Practice Problems: Chapter 12, Inventory Management

Problem 1:
ABC Analysis
Stock Number

Annual $ Volume

Percent of Annual $ Volume

J24

12,500

46.2

R26

9,000

33.3

L02

3,200

11.8

M12

1,550

5.8

P33

620

2.3

T72

65

0.2

S67

53

0.2

Q47

32

0.1

V20

30

0.1

= 100.0
What are the appropriate ABC groups of inventory items?
Problem 2:
A firm has 1,000 A items (which it counts every week, i.e., 5 days), 4,000 B items (counted
every 40 days), and 8,000 C items (counted every 100 days). How many items should be counted
per day?

Problem 3:
Assume you have a product with the following parameters:
Annual Demand = 360 units
Holding cost per year = $1.00 per unit
Order cost = $100 per order
What is the EOQ for this product?
Problem 4:
Given the data from Problem 3, and assuming a 300-day work year, how many orders should be
processed per year? What is the expected time between orders?
Problem 5:
What is the total cost for the inventory policy used in Problem 3?
Problem 6:
Based on the material from Problems 3 5, what would cost be if the demand was actually higher
than estimated (i.e., 500 units instead of 360 units), but the EOQ established in problem 3 above is
used? What will be the actual annual total cost?
Problem 7:
If demand for an item is 3 units per day, and delivery lead-time is 15 days, what should we use for a
simple re-order point?
Problem 8:
Assume that our firm produces Type C fire extinguishers. We make 30,000 of these fire
extinguishers per year. Each extinguisher requires one handle (assume a 300 day work year for
daily usage rate purposes). Assume an annual carrying cost of $1.50 per handle, production setup
cost of $150, and a daily production rate of 300. What is the optimal production order quantity?

Problem 9:
We use 1,000 electric drills per year in our production process. The ordering cost for these is $100
per order and the carrying cost is assumed to be 40% of the per unit cost. In orders of less than 120,
drills cost $78 per unit; for orders of 120 or more the cost drops to $50 per unit.
Should we take advantage of the quantity discount?
Problem 10:
Litely Corp sells 1,350 of its special decorator light switch per year and places orders for 300 of
these switches at a time. Assuming no safety stocks, Litely estimates a 50% chance of no shortages
in each cycle and the probability of shortages of 5, 10, and 15 units as 0.2, 0.15, and 0.15
respectively. The carrying cost per unit per year is calculated as $5 and the stockout cost is
estimated at $6 ($3 lost profit per switch and another $3 loss of goodwill or future sales). What
level of safety stock should Litely use for this product? (Consider safety stock of 0, 5, 10, and 15
units.)
Problem 11:
Presume that Litely carries a modern white kitchen ceiling lamp that is quite popular. The
anticipated demand during lead-time can be approximated by a normal curve having a mean of 180
units and a standard deviation of 40 units. What safety stock should Litely carry to achieve a 95%
service level?

ANSWERS
Problem 1:

ABC Groups
Class

Items

Annual Volume

Percent of $ Volume

J24, R26

21,500

79.5

L02, M12

4,750

17.6

P33, T72, S67, Q47, V20

800

2.9

= 100.0
Item P33 is a judgment call. It might be considered a B item by some organizations. However, the
modern tendency is to move items to as low a level as possible thereby reducing inventory
management costs.
Problem 2:

Item Class

Quantity

Policy

Number of Items to Count Per Day

1,000

Every 5 days

1000/5 = 200/day

4,000

Every 40 days

4000/40=100/day

8,000

Every 100 days

8000/100=80/day

Total items to count: 380/day

Problem 3:

EOQ

2* Demand *Order Cost

2*360*100

72000 268.33 items

Holding cost
1

The EOQ model assumes any real quantity is feasible. The actual quantity ordered may need to be
an integer value and may be affected by packaging or other item characteristics. In the following
Problems an EOQ of 268 is assumed.
Problem 4:

Demand 360

1.34 orders per year

Q
268

Working days
300 /1.34 224 days between orders
Expected number of orders

Problem 5:
Demand *Order Cost (Quantity of Items) *(Holding Cost)

Q
2
360*100 268*1

134 134 $268

268
2

TC

Notice that at the EOQ Total Holding Cost and Total Ordering Cost are equal.

Problem 6:
Demand *Order Cost (Quantity of Items) *(Holding Cost)

Q
2
500*100 268*1

186.57 134 $320.57

268
2

TC

Note that while demand was underestimated by nearly 50%, annual cost increases by only 20%
(320 / 268 1.20) an illustration of the degree to which the EOQ model is relatively insensitive to
small errors in estimation of demand.
Problem 7:
ROP = Demand during lead-time = 3 * 15 = 45 units
Problem 8:
The equation used differs from the basic EOQ model by allowing for gradual replenishment, which
affects the average level of inventory.

Q*p

2* Demand *Order Cost

(2)(30, 000)(150)

3000 units
100

Daily Usage Rate

1.50 1
Holding Cost 1

300
Daily Production Rate

Problem 9:

Q*p ($78)

(2)(1000)(100)
80 units
(0.4)(78)

Q*p ($50)

(2)(1000)(100)
100 units 120 to take advantage of quantity discount.
(0.4)(50)

Ordering 100 units at $50 per unit is not possible, the discount does not apply until 120 units are
ordered. We need to compare the total costs for the two alternatives, Q($78) and Q = 120. In this
situation, the Total Cost equation must include the cost of the item since this is not a constant.

Total cos t Demand * Cost

Demand * Order Cost ( Quantity of Items) * ( Holding cos t )

Q
2

(1000)(100) (80)(0.4)(78)

80
2
$78, 000 $1, 250 $1, 248 $80, 498
Total cost($78) (1000)(78)

(1000)(100) (120)(0.4)(50)

120
2
$50, 000 $833 $1, 200 $52, 033
Total cost($50) (1000)(50)

Therefore, we should order 120 each time at a unit cost of $50 and a total cost of $52,033. Notice
that Total Holding Cost is not equal to Total Ordering Cost at the lowest cost alternative (Q = 120)
since this is not an EOQ.
Problem 10:
Safety stock 0 units:
Carrying cost equals zero.
Total Stockout Costs = (stockout costs * possible units of shortage * probability of shortage *
number of orders per year)

S0 6*5*0.2*

1350
1350
1350
6*10*0.15*
6*15*0.15*
$128.25
300
300
300

Safety stock 5 units:

Carrying cos t $5 per unit * 5 units $25
Stockout cost: S5 6*5*0.15*

1350
1350
6*10*0.15*
$60.75
300
300

Total Cost = Carrying cost + Stockout cost $25 $60.75 $85.75

Safety stock 10 units:
Carrying cos t 10 * 5 $50.00
. *
Stockout cost: S10 6* 5* 015

1350
$20.25
300

Total Cost = Carrying cost + Stockout cost $50.00 $20.25 $70.25

Safety stock 15:
Carrying cos t 15* 5 $75.00
Stockout cos ts 0 (There is no shortage if 15 units are maintained)
Total Cost = Carrying cost + Stockout cost $75.00 $0 $75.00
Therefore: Minimum cost comes from carrying a 10 unit safety stock.

Problem 11:
To find the safety stock for a 95% service level it is necessary to calculate the 95th percentile on the
normal curve. Using the standard Normal table from the text, we find the Z value for 0.95 is 1.65
standard units. The safety stock is then given by:
(165
. * 40) 180 66 180 246 Ceiling Lamps