UMTS

Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System

Dr. Hatem MOKHTARI

The Hague, 2006

Presentation Outline
Radio Interface

Multiple access schemes versus CDMA

W-CDMA technology (Spreading Spectrum)

Mechanisms to optimize performances

Limits

Code planning versus Frequency planning

Multiple Access Schemes

TDMA (digital)

Power

FDMA (analog)
Power

30 KHz

Time

200 KHz

Time
User 4
User 3
User 2
User 1

Frequency

Frequency
User 4
User 3
User 2
User 1

User 5
User 4
User 3
User 2
User 1

A channel is identified by a carrier frequency

A channel is identified by a carrier frequency and

a Time Slot assignment.
The channel is the set of TS intervalls used
by the communication

FTDMA (GSM)
Power

Power

Time

Time

CDMA (IS95, 3G)

Frequency

Frequency
User 1 & 2 & 3 & ...

A channel is identified by a carrier frequency and

a code per user

Wideband-Code Division Multiple Access

Key Notions

Wideband-Code Division Multiple Access

technology
to provide
Speech, LCD and UDD services
implementing
FDD or TDD modes
On
Physical Channels

Performances

Soft and softer Handover to improve quality

 A mobile is listened by several BTS simultaneously
 User traffic is taken in charge instantaneously by the new
BTS (data is then encoded with another code)

Power Control
 Fast power control to optimize capacity (number of users)
  Power   Interferences   Capacity
Limits
 DL limits: UMTS cell capacity constrained by the number of

active users and the maximum power available at the BTS

Key mechanism to optimize cell capacity = Power control
algoritm
 UL limits: trade-off between coverage (cell radius) and
guaranteed data service in the cell
CDMA link budget expertise and receiver performances

 Northern Telecom - Confidential Information - may not be copied or disclosed without permission

Code Planning (UMTS) Versus

Frequency Planning (GSM)
W-CDMA distinguishes users
by codes, the same channel
can be deployed in adjacent
cells.
 Prefered configuration for
initial deployments
Every UMTS cell site can use
the same 5 MHz band .
 N = 1 Reuse
Channel reuse problem
encountered in GSM is
eliminated.
Greatly simplifies frequency
planning in a fully W-CDMA
environment.

UMTS:
UMTS:N=1
N=1Means
Means
Minimal
Frequency
Minimal Frequency
Planning
PlanningisisRequired
Required

1
1

1
1
4

1
1

1
1

1
1
5
6

4
CELL
1

7
5
6

3
2

4
CELL
1 4

3
2

GSM
GSM N=7
N=7
Reuse
Pattern
Reuse Pattern

Multiple Access

Multiple Access
Simultaneous Private Use Of An Unique Radio Channel By Multiple
Independent Users
Channel #i = [FMS(UL), FBTS(DL=UL+duplex spacing)] (Paired Spectrum)
Or
Channel #i = [FMS(UL), FBTS(= FMS)] (Unpaired Spectrum)

Channel #i

Channel #i

Channel #i

Multiple Access
Near Far Problem
The User 1 is an interferer for the User 2
The User 2 is an interferer for the User 1
The two signals are not synchronised and the codes are
not completely orthogonal
 without power control the base station cannot
discriminate the two signals

Channel #i
User 2

Channel #i

User 1

Multiple Access
IMT-2000 Spectrum

Unpaired Spectrum

1850

1900

1950

2000

1885 MHz

2050

2100
2110 MHz

2010 MHz

IMT 2000

ITU

2150

MSS

2200

2250

2170 MHz

IMT 2000

MSS

UMTS

MSS

2025 MHz
1920 MHz

Europe

GSM 1800 DECT TDD

UMTS

MSS

TDD

FDD

FDD

1880 MHz

1805 MHz

1980 MHz

1990 MHz

USA

2160 MHz

PCS
A

1850

E F

1900

EF

1950

Paired Spectrum

MSS

2000

Broadcast auxiliary

2050

2100

Reserve

2150

2200

2250

Code Division

Code Division
User distinguishes By Codes
Cscramb
Cch

: Scrambling Code (distinguishes Cells and Mobile Users)

: Channelization Code (distinguishes one Communication Channel direction)

Cscramb
Cscramb

Cscramb
Cch

Channel #i
Sector 2

Sector 1

Channel #i

Cscramb
Cch

Sector 3

Cscramb
Cch

Channel #i
Cscramb

Code Division
Uplink And Downlink Are Different !
Physical
Data/Control
Channels

S/P

Cch,i

Scrambling Code
(Short PN Code)

cos ( t)

Cscramb
p(t)
I+jQ

Channelization Code
(OVSF)

p(t)
*j
sin (t)

Downlink (BSMS)

Downlink: two bits are transformed into 1 complex symbol  SF = Chip Rate/ (2 symbol rate)
Physical Data
Channels

Scrambling Code
(Long PN Code)

Cch,i
Physical Control
Channel

Uplink (MSBS)
Uplink:

p(t)
I+jQ

Channelization Code
(OVSF)

Cch,i

cos ( t)

Cscramb

p(t)
*j
sin (t)

one bit is mapped on the I part of the modulation  SF = Chip Rate/(symbol rate)

Code Division
Scrambling And Channelization Codes

Channelization codes (Orthogonal Variable Spreading

Factor)
 In DL and UL, one Cch assigned by user (handset).
 To spread (Spreading Factor SF) user data rate to the
system chip rate.
 To preserve the orthogonality between user s different
physical channels
 OVSF codes defined using a code tree.

Where each level in the tree defines a channelization code of

length SF.
A code can be assigned if and only if no other code on the path
from specific code to the root of the tree or in sub-tree below
the specific code is already used by an another user.

Scrambling codes (Gold & Very Large Kasami Codes)

 In DL, one Cscramb assigned by cell (BTS sector).
 In UL, one Cscramb assigned per mobile user.
 To reduce interference between different physical channels
and users.

Code Division
Multipath RAKE Receiver
[D(t-0).C(t-0)+D(t-1).C(t-1)] .C(t-0) =
D(t-0)
RX

Delay (0)

D(t-0).C(t-0)
C(t-0)
[ D(t-0).C(t-0)+ D(t-1).C(t-1)] .C(t-1) =
D(t-1)

D(t)
TX
D(t-1).C(t-1)
C(t)

RX

Delay (1)

C(t-1)

RX
C(t-n)

Delay (n)

(
+
) D(t)

Code Division
Transmission Chain For One User
Voice
calls

Sampling

Data
calls

Signalling

Multipleing data
with
same QoS

Channel Coding

1st Interleaving

Rate Matching

Multipleing data
with
same QoS

Channel Coding

1st Interleaving

Rate Matching

Multipleing data
with
same QoS

Channel Coding

1st Interleaving

Rate Matching

Bit
Rate
8.8 (voice)
64 to 2048 kbps (data)

Multipleing data
with
different QoS

Physical Channel
Segmentation

Baseband Processing

2dInterleaving
Interleaving
2d
PhysicalChannel
Channel
Physical
Mapping
Mapping

Chip Rate
3.84 Mcps

Power
Amplification

Radio

Modulation
&
Transmission

Symbol Rate
64 to 1024 scps
Channelization
Channelization
(OVSF)
(OVSF)

Scrambling
(Short PN code)

Channelization
Channelization
(OVSF)
(OVSF)

Digital Radio

I
S/P
S/P

Mechanisms To Optimize
Performances

UMTS Performances
Soft And Softer Handover To Improve Quality
RNC

Best Frame Selection

Node B

ATM
Concentrator

Node B

Node B

Better Equalizer
Throughput
Power gain
(dB)

Radio Site

Diversity (TX/RX)

Radio Site

Softer Handover

Radio Site

Soft Handover

Better
Equalizer
Throughput
(Bits
combination)

Radio Site

Soft Handover Softer Handover

Mechanisms
Mechanisms to
to recover
recover transmit
transmit data
data from
from mobile
mobile user
user

UMTS Performances
Power control
Open Loop Power Control
Access channel
(the mobile is not connected)
Outer Loop Power Control
(communication quality target)
RNC

Inner Loop Power Control

(radio transmission quality)

Limits

BS Power Amplifier
50W

UMTS Performances
DownLink Limits

0W

MS1

MS2

MS3

MSi

BS Receiver
Lowest
UMTS
Despread Signal
Performances
Maximum Noise Floor
(KTBdB+NFdB)
UpLink Limits

Eb/No

Eb/No
Processing
Gain
(x kbps)
(x<y)

Processing
Gain
(y kbps)

Receiver sensitivity (y kbps)

Receiver sensitivity (x kbps)

MS1

x kbps

MS2

MS3

x kbps
Cell Breathing

MSi

x kbps
y kbps

UMTS Performances
Limits

UPLINK

DOWNLINK

MACRO-CELL
Vehicular 120 Km/h

The capacity is tuned by the power control:

PBTS= pi
where pi is the power given to user i at time t
and PBTS the maximum available power at the BTS
by multipath interferences
Capacity is constrained by the number of active
users in a cell and the power allocation policy.

Circuit 384 Kbps:

Maximum
Coverage
3,5 km

Packet 384 Kbps:

4,25 km

Speech 8 Kbps
5,5 km
(equivalent to Data 20-30 Kbps
possibly more with high-power mobile)

Data Rate (Kbps)

Max
Min

Distance from BTS

Basic Set of Assumptions (ETSI):

Tri-Sector Macro-Cell
Outdoor Vehicular 120 km/h environment
MS-Power: 21 dBm for voice and 27 dBm for Data
MS Gain: 2 dB for Data Terminal:
Antenna Height: 40 m
50% load

UMTS Physical Channels

UMTS Physical Channels

FDD And TDD Channel
Power

Time

Code Multiplex

Cch76

DS-CDMA
FDD

UMTS USER 2
Cch15

Cch31

UMTS USER 1
Cch15

Frequency
5 MHz
Uplink Spectrum

1920 MHz

1980 MHz

2110 MHz

5 MHz
Downlink Spectrum

2170 MHz

Duplex Spacing : 190MHz

Cch91

Power

Cch25

Time

DL

Cch38

UL

Cch61

DL

TD-CDMA
TDD

DL

UMTS USER 2

UL
625 s
5 MHz

1900 MHz
or
2010 MHz

Code Multiplex
&
Time Division

1920 MHz
or
2025 MHz

UMTS USER 1
Frequency

Services

Services
LCD And UDD Services For FDD Bearers
Time

Power

User 3
UDD service
C74
C100

W-CDMA
FDD

User 2

C32

UDD service

C15
C100

User 1
LCD service
C11

UL

Frequency

DL

LCD: Long Constrained Delay

Circuit connection emulation (for Speech service also)
Code(s) allocated to the unique use of one user communication
Fixed services: LCD64, LCD144, LCD384 and LCD2048

UDD: Unconstrained Delay Data

Packet connection (shared codes as GPRS has shared channels)
Code(s) can be re-allocated to an another user during a communication
Flexible data services (UDD64, UDD144, UDD384 and UDD2048 exist)

C25

Spreading Spectrum

Code 1 (Ksps)
Spreading Spectrum

Notion
User 1
Symbol Rate (ksps)

Fixed
Chip Rate (kcps)

3.84 Mcps
User 2
Symbol Rate (ksps) (>User 1)

Spreading
Factor
(SF)

Code 2 (length < code 1 length)

Chip rate = Symbol rate * SF

Spreading Spectrum
Principle And Advantage (DS-CDMA)
GSM
Bursted
Mode

200 KHz

270 Kbit

W-CDMA
Processing
Gain

CW
Mode

X Code (OVSF)

3.84 Mcps

5 MHz

Spreading Spectrum
Properties

A Narrow Band signal spread

with a code is a spread signal.
A spread signal is despread
with the same spreading code.

OVSF code

NB

WB
The processing gain = WB/NB
OVSF code

A spread signal despread

with the wrong code
remains spread

OVSF code
Narrow Band signal
despread is a spread signal

SPREADING SPECTRUM
Code Tree For Channelization Codes (OVSF)
(1,1,1,1)

(1,1)
Unusable
(1,1,-1,-1)

(1)
(1,-1,1,-1)

Unusable

(1,-1)
(1,-1,-1,1)
No Spreading Factor

SF = 1

SF = 2

Unusable
SF = 4

SF = 16 SF = 32 SF = 64 SF = 128 SF = 256

Spreading Spectrum
Mapping Of Bearers On Physical Channels
LCD64

UDD64

Speech

Speech

UDD144

UDD64

Speech

Speech

LCD64

UDD64

Speech

Speech

UDD64

Speech

Speech

UDD64

Speech

Speech

UDD144

UDD64

Speech

Speech

LCD64

UDD64

Speech

Speech

UDD64

Speech

Speech

UDD64

LCD64
LCD144
UDD144
UDD384
LCD384

UDD384

UDD64
UDD144

LCD384

LCD64

LCD144

UDD64

LCD64
LCD144
UDD144

UDD64
UDD144

SF=4

SF=8

SF=16

SF=32

SF=64 SF=128 SF=256

32

Spreading OVSF (Example)

Spreading OVSF
Transmited Signal
1

USER 1

-1

Code Cch1 (SF=16)

USER 2
Code Cch2 (SF=4)
Transmitted
Signal
(fixed Chip Rate)

-1

-1

Spreading OVSF
Data Extraction (Reception)
Received
Signal

Code Cch2 (SF=4)

Soft Bits

2 2 0 0 -2 -2 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 -2 -2 0 0

+
=4

USER 2

= -4

+
=4

2 2 0 0

+
=4

= -4

=4

Spreading OVSF
To (synchronisation)
Orthogonality1
Cj

-1 -1 1

-1 1

-1 1

-1 -1 -1 -1 1

-1

Ck

-1 1

-1 1

-1

=0

+
No correlation between codes.
Cj presence does not affect Ck energy.
If To not respected then no orthogonality ==> Interference

Network Interfaces

Network Interfaces
Control User
Plane
Non Access Stratum
and Control Planes
User Plane

Non
Access
Stratum
(OSI 4-7)

Transport Network User Plane

CM
MM

MM

Gc Nt Dc

Gc Nt Dc
User Data

User Data

Access
Stratum
(OSI 1-3)

CM

RANAP

SCCP

SCCP

MTP 3

MTP 3

AAL5
AAL 2
ATM
ATM

AAL5
AAL 2
ATM
ATM

RRC

RRC

MAC
RLC

MAC
RLC

MAC

MAC

PHY

PHY

User Equipment

RANAP

Uu interface

PHY

Radio Access Network

PHY
Iu interface
Core Network

Network Interfaces
Payload (IP)

Iu

RANAP
SCCP
MTP3b
SAAL-NNI
AAL5
ATM

RNC

Gn C-Plane

or

MM-PS

RANAP
SCCP
SIGTRAN
IP
AAL5
ATM

IP

GTP
UDP
IP
Any L2
Any L1

Session
Management
SM

MM-PS

SM

RAN

PS
Domain

U-SGSN

GTP
UDP
IP
AAL5
ATM

G
G
S
N

IP

Mobility
Management

Internet

Intranets

Standards allow either stack at least for now.

RNC
Q.2630.1
MTP3b
SAAL-NNI
AAL5
ATM

MM-CS

DMTAP

RNC

RANAP
SCCP
MTP3b
SAAL-NNI
AAL5
ATM

UMTS AMR
AAL2
ATM

Iu:

CS
Domain

U-MSC
Call Control
Mobility
Management

PSTN
Interworking

PCM

PSTNs/
ISDNs

Voice
Transcoding

= Bearer Path (User-Plane or U-Plane)

= Transport Layer Signalling Path (Control-Plane or C-Plane)
= Radio Network Layer Signalling Path

Control Plane

User Plane

Network
Interfaces
Non Access Stratum
Non Access Stratum

Uu

Access Stratum
Stratum
Access

Gc

Nt

Dc

RRC (Radio Resource Control)

L3
L3
Logical Channels SAP
(Service Access Point)

AM

UM

TR

AM

RLC (Radio Link Control)

L2
L2

Logical Channels

Common
Common
Channel
pCH

UM

RLC

Dedicated Control
Channel

Dedicated Traffic
Channel

MAC (Medium Access Control)

Transport Channels

Common
CH

Shared
CH

Dedicated
CH

ODMA
CH

Channel coding

L1
L1

Physical Data Channels

Physical Control
Channel

Common
pCH

Shared
pCH

Dedicated
pCH

Spreading
&
Modulation

ODMA
pCH

TR

Physical Channels

Physical Channels
FDD & TDD Frame Structure
1 slot = 0,625 ms
Slot #1 Slot #2

Slot #j

Slot #16

10 ms Frame = 16 slots = 40960 chips

Frame #0 Frame #1

Frame #i

720 ms Super Frame =72 frames*10ms

3.84 Mcps Chip Rate decreases

the number of slots down to 15

Frame #71

Physical Channels
10 ms Frame
= 16 slots (FDD)
= 40960 chips
Common Control
pCHs
Slot #1

Slot #2

Slot #j

Slot #16

1 slot = 0,625 ms = 2560 I&Q chips (downlink)

(256 chips)
Primary
SpcCH
(slot sync)

Sync pCH
Secondary
SpcCH
(frame sync)

Primary CCpdCH (1280 chips)

Primary CCpCH

Primary CCpdCH
(BCH Data)

Secondary CCpdCH (2304 chips)

Secondary CCpCH

FACH or PCH Data

Primary CCpcCH (1024 chips)

Primary CCpcCH
(Pilot)
Secondary CCpcCH
(256 chips)
Pilot

Physical Channels
Random Access pCHs (FDD)

10 ms

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1.25 ms

RACH preamble
(RApcCH)
I&Q

RACH preamble
(RApcCH)
I&Q

AICH answer
(AIpcCH)
I&Q

RACH Message Part

(RApdCH+RApcCH)
I+Q

Signature i

Uplink
(UE)

Signature i

1 ms

Data (Ndata bits)

I
Q

Downlink
(Cell)

Signature i

pilot

Rate Information

Physical Channels
Frame = 16 slots = 40960 chips
Dedicated pCHs10 ms
(FDD)
Slot #1

Slot #2

Slot #j

Slot #16

1 slot = 0,625 ms
Nbits=>Nsymbols*SF = 2560 chips
DpcCH

Downlink I&Q

DpdCH

DpcCH

DpdCH

DpcCH

TFCI

Data1

TPC

Data2

Pilot

=Ntfci bits

Ndata1bits

Ntpc bits

Ndata2bits

Npilot bits

DpdCH

Uplink

I
+
Q

Data
Ndatabits

Pilot

TFCI

FBI

TPC

Npilot bits

=Ntfci bits

Nfbi bits

Ntpc bits

DpcCH

Physical Channels
10 ms Frame = 16 slots = 40960 chips
TDD Frame example

Slot type
(Time Division)

Common Dedicated
Control
pCH
TS#0

TS#1

...

Dedicated Common Random Dedicated

pCH
Control Access
pCH

...

Dedicated
pCH

TS#6

TS#7

TS#8

TS#9

TS#15

DCH1

DCH4

1 slot = 0,625 ms = 2560 chips

Channel
assignment
(Code Division)

SCH

DCH1

BCH

DCH2

FACH

DCH4

DCH3

PCH

SCH

RA
CH

DCH2

BCH
RA
CH

FACH

DCH3

RA
CH

PCH
RA
CH

8-10 users per slot in downlink

(Code Division)

Up to 8 users per slot in uplink

(Code Division)
Up to 16 simultaneous RACH
(Code Division+Time Division)

Physical Channels
Random Access
10 ms FramepCHs
= 16 slots = (TDD)
40960 chips
Slot #0

Slot #1

Slot #i

1/2 slot =0,3125ms= 1280 I&Q chips (uplink)

Access Burst 1

Data Symbols
(336 chips)

(512 chips)

Data Symbols
(336 chips)

RACH Data

Midamble

RACH Data

512 chips

Access Burst 2

Extended
Guard period
1280 chips

Slot #15

1/2 slot =0,3125ms= 1280 I&Q chips (uplink)

Guard
period

Extended
Guard period

96 chips

1280 chips

Data Symbols
(336 chips)

(512 chips)

Data Symbols
(336 chips)

RACH Data

Midamble

RACH Data

512 chips

Guard
period
96 chips

Physical Channels
Common Control
(TDD)
10 ms pCHs
Frame = 16 slots
= 40960 chips
Slot #0

Slot #1

Slot #8

Slot #15

1 slot = 0,625 ms = 2560 I&Q chips (downlink)

Sync pCH

Toffset

(256 chips)

(256 chips)

Primary
SpcCH
(slot sync)

Secondary
SpcCH
(frame sync)

Data Symbols (976 chips)

CCpCH
(over burst 1)

CCpCH
(over burst 2)

BCH/FACH/PCH Data

Tgap

(512 chips)

Data Symbols (976 chips)

Midamble

BCH/FACH/PCH Data

512 chips

96 chips

Data Symbols (1104 chips)

(256 chips)

Data Symbols (1104 chips)

BCH/FACH/PACH Data

Midamble

BCH/FACH/PCH Data

256 chips

Guard
period

Guard
period
96 chips

Physical Channels
Burst structure (TDD)
1 slot = 0,625 ms = 2560 I&Q chips
1/2 slot = 0,315 ms = 1280 I&Q chips
Data symbols*SF
976 chips

Burst type 1

Burst type 2

Data*SF
336 chips

1/2 Burst
(pos 1 &2)

Midamble

Data Symbols*SF

512 chips

976 chips

Data symbols*SF

Midamble

Data Symbols*SF

1104 chips

256 chips

1104 chips

Midamble
512 chips

Data*SF
336 chips

Guard
period
96
chips

Guard
period
96
chips

Guard
period
96 chips

Data*SF
336 chips

Midamble
512 chips

Data*SF
336 chips

Guard
period
96 chips