Selected Differential Equations Concepts

Eulers Method: y n 1 y n hf ( xn , y n ) , n 0, 1, 2,
Integrating Factor for Linear 1st Order:
Exact 1st Order:
Wronskian:

( x) e P ( x ) dx

M ( x, y )dx N ( x, y )dy 0

W [ f1 , f 2 , f n ]
f

f1
f1

f2
f 2

( n 1)
1

( n 1)
2

fn
f n

( n 1)
n

with

given

dy
P( x) y f ( x)
dx

M y Nx

e P ( x ) dx
dx
Reduction of Order: y2 ( x) y1 ( x)
y1 ( x)2 given y P( x) y Q( x) y 0
y 2 u1 0

y 2 u 2 f ( x)

y1

Variation of Parameters: Need to satisfy

y1
Boundary Conditions for Beam:

y 0 , y 0

(free)

y 0 , y 0 (embedded)
y 0 , y 0 (simply supported/hinged)

x 2 y xy ( x 2 2 ) y 0 has solution
y c1 J ( x) c2Y ( x) or y c1 J ( x) c 2 J ( x) if is NOT an integer.

Bessels Equation:

Another DE with Bessel function solutions:

y

1 2a
a 2 p 2c 2
y 0,
y b 2c 2 x 2 c 2
x
x2

p0

has solution y x c1 J p (bx ) c 2Y p (bx )

a

Wronskian for linear systems:

x11
x21
W ( X 1 , , X n )

xn1

x12
x22

xn 2

x1n
x2 n

xnn

Second linearly independent solution in case of repeated eigenvalues:

X2 K t e

1 t

Pe

1 t

where ( A 1 I ) P K

Real Solutions in case of complex eigenvalues:

X 1 e t [ B1 cos t B2 sin t ]
where 1 i and B1 Re( K 1 ), B2 Im( K 1 )
X 2 e t [ B2 cos t B1 sin t ]
Classifying PDEs: Au xx Bu xy Cu yy Du x Eu y Fu 0 is hyperbolic if B 2 4 AC 0 ;
parabolic if B 2 4 AC 0 ; elliptic if B 2 4 AC 0

Laplace Transforms

L f (t ) F ( s) e st f (t )dt
L f

(t ) s L f (t ) s n 1 f (0) s f ( n 2) (0) f ( n 1) (0)

(n)

f (t ) L 1 F ( s)

F (s) L f (t )

f (t ) L 1 F ( s)

F (s) L f (t )

1
, s0
s

e at f (t )

F ( s a)

e kt

1
, sa
sk
n! , s 0
s n1

f (t a)U (t a)

e as F (s )

sin kt

k , s0
s k2

cos kt

s , s0
2
s k2

t n f (t )

(1) n

f g f ( ) g (t )d

dn
F ( s)
ds n

F ( s )G ( s )

sinh kt

k , s k
s k2

cosh kt

s , s k
s2 k 2

F ( s)
s

f ( )d
0

f (t )

periodic with period T

1
est f (t )dt
1 esT 0

(t t0 )

e st0

Math Formulas
2
b b 2 4ac
Quadratic Formula: If ax bx c 0 then x

2a

Trigonometric Identities:
cos 2 x

1
1 cos(2 x)
2

sin 2 x cos 2 x 1

1 tan 2 x sec 2 x

sin 2 x

1
1 cos(2 x)
2

cos( x y ) cos x cos y sin x sin y

sin( x y ) sin x cos y cos x sin y

Common Integrals:

u dv u v v du
x
a dx

ax
C, a 1
ln a

n
x dx

x n1
C , n 1
n 1

sin x dx cos x C

ax

1
dx e ax C
a

x dx ln | x | C

cos x dx sin x C