (WSN).
I. I NTRODUCTION
Manuscript received June 16, 2012; revised August 31, 2012; accepted
September 19, 2012. Date of publication October 9, 2012; date of current
version January 11, 2013. This work was supported in part by the China
Postdoctoral Science Foundation Grant 2012M510193, the National Natural
Science Foundation of China Grant 41001230, the Important National Science
and Technology Specific Projects Grant 2011ZX05034, and the Priority
Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
The associate editor coordinating the review of this paper and approving it
for publication was Prof. Gotan H. Jain.
H. Yang, Y. Qin, and H. Ci are with the School of Resource and Earth
Science and the Key Laboratory of CBM Resource and Reservoir Formation
Course, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining and Technology,
Xuzhou 221116, China (e-mail: whinee@gmail.com; yongqin@cumt.edu.cn;
ci_hui@163.com).
G. Feng is with the Jiangsu College Key Lab of Linguistic Sciences and
Neuro-Cognition Engineering and the Linguistic Science College, Jiangsu
Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China (e-mail: fspeed@jsnu.edu.cn).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JSEN.2012.2223210
557
GPRS
network
Client
Data center
server
Client
CO2
geological
storage
monitoring
regions
Fig. 1.
Client
CO2 remote
real-time
monitoring
equipment
Sensors of air
environmental information
CO2 Sensor
GPS Receiver
Module
Temperature
Sensor
Central Processing
Unit
Humidity
Sensor
ARM
Microcontroller
Light
intensity
Sensor
SD Card Data
Storage Module
GPRS Wireless
Transmission Module
LCD Display
Module
558
VCC
R76 R77
4K7 4K7
U7
V5.0
C46
0.1u
GND
1
3
2
4
9
5
6
7
8
10
11
12
13
14
+5V
I2C SCL
+5V
I2C SDA
GND ANALOG OUTPUT
GND
RESERVED
GND
RESERVED
RXD
ACDL/MCDL
TXD
NRESET
GND
GND
U9
CO2_I2C_SCL
C98
CO2_I2C_SDA
0.1u
3
GND
VCC
DQ
1
2
LPC_TEMP
R45
DS18B20
4K7
VCC
CO2
(a)
(b)
R41
51K
R42
R95 RESL
U8 620K
4
V5.0
6
2
8
C99
0.1u
DIS
RST
THR
OUT
TRIG
CVOLT
+VCC
GND
VDDA
7
3
R43
1K
LPC_ADC_RESL
C96
1u
1
R44
1M
LM555CM
C40
GND
R94 1K
R93
10K
HIM_INT
VSSA
HS1101
GND
(c)
Fig. 3.
(d)
Circuit diagram of air environment sensor array. (a) NDIR CO2 sensor. (b) Temperature sensor. (c) Humidity sensor. (d) Light intensity sensor.
TABLE I
CO 2 S ENSOR S PECIFICATIONS [23]
Parameter
Technical Data
Operating Temperature
0 C50 C
Storage Temperature
30 C70 C
Operating Humidity
0%95% RH (Non-condensing)
Sensing Method
Measurement Range
Accuracy
60 s
Sampling Interval
3s
559
Start
Initialize ARM microprocessor
and sensor modules
Initialize protocol stack and
connect to the far-end mobile network
after GPRS dialing
YES
Store the data into the SD memory card
through the SSP interface
Display the data on
LCD display screen
Finish collecting?
Reach the
time interval?
NO
Fig. 4.
560
Fig. 5.
Fig. 8.
561
562