GATE Communications Book

COMMUNICATIONS
for
ECE / IN
By
www.thegateacademy.com
Syllabus
Communication
Syllabus for Communication

Random signals and noise: probability, random variables, probability density function,
autocorrelation, power spectral density. Analog communication systems: amplitude and angle
modulation and demodulation systems, spectral analysis of these operations, super-heterodyne
receivers; elements of hardware, realizations of analog communication systems; signal-to-noise
ratio (SNR) calculations for amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) for low
noise conditions. Fundamentals of information theory and channel capacity theorem. Digital
communication systems: pulse code modulation (PCM), differential pulse code modulation
(DPCM), digital modulation schemes: amplitude, phase and frequency shift keying schemes
(ASK, PSK, FSK), matched filter receivers, bandwidth consideration and probability of error
calculations for these schemes. Basics of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA and GSM.
Analysis of GATE Papers

(Communication)
Year
ECE
IN
2013
9.00
4.00
2012
8.00
0.00
2011
10.00
0.00
2010
9.00
2.00
Over All
Percentage
9.00%
1.5%
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Contents
Communication
CONTENTS
Chapter
#1.
#2.
#3.
#4.
Page No.
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
1-25
Communication Systems
Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Generation on AM Signals
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
1
2-3
3-9
9-14
15-18
18-20
21
21-25
DSBSC, SSB and VSB Modulation
Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)

Demodulation of DSB Signals
Single Sideband Modulation
Generation of SSB Signal s
Vestigial Sideband (VSB) Modulation
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
26-55
26-30
30-32
32-33
33-35
35-43
43-47
48-50
50-51
52
52-55
Angle Modulation
56-87
56
56-59
59-67
67
67-69
69-76
77-80
80-81
82
82-87
Phase Modulation
Frequency Modulation
Generation of NBFM signal
Balanced Slope Detector
Foster-Seeley Discriminator
Ratio Detector
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
Receivers
88-107
88
88-89
89-97
98
AM Receivers
TRF Receiver
Super Heterodyne Receiver
RF Amplifier
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Page I
Contents
#5.
IF Amplifier
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
Noise in Analog Modulation
Noise
Noise Analysis of AM
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
#6. Digital Communications
Introduction
Baseband Data Transmission
Pulse Digital Communication
Differential Pulse Code Modulations
Electrical Representation of Binary Data
Bandpass Data Transmission
Differential Phase Shift Keying
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
Communication
98-100
101-103
104
105
105-107
108-144
108
109-132
133-136
136-139
140
140-144
145-195
145-152
152-155
155-157
157-159
159-162
162-166
167-179
180-183
183-187
188
188-195
Module Test
196-216
196-206
207
207-216
Test Questions
Answer Keys
Explanations
Reference Books
217
Page II
Chapter 1
Communication
CHAPTER 1
Communication Systems
Irrespective of the form of communication process being considered, there are three basic
elements to every communication system, namely, transmitter, channel and receiver. The
transmitter is located at one point in space, the receiver is located at some other point
separate from the transmitter and the channel is the physical medium that connects them. The
purpose of the transmitter is to convert the message signal produced by the source of
information into a form suitable for transmission over the channel.
Generalized Block Diagram

Channel
m(t)
Transducer
Modulator or
Transmitter
Demodulator
or Receiver
Transducer
O/P
However, as the transmitted signal propagates along the channel, it is distorted due to channel
imperfections. Moreover, noise and interfering signals are added to the channel output, with
the result that the received signal is a corrupted version of the transmitted signal. The receiver
has the task of operating on the received signal so as to reconstruct it to a recognizable form of
the original message signal.
Normally used communication channels are twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable and
free space.
Primary Communication Resources

In a communication system, two primary resources are employed: transmitted power and
channel bandwidth. The transmitted power is the average power of the transmitted signal.
The channel bandwidth is defined as the band of frequencies allocated for the transmission of
the message signal. A general system design objective is to use these two resources as
efficiently as possible. In most communication channels, one source may be considered more
important than the other. Therefore, communication channels are classified as power limited
or band limited.
When the spectrum of a message signal extends down to zero or low frequencies, we define
the bandwidth of the signal as that upper frequency above which the spectrum content of the
signal is negligible and therefore unnecessary for transmitting information. The important
point is unavoidable presence of noise in a communication system. Noise refers to unwanted
waves that tend to disturb the transmission and processing of message signals in a
communication system. The source of noise may be internal or external to the system.
A quantitative way to account for the effect of noise is to introduce signal to noise ratio
(SNR) as a system parameter. We may define the SNR at the receiver input as the ratio of the
average signal power to the average noise power, both being measured at the same point.
Page 1
Chapter 1
Communication
Modulation
Modulation is defined as the process in which some characteristic parameter of a high
frequency carrier is varied linearly with which contains information message signal.
Generally, the carrier is represented by c (t) = Ac cos (2fct + ).
The three characteristic parameters of the carrier are Ac (peak amplitude), fc (frequency) and
(phase). Accordingly, the three type of modulation are
(1) Amplitude modulation (A.M)
(2) Frequency modulation (F.M)
(3) Phase modulation (P.M)
In frequency domain, modulation is defined as the process of translating the spectrum of a
signal from low frequency region to high frequency region
Modulator converts
(1)
(2)
(3)
Low frequency signal to a high frequency signal,

A wide band signal into narrow band signal,
A baseband signal into band pass signal.
Need for Modulation

(1) To reduce the antenna height
(2)
(3)
(4)
The antenna height required to transmit a signal depends on operating wavelength. For
efficient radiation, the minimum height should be /10. To transmit a low frequency signal
antenna height required is very high. To reduce the antenna height, the low frequency
signal is converted into a high frequency signal by modulation.
For multiplexing of signals
Multiplexing allows transmission of more than one signal through the same
communication channel. By modulation it is possible to allot different frequencies to
various signals so that there is no interference.
To reduce noise and interference
Sometimes the effect of noise will be more at some frequencies and the effect will be less
at some other frequencies. lf the effect of noise is more at some particular frequency, by
modulation the spectrum is shifted to higher frequencies where the effect of noise is less.
For narrow banding of signals
Not only the antenna height, the antenna dimensions also depends on operating
wavelength to transmit a wideband signal. Single antenna will not be sufficient because
the ratio between the highest frequency to lowest frequency is very much greater than
one.
Modulation converts a wideband signal into a narrow band signal whose ratio between
highest frequency to lowest frequency is approximately one and single antenna will be
sufficient to transmit the signal.
>> 1 Wideband signal
1 Narrow band signal
Page 2
Chapter 1
Communication
Example
V
300 Hz
3.5 KHz
f
1 MHz + 300 Hz 1 MHz+3.5 KHz
Fig. 1.1 Spectrum is shifted by MHz using modulator

1
(5) To overcome equipment limitation

The design of a communication system may be constrained by the cost and availability of
hardware, whose performance often depends upon the frequencies involved. Modulation
permits the designer to place a signal in some frequency range that avoids hardware
limitations. A particular concern along this line is the question of fractional bandwidth,
defined as the, absolute bandwidth divided by the center frequency. Hardware costs and
complication are minimized if the fractional bandwidth is kept 1 to 10 percent. Fractional
bandwidth considerations account for the fact that modulation units are found in receivers
as well as in transmitters.

In A.M. the amplitude of carrier wave c(t) =
message signal.
cos 2f t is varied linearly with the amplitude of
S(t)
Ac[1+]
m(t)
0< 1
Ac
Ac[1-]
0
-Ac[1-]
-Ac
-Ac[1+]
Page 3
Chapter 1
Communication
0
t
0
e-t
t
0
t
Message
AM signal
Fig. 1.2 Amplitude Modulation
Time domain equation of AM

The standard form of AM wave is defined by,
S(t)=
cos 2f t+
k m(t) cos 2f t =
[1+k m(t)]cos2f t .(1.1)
The amplitude of the carrier before modulation is and the amplitude of the carrier after
modulation is [1+ m(t)] (After modulation the carrier amplitude depends on the message
signal),k =amplitude sensitivity of the modulator.
Envelope of AM wave S(t) is given by,
a(t) =
1+
m(t)| ..(1.2)
The maximum absolute value of

modulation.
m(t) multiplied by 100 is referred as percentage
When | m(t)| 1 for all t, the term [1 +

m(t)] is always non-negative, on the other hand
when
m(t)| >1 for all t, the term [1 + m(t)] will not be always non- negative and the AM
wave is said to be over modulated and it is said that wave suffer from envelope distortion.
Page 4
Chapter 1
Communication
<1
Ac[1+]
A
c
Ac[1-]
(A)
0
Ac[1-]
-Ac[1+]
Ac
=1
(B)
t
0
t
-Ac
-2Ac
Ac
(C
)
t
>1
Over
modulated
signal
0
-Ac
-2Ac
Fig. 1.3
By taking Fourier transform of both side of equation (1.1) the AM wave in frequency domain is,
S(f) =
[(f-f )+(f+f ) ] +
[M(f-f )+M(f+f )]
Page 5
Chapter 1
Communication
M(f)
M(0
)
-w
0
(a)
S(f)
( )
Ac/2
USB
LSB
-fc-w
-fc
fc-w
-fc+w
(b)
fc
fc+w
2w
Fig. 1.4 (a) Spectrum of message signal (b) spectrum of AM wave

The condition > W ensures that the side bands do not overlap otherwise, the modulated wave
exhibits spectral overlap and therefore, frequency distortion.
Bandwidth of the A.M signal = 2W
= 2 message bandwidth,
Bandwidth of USB=W
Bandwidth of LSB=W
Single Tone Modulation of AM

When the message contains single frequency or single tone, the modulation is called single tone
modulation. Message signal, M(t)=
cos (2f t)
Spectrum of message is given by, M(f) =
-fm
[(f-f ) + (f +f )]
fm
0
Fig. 1.5 Spectrum of message signal
The time domain equation of AM for single tone modulation is,

S(t) =
cos (2f t) +
cos (2f t).cos (2f t)
Page 6

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COMMUNICATIONS

Syllabus for Communication

Analysis of GATE Papers

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

DSBSC, SSB and VSB Modulation

Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)

Noise in Analog Modulation

#6. Digital Communications

Generalized Block Diagram

Primary Communication Resources

Low frequency signal to a high frequency signal,

Need for Modulation

Fig. 1.1 Spectrum is shifted by MHz using modulator

(5) To overcome equipment limitation

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

cos 2f t is varied linearly with the amplitude of

Fig. 1.2 Amplitude Modulation

Time domain equation of AM

[1+k m(t)]cos2f t .(1.1)

The maximum absolute value of

m(t) multiplied by 100 is referred as percentage

When | m(t)| 1 for all t, the term [1 +

Fig. 1.4 (a) Spectrum of message signal (b) spectrum of AM wave

Single Tone Modulation of AM

The time domain equation of AM for single tone modulation is,

cos (2f t).cos (2f t)

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