Seyond Monifest Desi amoia enters the Age of Inperiion Joay One Selection 1 ‘The New Colossus ‘by Emme Lazarus [Nat like the brazen glant of Greck fame, ‘With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Hore at our seawashod, sunset gatos shall stand ‘A lghty oman with a torch, whose Dame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name ‘Mother of les From her bescon-hand (Glows world-wide wolcome; hr mild eyes com- mand ‘The airbridged harbor that wie ites fem. “Koop, ancfont lands, your storied pomp!" cries she ‘With silent lips. “Give me your trad, your poor, Your huddled messes yearning to breathe fee, ‘Tho wretched refuse of your tering shore Sond these, the homeless, femposttoesed tome: ‘it may lap beside the golden doott” Selection 2 Unguarded Gates, by Thomas Bailey Aldrich ‘ie open and unguarded stand our gatos, ‘nd through them prosos a wild motly thong— Man irom the Volg and the Tartar stappes, eaturelats gues from the Hoang Ho, Malayan, Seyhian, Teuton, Kel, end Sle, Flying the Old Weel’ poverty and sor: “These bringing with ther unknown gode and ites, ‘Thoso, igor passions, hare to stretch thir laws. In stroet and alley what stange tongues ao loud, ‘Accants of menace allan to our ais, ‘oles that once the Tower of Babel know! O Libarty, white Gordes! Is it well "Tp leave the gates unguarded? On thy besst Fold Sorrow'schildrea, soothe the hurts of fate, Lift the doven-trodden, but with hand of tal Stay those who to thy sacred portals come ‘Te wosto tho gts of fradom. Have a cae Lest from thy brow tho clustered stars be tom. ‘And trampled inthe dust. For so of old “The theonging Goth and Vandal trampled Rome, ‘And where the temples ofthe Cacsers stood ‘Tho leon wolf unmolested mde ber lle.Beyond Manifest Dest: TRE Name: ori Entte he Age of impor Aono es one| selection 3 Expansion of the White Races by Theodore Roosevelt ori one fosure inthe expanslon ofthe peoplos of white, or European, blood during the past four centuries which should never bo los sight of, expecially by those who danounce such expansion fon moral grounds. On the whole, the moverent hes been fraught with lasting benoit to most of the ‘peoples already dwelling in the lands over which the expansion took place... Iti also tre that, even ‘where grat good hs boon done to tho already existing iahaitants, where they have thriven under the new rla, thas sometimes brought wit tdicontent fr the ver fact that ithas brought with ita certain emount of well-being and acartain amount of knowledge, so tht people have learned ‘ough to feel discontented and have prospered enough to beable to show thelr discontent. Such ‘ngratitude is natural, and must be reckoned with as such; but it i also both unwarranted and fclish, ithe fat oft existence in en given case does not jury any change of altude on our per.” Selection 4 Restrictions of Immigration by Francis A. Walker “Only shor tise ago, the immigrant from eowthorn italy, Hungery, Auses, and Russia to- _gther made wp hardly more than one percent of ou immigration. To-day the proportion has risen te something like forty per ce, and Ureatens soon to become fit or sixty por coat, or even more. ‘The entrnoe into our politcal, social, and industrial fe of such vast masses of poacanty, degraded blow our utmost conceptions is amter which no intelligent patriot can look upen without the ‘ravest apprehension and als, Those people have zo history behind them which sof enatue to give encouragement. They have none of the inherited instincts and tendencles which mado compar ftvely easy to des! wih th immigration of the olden time. Thoy ao beaton men fom beaten races; ‘representing the wort failures inthe strogale for existence Centuias are against thom, as canturios ‘wore on the side of those who formerly camo to us. They have none ofthe idess and aptitudes which ‘Bimen to take up readily and easly tho problom af sacar and self-government, such as belong to thoes who are desconded from the tees that met under the oak-uoes of old Gormany to make laws tnd chooee chieftain.” Selection 5 Innocents Abroad by Mark Twain “Wherever we went, Euzope, A ‘we made a sensation... None of us had ever been ny wero before we all hailed from the Interior: wavel was a wild novelty to us, and we conducted ‘outeelve in accordance with the natural instinct that wer in ut, and trammeled ourselves with no ‘sremonies, no conventionaitie, We eliays took care to make it understood that we wero Amer fans-~Amerents! When we found that a good many foreigners had hardly ever heard of Amorca, tnd that a good many more knew itonly esa barbarous province away off somevher, that had Italy boon at war ith somebody, we pitied th ignorance of tho Old Weld, but abated no fot of our i= portaace.. The people stared at us every where, and wo stared at thom, We generally made them fel {ther small, oo, botore we got done sith them, because we bore dovn on thom with Americas gest- ‘ness unt we enished thom, ie Wren bemoereckensccn Stock Sage Uma Gest NZI Cm Eee PcaRa | Beyond nanites Dest: 10 America enor the Age of imperialism Name: Bay One Selection 6 Race and Immigration ‘by Senator Henty Cabot Lodge uen we speak of race we mean the moral and intelletel cheractrs, which inthoirassocia~ tion make up the soul of «race and which epresent the producto al its past, the inkertance of ll sts ancestors, ad the motives ofall ts conduct. Tho mon of cach reco possoss an indestructible stock of des, traditions, sentiments, mode of thought, an unconscious inheritance upon which agument bhusno affect. These are the qualities which determine their socal effciengy as a people, which make fone race sa and anothor fl. “18 onthe moral qualities ofthe English-speaking race that our istry, our victoros, and all ‘our futuro rest. There is only one way in which you can lowar those qualitfes or weaken those char Acteristis and that i by breeding them out. fe lower race mixes with a higher in sufccent numbers, [story toches us thatthe lowerrace wil preva... Thre ls limit otha capacity of any race for as simllating and eloveting an inferior race and when you begin to pour in unlimited numbers of people ‘of alion of lower races of les social fSciency and less maal force, you are running the most ghtfl tek that any poople can ran, The lowing of great rca means net only its own decline but hat of dboman civilization.” Selection 7 The Proposed Dual Organization of Mankind ‘by Wiliam Graham Sumner “The discovery, colonzation, and exploitation ofthe outlying continents [North America, South ‘America, and ustala) have been the mest mpartantelaments in modarn history. We Americans live in ne ofthe great commonwealth which have boon created by t.. In our own history ws hove ‘been ist, one ofthe outing communities which were being exploited, and then aurslves an old civilization exploiting outlying regions “The proces of extension from Burope has gone on with the mosty and necessity of process ‘ofnature, Nothing in human history can compare with its unfolding of tho drem of human life on ‘arth under the aspacts of growth, reaction, destruction, new development, and higher integration... Tho extension ofthe higher civilization over the globo isa natural process in which we ae sll sept along in spite af our ethical judgnents. Those mon, cvllza or uncivilized, who exnnot or will not ‘como into the procose willbe crushed indir Its as Impossblo thatthe prosont and foture ex ploitation of Affcs should not goon asi is hat the present inksbitants of Manhattan Island should lum to Europe snd lt the red man como back to his rights agin.” 1 Gocsren ne Zin Conon EoearonProtia Wise hen ot hrc Se Bow Un entsyond Marifst Dest Name: ‘nara et he ane! ng aac Bay one a1 Selection 8 Political CartoonsBajond Marifest Destiny: ‘Ameria Enters the Age of imperialism Introduction: The Question of Annexation 1893, tho beautifel Hawaiian islands ware ruled by Queen Liluo'ealan. While Hawa was a sovervign nation, much of is economy ‘was dominated by American sugar planta- tion owners. The Hawaiian islands had long ‘been a valuable prin, Situsted halfway across the Pact, Hawai offered a crucial stopping point for American ships enroute to East Asa. ‘Moreover, the islands rich voleane soil was {deal for growing profitable tropical crops such as sugar, pineapples, and coffee. ‘Most of those American plantation owynars favored bringing the islands offically under US. contol. To that end, they orchestrated coup withthe help of US. Marines in January 1603 that toppled Haveall's queen, The govern ‘ment that came to power quickly approved a ‘ova tallow the United State to annex, oF take over, Hawai Incoming president Grover lovsland withdrow th troety. Cleveland belived that ‘muncxaton would corupt tadtional Amor ‘an valus of freedom and equality. He also ‘opposed Hawai new leaders, who in his ‘mind had unjustly deprived the Hawaan ‘queen of har throne. 661s boon the boast of our ‘government thot it seeks odo justice inal things without rogard tothe strongth oF weakness of thse with ‘whom it deals. A substantial wrong thas thus been done which a due ‘regard for our national character as well asthe rights ofthe injured ‘people [the native Hawallans) requires we should endeavor repair. fa feeble but fiendly state isin danger of being robbed of is independence and its sovereignty by a misuse of tho namo and powor ‘of tho United States, the United States cannot fall 0 vindicate its honor and ite sente of justice by am ‘earnest effort to make al posible sparations.” “Provident Grover Cleveland Although the United States did not anno await n 109, th question of annexation ‘was hardly over, and bythe end of 1898 the United Statos had not oly annexed Hawai, but alo, asa rsult of war ith Spain akon (Cuba, Porto Rico, Guam and the Pilippines. What is this reading about? "A splendid litle war.” sone famous Aeecrption ofthe Spanish-American War. The ‘var itself was brief and the casualties wore ‘comparatively low, but the policy choices that followed lad the foundation for America's {international ledership in the twentieth ‘century, Harter questions of iberty that bad ‘concerned President Cloveland, and of eco ‘homie contol that concerned the Ameran plantors in Hawai, spread to larger portions of the American population in the late 1830s. In Past ofthe reading, you will evi the cultural, economic, and political landscape in ‘tha United States during the 1890s and how \contibuted to involvement overseas In rt, you wil ear about the events ofthe Spanish-American War. You will then have the opportunity to partiipat in the debate ‘over the question sehich brought the United ‘Stats into anew er: Should the United States quite Spain's former colonies? Finally, yo ‘ll eseas the decislons made atthe time, Did they betray tho vals upon which the United ‘Stats was founded? Or wor they th ivi ‘able results of Americas ris o global power? ‘Today, Amerleans ponder many ofthe same questions that gepped tho United Statas ‘more than a century 9g. Americans ar again Considering their identity, the role thele coun ‘uy should playin the world, and the values they most prize, This reading wil help you to place today’s Issues in thor historical context. 1Beyond Manifest Destiny ames enters te Age of Impeitsm Part I: The Origins of a Global Power hy did Amerleans bogin to look overseas in the ninotoontheantury? Afterall, Prosidont Washington, in his farewell adross 4m 1795, hod warned Americans to "ster cloar fof permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign worl.” Indeed, Washington's succes: or forthe next seventy-five years focused on ‘expanding acres tho Nor American cont ‘ont and trying to avold bocoming involved in the ambitions of the nations of Europe, How did Westward Expansion bring [power tothe United States? ‘By the Ite nineteenth century, Buropeans had already expanded their infuance and thotr rule over most of tho globo. Thoy had colonized Latin Americ, North America, and ‘Ausvalla, and wore just beginning to carve lp Alia at well For much ofthat time, the United States tried to avold being « pawn in thse European conquests. America’s vue ability lod loeders 0 Look aot across oan 10 {gain powor but instod across the continant. By the 18906 the United Sates had a quired massive ands o the wost, These lands Ihld rsouroos that increored the county's Population Growth and immigration (1830-1900) aor ob = O i e ‘otal U5. Population LH ‘wealth and a a esult the United States built up significant economic and politieal power, enough even to challange the nations {af Europe. No langar could a host, lurking European country thesten American te tory: Americans too had come to heiowe ia the concept of Manifest Destiny, convition that the mission ofthe United State was to ‘expand, to bring democracy to othrs and to sproad American valve across tho continent and perhaps even the world, Goorge Washington would have seaesly recognized his county as it approtched the ‘seenteth century, Th straggling rpc that Ihe holped mold hed bocome, in many respects, the strongest nation on earth, The Changing United States Virtually everything had changed since America's early years. Not only had the Ualted Sites emorgd ax an economle and politcal ant, butt people and their everyday ives had beon recall altered. Amorice’s som ‘ge was changing as well—and with ithe ‘als that shaped the U.S. response to other ‘world nations. How did immigration J, change the United States? I" Population growth and ‘economic expansion recast the face of Americ in the Tate nineteenth century. Much of the transformation vas lated to immigration. (OF the seventy million people living in America In the mid-18008, more than 4 percent were i migrants or the children of immigrants. Th pocs of Immigration rose sharply Inthe last two decades of the nineteenth century. ap kg) “sn a4 03 Wo 1830 1840 18501860 1870 1880 1690 1900 ‘Moreover, the immigrants‘sess than 0.1% USS. Immigration from Leading Countries Between 1850-1900 Beyond Manifest Destiny. ‘maria Enters the ae of inperai 369% | 24.4% 15.4% 128% 1%, Baa | 352% 2% 275% 157% 135% 149% EET 155% 5% 08% 55% 75% TRI 105% . 02% 13% 35% 122% * 02% 22% 60% 145% * 05% 16 51% 163% thomenves were brosdening Americas elie diversity aylor genoretions of immigrants had come largely from northwestern Europe, Dut the wave of iumigration that gaa in ‘th 1890s dre substantilly from eastarn snd southern Europe. For the firs ine large ‘numbers of Slavs, Italians, and Jows came to the United States. Most ofthe now immigrants ‘ted In the bustling ities ofthe northeast. How did urban growth transform the United States? ‘The increaso in immigration spurred urban growth. In George Washington's day, less than 5 percent of America’s population ved in clas of elght thousand or more inhabitants By theend ofthe nineteenth cantury, one-third of Americans were city dwellers, New York, ‘with throo million peopl, was oe of ho larg- fest cis inthe world, and Chicago at almost 1.5 mlion people, was not far behind. With bigger cities came problems: overburdened ‘wansportationeystoms, inadequate sanitation, rising crime, substandard hoosing, and polit cal comuption. ‘With Americans pouring into the ct sea, agricultura bogen to alip from is central place in Ameeioansocioty. When the Unitd States declared independence in 1776, 90 percent of Americans made thei iving rectly or indirectly from tho land, By the ond ofthe nlnetoonth contury, manufacturing had ‘overtaken agriculture as the leading source of rational wealth, Suburbs also came into being ‘with the intradtion of commuter al lines ‘Meny Amaricans, nd in particular tho ‘owor immigrants, worked in manufacturing plants in tho eis. During th 1890, iron and ‘tel production became the most important industries in the nation, surging shead of meat Decking and four milling. New inventions and {lscovaros in electricity, chamicals, and oil ‘made posible othr industries. Tho machine ‘age made rapid inroads in tho countryside, ab {armers increasingly relied on railroads to re caive supplies and ship thoi erop to market. ‘Stoam-drven farm machinery began to replace ‘human and animal muscle inthe Selds. Far many people who could trace their ancestry o northern and western Europe, this influx ofa new typeof immigrant, as wel the inereaso in manufacturing, was unsotling, ‘These people, themselves immigrant of an calir era, were concord that the newer {immigrants were not as industelous,o ntl gent, or capable of furthering the “pioneering ‘ature of America. They saw their presence as ‘threat to U.S, success because they belived ‘hat tho now immigrants were changing the ‘character ofthe United States away from an sgricultural,setled society to one of pid change. tthe same timo, industry needed the hor of thas newer immigrants to help propel the economy. Far some people, this depan- 3Ararica Enters he Age of impraism rs of Cuba until a stable government could be formed, As a result, American businesses e- tumed to Cuba, taking over land and rallrouds and dominating the economy. What happened tothe Philippines? Tho Philippinos prosoted whito Ameri cans an ron moro aon picture than the ‘Caribboan. Before the Spanish-American We only a handful of Americans hed been avare ofthe Flipino revolt against Spain In the politcal cartoons that appeared in U.S. news ‘papers after the outbreak of fehting, Filipinos ‘wore oftondopictd as having African features, ‘Witira Howard Taf, the future president, refered to Filipinos ss “itle brown brother. ‘hile theit couse wom support inthe Abcam: ‘Amotican pros, there was scant effort in white nevespupors to explain the postion of tho Filipino nationalists. Elio Aguinaldo, the nationalist leader, had assumed that the United State meant to liborate the Philippines ate the war: On May 24,1808, he had proclaimed himself the hoad of a tamporary roveltionary government and pledgod to hold elections Hf had even. ‘expressed his special gratitude tothe United States (€the great North American nation, the eradle of genuine liberty, ‘and therefore the friend of our ‘people, oppressed and enslaved by the tyranny and despotism ofits ruler, has come tous manifesting ‘protection as decisive a it is undoubtedly disinterested towards ‘our inhabitants, considering ws as ‘Sufficient civilized and capable oF governing ourselves and our lunfortanate county.” “io Agena Despite Aguinaldo’s hopes for immed\- ste independence, the preliminary treaty of ‘sug 12, 1608 said tht Spain would permit tomporary US. oocupation of Manila until the sats of the Philippines was determined faa final teat. The preliminary testy also sald that Spain would relingulh ll claims to Cubs, and give control of Puerto Rico and ‘Guam to the United Stats. In the next ow ‘months, both tho public and loaders in the United States wold discuss what longertorm strategy to embrace.ayond Manifest Destiny -Anvavc Entr tne Age ot mpena Fall 1898: America at the Crossroads hroughout the remainder of the summer ind fal of 198 the pubic discussed the peace traty’s terms and debated whothor the United States should permanently annex et tori as far aoeay asthe Philipines, President “MeKinley even went on a mia-westor speak ing tour in October to gauge public opinion on the issuo. was the Philippinos—not Cubs—at the ovo ofthe storm. At the conclusion af the ‘war Congress had authorized the occupation ‘Cubs, but hed fale to address the future of the distant Philippines and is nese ten al lion people, Atte seme time, US. and Spanish nego: tintrs (no Filipinos) worked out the details of ‘the final treaty in Pris. Of the five members of the U.S. peace commission President MeKin- ley appointed, four wore backers of expansion. It took several months forthe negotistrs to hash outa treaty. One ofthe proposed articles they dlscssed would add the enti achi- plage ofthe Philippine tothe United Stator ab acolony, Opponents of imperialism wore outraged ‘»pon hearing thie nave, The various groupe of ent-impertlists fat they should join freas to form the Anti-mperilist League. This way thoy could more effectively project their mes- sage to the American people and to Congress, ‘who would eventually be voting on the final raf th tat. ‘The ant-impenalists contended thatthe creation ofa colonil empire would change the political systom in the United States and alter {he character ofthe nation, They were particu larly concored that annexation would moan the United States could no longer hold ituelf "up asa government in powor by the “consont ofthe governad,” a principle ofthe Delara- tion of Independence. Among the ranks ofthe sant-imperialists war former President Grovor CClaveland, industrialist Andro Camegie, and labor leeder Samuel Gomper. 64W¥e hold that the policy known as Imperialism i hostile to iberty and tends toward militaria... We insist ‘thatthe subjugation of any people is “criminal aggression” and open dsoyalty tothe distinctive principles four government." “Plato ofthe Antaris League ‘Leading the fight for the annexation of {he Philippines was «powerful coalition of politician, businessmen, religious leaders, and military strategists. Within is ranks were ‘Thoodore Rooeovlt, Massachusotts Sons- tor Henry Cabot Lodge, and indiana Senator ‘Albert Beveridge 6618s destiny that the world shall be ‘rescued from its natural wilderness ‘and from savage men. In this great ‘work the American people must have their part.” "Senator Alt Bevis of ndlana A tied group, made up mostly of big ‘businessmen and others concerned with com- rote, favored retaining only the harbor of ‘Manila 0 that the United States could gain a secure economic foothold in Asia. Advocates ‘ofthis position did not ike the ea ofthe Unitod States bocoming an imperial power, land predicted that annexation ofl the is lands af the archipelago would be cosy £6Can such markets be opened only by annexing to the United States the countries in which they are situated?...And as to coaling-stations ‘and naval depots, can we nat have ‘as many as we need without owning Targe and populous countries behind them” Cat Soha, former scary All segments ofthe debate iniuencod the negotiations fra peace treaty in Pri.