Cranial Nerves

I through XII
 Classification of cranial nerves
 Sensory cranial nerves: contain only afferent (sensory)
fibers
 ⅠOlfactory nerve

 ⅡOptic nerve

 Ⅷ Vestibulocochlear nerve

 Motor cranial nerves: contain only efferent (motor) fibers

 Ⅲ Oculomotor nerve

 Ⅳ Trochlear nerve

 ⅥAbducent nerve

 Ⅺ Accessory nerv

 Ⅻ Hypoglossal nerve
 Mixed nerves: contain both sensory and motor
fibers---
 ⅤTrigeminal nerve,
 Ⅶ Facial nerve,
 ⅨGlossopharyngeal nerve
 ⅩVagus nerve
 parasympathetic nerves
1973
 PHARYNGEAL ARCHES nerves
1975
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3
FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS
4 (GENERAL)+3(SPECIAL)
THE GENERAL 2-SOMATIC(BODY WALL)
GSA= General sensation i.e transmit exteroceptive and
proprioceptive impulses from the body wall
GSE= Motor to striated muscle of non-pharyngeal origin
2-AUTONOMIC(VISCERA)para-sympathetic
GVA= General sensation from the viscera+B.V+glands
transmit interoceptive impulses to the visceral sensory
nuclei
GVE= motor to the visceral musclesand relayed in
parasympathetic ganglions. The postganglionic fibers
supply cardiac muscles ， smooth muscles and glands

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 special
SSA=Vision+Hearing&
equilibrium
SVA=Taste +Smell
SVE=striated muscles of
pharyngeal origin[1975]

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 1973

Sensory motor
GVA GVE

GSA (pain, touch, thermal etc) SVE(1975)

SSA (TV) GSE

SVA (food)
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6 extraoccular muscles
 4 recti and 2 oblique sup. Inf.

 So4 Lr6 O3

 The recti do actions as their

names+ sup& inferior do medial

divistion
 Obligue opposite their names

+lateral deviation
 2
1

Spinal nucleus of V
Salivatory N
CN – nucleus/nuclei Function

III

IV

VI

VII

VII

IX

XI

XII
 Combine the functional components with the nuclei
CN – Functional components Nucleus for this function

III

IV

VI

VII

VII

IX

XI

XII
Olfactory Nerve I
 Sense of smell SVA
 Pathway: fibers-bulb-tact – stria to cortex bypass
thalamus
 Damage causes impaired sense of smell (anosmia
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Optic Nerve II

 Provides vision SSA

 Damage causes blindness in visual field
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Oculomotor Nerve III
 Somatic (GSE) and Autonomic motor function (GVE)
 Somatic:-Eye movement (Superior, inferior, medial rectus
muscles and inferior oblique muscle), opening of eyelid
(levator palpebrae superioris), Ophalmoplesia
 drooping eyelid (ptosis) diplopia
 Parasympathetic:- constriction of pupil (circular muscle),
focusing (ciliary muscle and accomodation)
 dilated pupil and difficulty in focusing
External strabismus( lateral squint)
Trochlear Nerve IV GSE

 Eye movement (superior oblique muscle)

 Damage causes double vision and inability to
rotate eye inferolaterally
Abducens Nerve VI (GSE)

 Provides eye movement (lateral rectus m.)

 Damage results in inability to rotate eye
laterally and at rest eye rotates medially
Internal strabismus ( Medial
squint)
 Trigeminal Nerve V GSA SVE

 Ophthalmic branch – sensations from nasal cavity, skin of forehead,

upper eyelid, eyebrow, nose
 Maxillary branch – sensations from lower eyelid, upper lips and
gums, teeth of the maxilla, cheek, nose, palate, pharynx
 Mandibular branch – sensations from teeth of the mandible, lower
gums and lips,, tongue. Motor function of temporalis and masseter
muscles, palate.
 Damage produces loss of sensation and impaired chewing
 Facial Nerve VII

 Somatic Motor - facial expressions

SVE, SVA, GVE, GSA, GVA
 Autonomic Motor - salivary and lacrimal glands, mucous
membranes of nasal and palatine mucosa
 Special Sensory - taste on anterior 2/3’s of tongue
 Damage facialparalysis Bell's palsy and disturbed sense
of taste (no sweet and salty)
 Branches of Facial Nerve

Clinical test: Test anterior 2/3’s of tongue with

substances such as sugar, salt, vinegar, and quinine; test
response of tear glands to ammonia fumes; test motor
functions by asking subject to close eyes, smile, whistle,
frown, raise eyebrows, etc.
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 Ear is an organ of hearing & balance. Consists of three parts:
(a) External Ear
(b) Middle Ear
(c) Internal Ear

External Ear
The external ear consists of
(a) Auricle or Pinna
(b) External Acoustic Meatus
1. Auricle
A superficial shell like projecting part of the ear which
helps in catching the sound waves. It consists of
cartilage connected to the skull by ligaments &
muscles & is covered by skin. It funnels sound waves
into the external auditory meatus
 Vestibulocochlear Nerve VIII

 Special Sensory SSA

 Provides hearing (cochlear branch) and sense of balance
(vestibular branch)
 Damage produces cochlear deafness, Tinitus
 Vestibular dizziness, nausea, loss of balance and
nystagmus
 Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX

 Somatic motor – Swallowing and voice production via pharyngeal muscle

SVE, SVA, GVE, GSA, GVA
 Autonomic motor - salivation, gagging, control of BP and respiration
 Sensations from posterior 1/3 of tongue including taste
 Sensations from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
 Damage results in loss of bitter and sour taste and impaired swallowing,
blood pressure anomalies (with CN X).
 Vagus Nerve X
 SVE, SVA, GVE, GSA, GVA
 Sensations from skin at back of ear,
external acoustic meatus, part of
tympanic membrane, larynx, trachea,
espophagus, thoracic and abdominal
viscera
 Motor to bararoceptors and
chemoreceptors
 Special sensory – taste from
epiglottis and pharynx
 Somatic motor – Swallowing and
voice production via pharyngeal
muscles
 Autonomic motor – smooth muscle of
abdominal viscera, visceral glands
secretions, relaxation of airways, and
normal or decreased heart rate.
 Damage causes hoarseness or loss
of voice, impaired swallowing, GI
dysfunction, blood pressure
anomalies (with CN IX), fatal if both
 Accessory Nerve IX

 Cranial SVE (X)– Spinal GSE

 Swallowing, head, neck and shoulder movement via trapezius
and sternocleidomastoid and pharyngeal muscles
 Damage causes impaired head, neck, shoulder movement
 Stiffneck
 Hypoglossal Nerve XII GSE

 GSE Tongue movements for speech, food

manipulation and swallowing
 If both are damaged – can’t protrude tongue
 If one side is damaged – tongue deviates towards
injured side
 Cranial Nerve Disorders
 Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux)
 recurring episodes of intense stabbing pain in
trigeminal nerve area (near mouth or nose)
 pain triggered by touch, drinking, washing face
 treatment may require cutting nerve
 Bell’s palsy
 disorder of facial nerve causes paralysis of facial
muscles on one side
 may appear abruptly with full recovery within 3-5
weeks