Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A to Z
of
Bones of The Skull
Dr A. L. Neill
BSc MSc MBBS PhD FACBS
medicalamanda@gmail.com
Pizotifen malate
Indications: Prophylactic treatment of vascular headaches including typical and
atypical migraine; vasomotor and cluster headaches.
The
A to Z
of
Bones of The Skull
Introduction
After the A to Z of Skeletal Muscles was released to my
students (and later my colleagues with the help of Aspen),
I received some very valuable feedback from both. From this
feedback it became apparent that this format was helpful to all
in the health professional field. It was also apparent that there
was a need for another pocket reference
book of this type on bones and
nerves. So as with the other book,
I have started with a prototype
examining the bones of one of the
most complex group in the body,
the SKULL.
It is hoped that this proves to be as
useful as my first A to Z book, and
goes on to become a more
comprehensive but quick and simple reference
for all bones.
Acknowledgement
I would like to thank Aspen Pharmacare Australia and
particularly Mr Greg Lam CEO and Mr Robert Koster Head of
Marketing and Sales for stepping in and giving me their
support in this project when it seemed I was not going to be
able to complete it, due to lack of resources and time.
Students, as always, but particularly today have to sacrifice
many things in their pursuit of knowledge. It is hoped that this
book will help to make that pathway easier and more
enjoyable. As with my other ventures in this A to Z series we
want to give knowledge to any who wish to use it.
Dedication
To MICKEY 390335, and to stopping pettiness, spite and
misinformation wherever it lies.
1
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A. L. Neill
Table of contents
Introduction
Acknowledgement
Dedication
How to Use this book
Table of Articulations of the Skull
Common Terms used in Osteology
Classification and summary of skull bones
1
1
1
2
4
7
12
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Nasal bones
Occipital External, Internal
Palatine bones
Parietal External, Internal
Sphenoid Anterior, Posterior
Sutural / Extrasutural bones - Incus
Temporal External, Inferior, Interior
Vomer
Zygoma
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Alveolus
Aperture
Areola
Articulation
Auditory
Axial
Refers to the head and trunk (vertebrae, ribs and sternum) of the body.
Basilar
Basiocranium
Boss
Bregma
of
Calotte
The calotte consists of the calvaria from which the base has been
removed.
Calvaria
The calvaria refers to the cranium without the facial bones attached.
Canal
Caput / Kaput
Carotid
Cavity
Cavum
A cave.
Cephalic
Clinoid
Like a bed-post, part of a four poster bed so that clinoid process looks
like a bed post (generally with other posts) as in the Sphenoid bone.
Clivus
Cochlea
A snail hence snail-like shape relating to the Organ of Corti in the ear.
Concha
Condyle
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Corona
Cranium
The cranium of the skull comprises all of the bones of the skull except
for the mandible.
Crest
Depression
A concavity on a surface
Diaphysis
The body of a long bone. In the young this is the region between the
growth plates.
Diplo
The cancellous bone between the inner and outer tables of the skull,
adj.- diploic.
Eminence
Endocranium
Epiphysis
The end of a long bone beyond the growth plate or epiphyseal plate.
There are 2 epiphyses to each long bone.
Euryon
Facet
Fissure
Fontanelle
Foramen
Fornix
An arch
Fossa
Fovea
Gallus / Galli
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Most anterior midline point of the Frontal bone - that point between
the eyebrows which should be hairless. This is the Latin derivation of
this word.
Gnathion
Groove
Gyrus
Hamus
A hook hence the term used for bones which hook around other
bones or where other structures are able to attach by hooking hamulus = a small hook.
Hyoid
U-shaped
Incisura
A notch.
Inter
between
Intra
within
Introitus
Jugum
Lacerum
Lacrimal
Lambda
Lamina
Linea
Locus
Magnum
Large pl magna
Malleus
Mandible
Mastoid
Maxilla
The jaw-bone; now used only for the upper jaw; adj.- maxillary.
Meatus
Mental
Metaphysis
Nasion
Neurocranium
Notch
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Occiput
Occulus
An eye
Odontoid
Opisthion
Orbit
A circle; the name given to the bony socket in which the eyeball
rotates; adj - orbital.
Orifice
An opening.
Os
Ossicle
A small bone as in the ear ossicles: stapes (stirrup), incus (anvil) and
malleus (hammer).
Ostium
Otic
Ovale
Oval shaped
Palate
Parietal
Parotid
Pars
A part of
Pecten
A comb.
Petrous
Process
Prominens
A projection
Prosthion
Pterion
A wing; the region where the tip of the greater wing of the sphenoid
meets or is close to the parietal, separating the frontal from the
squamous region of the temporal bone. (TERY- on) Alternatively the
region where these 4 bones meet.
Pterygoid
Wing shaped
Recess
A secluded area or pocket; a small cavity set apart from a main cavity.
Rectus
straight - erect
Rhinion
Midline point of the free end of the Nasal bones where they join with
the Nasal cartilages
Ridge
Rotundum
Round
Sagittal
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BON
SKU
10
Sella
Sesamoid
grainlike
Sigmoid
Sinus
Skull
The skull refers to all of the bones that comprise the head.
Spheno
A wedge i.e. the Sphenoid is the bone which wedges in the base of
the skull between the unpaired frontal and occipital bones
adj.- sphenoid .
Spine
Suture
Stylos
Symphysis
A joint or a growth
Tectum
A roof.
Tegmen
A covering.
Temporal
Refers to time and the fact that grey hair (marking the passage of
time) often appears first at the site of the temporal bone.
Tentorium
A tent.
Trabecula
Tubercle
Tuberculum
Tuberosity
Turbinate
A childs spinning top, hence shaped like a top. An old term for the
nasal conchae.
Tympanum
Uncus
Vagina
Zygoma
A yoke , hence, the bone joining the maxillary, frontal, temporal &
sphenoid bones adj.- zygomatic.
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Sutural bone
There are:
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12
THE SKULL
13
Frontal bone
Fronto-Nasal suture
Inter-Nasal suture
Nasal bone, Lacrimal bone
Supra-Orbital foramen
Spheno-Parietal suture
Spheno-Frontal suture
Spheno-Squamosal suture
Zygoma
Zygomatico-Maxillary suture
Infra-orbital foramen
Middle Nasal concha - turbinate (from Ethmoid bone)
Inferior nasal concha - turbinate (from Ethmoid bone)
Vomer
Mandible
Mental foramen
Inter-Maxillary suture
Maxilla
Ethmoid bone (Orbital plate)
Inferior Orbital fissure
Temporo-Zygomatic suture
Superior Orbital suture
Fronto-Zygomatic suture
Greater wing of the Sphenoid
Coronal suture - Fronto-Parietal suture
Lesser wing of the Sphenoid
Optic foramen
Metopic suture (rare) Fronto-Fronto suture
Glabella
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
15
Sagittal suture
Lamboid suture (view to the posterior) meeting at
the Bregma
Frontal sinus
Lesser wing of the Sphenoid
Supraorbital fissure
Greater wing of the Sphenoid
Fronto-Zygomatic suture
Petrous ridge
Anterior clinoid process
Floor of the hypophyseal fossa + upper apex of
nasal cavity adjacent to nasal sinuses
Lateral pterygoid plate
Base of the skull - floor of posterior cranial cavity
Foramen rotundum
Mastoid process
Upper central incisor tooth
Mandible
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THE
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17
Frontal sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Maxillary sinus
Foramen rotundum
Supraorbital fissure
Anterior clinoid process
Posterior clinoid process
Petrous ridge
Floor of the hypophyseal fossa + upper apex of
nasal cavity adjacent to nasal sinuses
Crista galli
Frontal process of zygoma
Middle concha - turbinate
Inferior concha - turbinate
Lateral border of Greater wing of sphenoid
Greater wing of sphenoid
Lesser wing of sphenoid
Hard palate
Infraorbital foramen
Zygomaticofacial foramen
Coronoid process of the mandible
Soft tissue of lower lid
Pterygoid plates of the sphenoid
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19
Frontal sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Maxillary sinus
Foramen rotundum
Supraorbital fissure
Anterior clinoid process
Posterior clinoid process
Petrous ridge
Floor of the hypophyseal fossa + upper apex of
nasal cavity adjacent to nasal sinuses
Crista galli
Frontal process of zygoma
Middle concha - turbinate
Inferior concha - turbinate
Lateral border of Greater wing of sphenoid
Greater wing of sphenoid
Lesser wing of sphenoid
Hard palate
Infraorbital foramen
Zygomaticofacial foramen
Coronoid process of the mandible
Soft tissue of lower lid
Pterygoid plates of the sphenoid
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
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THE SKULL
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
25
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
27
Coronal suture
Impression for Middle meningeal artery
Lambdoid suture
Wormian bone - Extrasutural bone
Styloid process
Posterior wall of Nasopharynx
Clivus - (base of Sphenoid and Occiptal bones)
Hypophyseal fossa
Sphenoid sinus
Greater wing of the Sphenoid
Posterior Air cells in the Ethmoid - Ethmoid sinus
Anterior Air cells in the Ethmoid - Ethmoid sinus
Frontal sinus
Zygoma - frontal process
Maxilla - malar process
Zygoma - Arch
Posterior border of the Maxillary sinus
Hard palate - Palatine bone
Alveolar bone in Maxilla
Pterygoid plates
Soft tissue of Soft Palate and Uvula
Mandibular canal
Head of Mandible
Coronoid process of Mandible
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THE SKULL
29
Sagittal sinus
Parietal foramen
Lambda Pareito - Occipital suture
Occipital bone
Lambdoid suture
Superior nuchal line
Highest nuchal line
Superior nuchal line
Mastoid process
External Occitipal protruberance
Inferior nuchal groove
Superior nuchal groove
Sutural bones - Inca
Euyron
Parietal bone
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THE SKULL
31
Occipital bone
Lambdoid suture - Occipito-Parieto suture
Parietal eminence - Euryon
Frontal bone
Bregma
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Sagittal suture
Lambda
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
33
Lambda
Lambdoid suture
Parietal foramen
Diploe
Bregma
Coronal suture
Frontal crest and Diploe - inner and outer tables of
the skull bone
Frontal bone
Depressions for arachnoid granulations
Grooves for middle meningeal vessels
Parietal bone
Sagittal suture
Groove for superior sagittal sinus
Occipital bone
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35
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Cribiform plate
Frontal sinus
Crista Galli
Orbital plate of Frontal bone
Jugum of Sphenoid
Optic canal
Lesser wing of the Sphenoid bone
Anterior Clinoid process
Foramen rotundum
Foramen lacerum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Dorsum sellae
Internal acoustic meatus
Jugular foramen
Foramen magnum
A
B
C
POSTERIOR FOSSA
MIDDLE FOSSA
ANTERIOR FOSSA
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Ethmoid bones
Anterior / Lateral / Medial / Superior
Description - Light spongy bone the size and shape of an ice
cube, located between the 2 orbital cavities.
1
2
3
BONES4OF THE
SKULL
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
37
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Anterior
Lateral
BON
SKU
Medial
Superior
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39
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BON
SKU
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Hyoid bone
Description - Small U-shaped bone. Attached to the styloid
processes via ligaments, this bone has no articulations and is
not normally broken in normal trauma. It may be broken in
hanging and strangulation.
1
2
3
Body of hyoid
Greater horn (cornu)
Lesser horn (cornu)
BONES OF THE
SKULL
41
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BON
SKU
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43
Mandibular notch
Pterygoid fovea
Head of Mandible - Condyle - Condylar process
Neck of Mandible
Posterior border of ramus of mandible
Ramus - Vertical ramus
Angle of mandible
Oblique line
Inferior border
Body - Horizontal ramus
Base
Mental foramen
Mental tubercle - Gnathion
Mental protuberance
Alveolar bone surrounding teeth
Anterior border of ramus
Coronoid process - Endocoronial ridge
Mandibular foramen
Lingula
Superior and inferior mental spines
Digastric fossa
Mylohyoid line
Mylohyoid groove
Extramolar sulcus
Infradentale
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BON
SKU
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Mandible Anterior
radiology
orthopantomogram = OPG
Used to show mandibular fractures and an overview of
sinuses and complete dentition
1
2
3
4
5
6
BONES OF THE
SKULL7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
45
Central incisor
Lateral incisor
Canine
First premolar
Second premolar
First molar
Second molar
Pulp chamber
Coronoid process
Head of mandible
Zygoma
Maxillary sinus
Anterior nasal spine of maxilla
Vomer (nasal septum)
Sites for the third molar
Hard palate
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BON
SKU
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Mandible Lateral
radiology
Showing relationship to surrounding soft tissue
1
Head of mandible Condylar process
2
Neck of the Mandible
3
Hard Palate
4
Soft Palate
5
Anterior notch of the Atlas (C1)
6
Odontoid process of the Axis (C2) Dens
7
Posterior aspect of the tongue
8
Retropharyngeal sac
BONES9OF THEEpiglottis
SKULL
10
Vallecula - fold anterior to epiglottis
11
Hyoid bone
47
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BON
SKU
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Mandibular joint
Temporo-Mandibular joint (TMJ) Lateral
radiology
Open - upper
Shut - lower
1
Head of mandible Condylar process
2
Neck of the Mandible
3
Coronoid process
4
Zygomatic arch
5
External auditory meatus + Handle of the malleus
6
Articular cubicle
BONES OF THE
Tympanic plate
SKULL7
8
Mastoid process
9
Groove for posterior belly of Digastric muscle
10
Mandibular fossa
11
Greater wing of the sphenoid (basal surface)
12
Lesser wing of the sphenoid
49
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BON
SKU
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51
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BON
SKU
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Incisive fossa
Median Palatine suture (Inter-Maxillary suture)
Groove for greater Palatine vessels
Palatine process of the Maxilla
Greater Palatine foramen
Palato-Maxillary suture
Inter-Palatine suture
Inferior Orbital fissure
Lesser Palatine foramen
Posterior Nasal spine
Foramen spinosum
Foramen ovale
Carotid canal
Foramen lacerum
Occipital condyle
Foramen magnum
Palato-vaginal canal
Pharyngeal tubercle
Ala of Vomer
Medial Pterygoid plate
Lateral Pterygoid plate
Infratemporal crest of Sphenoid
Zygomatic arch
Pyramidal process of the Palatine bone
Maxillary tuberosity
Left Third Molar tooth LM3
Left Second molar tooth - LM2
Left First molar tooth LM1
Left Second premolar tooth - LP2
Left First premolar tooth - LP1
Left Canine tooth LC1
Left Second incisor tooth - LI2
Left First incisor tooth LI1
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BON
SKU
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Nasal Bones
External (rotated 180 degrees to show)
Internal (below)
also see the Nasal Cavity to see the Nasal bones in situ
Description - Small thin rectangular paired bones below the
Glabella, the inferior edges form the top margin of the nasal
aperture. Inferior nasal conchae - small snail shaped fragile
bones extending along the lateral walls of the nasal cavity on top
of the palatines.
BONES1OF THEArticulation
SKULL
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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BON
SKU
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56
Superior angle
Highest nuchal line
Superior nuchal line
Inferior nuchal line
Mastoid margin
Jugular process
Condylar fossa
Occipital condyle
Foramen magnum
Hypoglossal canal
Condylar canal
Lateral surface
Lateral angle
External / Internal Occipital crest
Squamous surface
External / Internal Occipital protuberance
Lamboid margin
Groove for superior sagittal sinus
Cerebral fossa
Groove for transverse sinus
Attachment for Tentorium Cerebelli
Groove for superior sigmoid sinus
Jugluar notch
Jugular tubercle
Attachments for Falx Cerebri
Opisthion
Basion
Occipital sulcus - Sagittal sinus
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BON
SKU
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59
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Sagittal
Medial
Anterior
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BON
SKU
Posterior
60
BONES OF THE
SKULL8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
61
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BON
SKU
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63
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BON
SKU
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BON
SKU
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67
Ala (Alae)
Articulation with Maxillae and Palatine
Maxillovomer suture / palatinovomer suture
Groove for the nasopalantine nerves and vessels
Articulation with nasal cartilages
Articulation with Sphenoid bone
Articulation with the Ethmoid plate
Perpendicular plate of the Ethmoid
Body of Vomer
Maxillae areolar bone
Medial pterygoid plate
Frontal bone
Sphenoid sinus
Anterior of nasal bones
Frontal sinus
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lateral
Posterior
BON
SKU
in situ
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69
Frontal process
Zygomatico-Facial formina
Articulation with the Frontal bone
Articulation with the Sphenoid
Zygomatico-Orbital foramina
Articulation with Maxilla
Zyomatico-Temporal foramina
Temporal process
Maxillary process
Orbital surface
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BON
SKU
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Frontal sinus
Frontal crest
Foramen Caecum
Cranionasal exit of the anterior ethmoidal nerve
Slit for the process of the dura mater
Anterior Ethmoidal groove
Concealed entry for the anterior Ethmoidal nerve
Posterior Ethmoidal groove
Concealed entry for the posterior Ethmoidal nerve
Jugam Sphenoidale
Optic canals
Anterior Clinoid process
Fronto-Sphenoid suture
Lesser wing of the Sphenoid
Vascular foramen
Diploe
Orbital plate of the Frontal bone
Crista Galli
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
71
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Frontal sinus
Anterior Ethmoidal foramen
Orbital plate of Ethmoid
Posterior Ethmoidal foramen
Lesser wing of the Sphenoid
Pterygo-Maxillary fissure
Perpendicular plate of the Palatine
Alveolar processes of the Maxilla
Maxillary Sinus - opened
Inferior concha, Maxillary process
Anterior Nnasal spine
Uncinate process of the Ethmoid
Nasal bone
Lacrimo-Maxillary suture
Supra-Orbital foramen
Frontal bone
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
73
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THE
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CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
75
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THE
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Semilunar hiatus
Ethmoid bulla
Air cells of Ethmoid sinus
Sphenoidal sinuses
Spheno-Palatine foramen
Perpendicular plate of the palatine
Inferior nasal concha and meatus
Opening of the maxillary sinus
Uncinate process of Ethmoid bone
Right Frontal sinus
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
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THE
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Nasal Cavity
dissected to show lateral wall of right nasal cavity
Sagittal section of Lateral Right nasal cavity
looking in to the lateral side of the right side of the nose
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Middle concha
Middle concha meatus
Superior concha
Superior concha meatus
Sphenoid sinus
Medial Pterygoid plate
Spheno-Palatine foramen
Perpendicular plate of Palatine bone
Palato-Maxillary suture
Incisive fossa and canal
Inferior concha and meatus
Maxilla
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Right Frontal sinus
Left Frontal sinus
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
79
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THE
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Nasal Cavity
dissected to show medial wall of the nasal cavity
Sagittal section of Nasal cavity
looking in to the medial wall of the nose in front of the right
nasal cavity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
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THE
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CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
Eyeball and muscles all sit in this cavity with the Optic
nerve entering from the posterior part of the cavity through
the Orbital foramen.
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THE
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Frontal sinus
Foramen ovale
Infraorbital foramen
Foramen rotundum
Hard palate floor of nasal cavity
Maxillary antrum
Lateral wall of maxillary antrum
Zygomatic arch
Sphenoid sinus
Soft tissue of nose and lower lid
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
85
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THE
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Optic foramen
Supraorbital ridge
Sphenoid ridge
Frontal bone
Sphenoid sinus (note clear no fluid lines as with sinusitis)
Anterior clinoid process
Posterior clinoid process
Frontal process of zygoma
Zygomatic arch
Lateral border of greater wing of the sphenoid
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
87
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THE
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Dorsum sellae
Groove for inferior Petrosal sinus
Groove for superior Petrosal sinus
Internal Acoustic meatus
Concealed crevice for Endolymphatic sac
Mastoid emissary foramen
Occipito-Mastoid suture
Diploe
Lambdoid suture
Groove for transverse sinus
Fossa for Right Occipital lobe of the Cerebrum
Fossa for Right Cerebellar hemisphere
Internal Occipital proturberance
Internal Occipital crest
Groove for sigmoid sinus
Foramen magnum
Hypoglossal canal
Jugular formamen
Clivus: Basi-Occipital
Clivus: Basi-Sphenoid
Posterior Clinoid process
CAVITIES OF
THE SKULL
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CAV
THE
A. L. Neill
90
A. L. Neill
A. L. Neill
92
93
A. L. Neill
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A. L. Neill
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For Bronchitis,
Sinusitis and
Otitis Media.
TAZAC
for
(nizatidine)
REFLUX
Dr. A. L. NEILL
BSc MSc MBBS PhD FACBS
medicalamanda@gmail.com
www.amandasatoz.com
0414248747
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