Faculty of EHSE

SMA209: Formula Sheet

dxx ln x c
sin xdx cos x +c
cos xdx sin x c
e dx 1 e c
x dx xn 1 c
1 dxx tan x c
sec xdx tan x c
csc xdx cot x c
dx
sinh x coth x c
coshdx x tanh x c
tan xdx ln | sec x | c
Integration by parts: f ( x) g ( x)dx f ( x) g ( x)dx f ( x)( g ( x)dx)dx
du ux dx uy dy
Change of variable: u xy , y ux and y u x u
Exact differential: du M ( x, y)dx N ( x, y)dy 0 My Nx ; M ux ,
ln y x y e x

n 1

u
y

P Q
[

]
Not exact differential: For Pdx Qdy 0 , F1 dF
dx
y
x
For dy ( p( x) y r ( x))dx 0 ,

To make, y p( x) y g ( x) y linear, substitute

.
Trial solution of: y ay by 0 is y e leading to a b 0 .
Distinct real roots; General solution y c1e1x c2e 2 x
For double roots: y2 xy1 ,
Complex roots: y e [ A cos x B sin x]; 4b a
Trial solution of:
is
leading to m (a 1)m b 0 .
For double roots: y2 y1 ln | x |
For a differential equation: y p( x) y q( x) y 0 , if y is known, then:
1
Q

y e h [ e h r ( x ) dx c ], h

u y

1 a

a
x
2

x 2 y axy by 0

y xm

y 2 y1 Udx and U 2 e
y1

D dxd

p ( x ) dx

d2
dx 2

p ( x ) dx

 y1 y2

Wronskian, W

y1 y2

For y p( x) y q( x) y r ( x) , particular solution y

table below:

Table of undetermined coefficients

Term in r(x)
ke

ax

kx n ( n 0,1,...)

k cos x

k sin x

ke cos x

ke ax sin x

Choice for y(p)

Ce ax

K n x n K n 1 x n 1 ... K1 x K 0

K cos x M sin x

ax

e ax ( K cos x M sin x)

may be constructed from the