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An 8 Bit Multiplier
An 8 Bit Multiplier
GROUP REGISTRATION#
11-EE-57
11-EE-153
11-EE-159
ABSTRACT
We will see how to apply the principles and components of arithmetic circuits
to implement a subsystem of moderate complexity. Our objective is to design a fast 8by-8 bit multiplier using 4-by-4 bit multipliers as building blocks, along with adders,
arithmetic logic, and carry look-ahead units.
An 8-Bit Multiplier
INTRODUCTION
We can express an 8-bit product as a series of sums of 1-bit products, socalled Partial Product Accumulation. We can exploit the same principle to construct
multipliers of wider bit widths using primitive 4-by-4 multiplier blocks.
First, we denote the two 8-bit magnitudes to be multiplied as A7-0 and B7-0 and the
16-bit product that results as P15-0. We can partition A and B into two 4-bit
groups, A7-4, A3-0, B7-4, B3-0, and form their 16-bit product as a sum of several 8-bit
products:
To see how this works, let's examine the multiplication of the 8-bit binary numbers
111100102 and 100011002. These correspond to the decimal numbers 242 and 140,
respectively. As a check, we see that 242 * 140 = 33880, which is equal to
10000100010110002.
The hardware implementation follows directly from this observation. It requires four
4-by-4 multipliers, plus logic to sum the four-bit wide slices of the partial products.
Let's call the four 8-bit partial products PP0, PP1, PP2, and PP3. Then the final
product bits are computed as follows:
Of course, any carry-out of the calculation of P7-4 must be added to the sum for P118, and likewise for the carry-out of P11-8 to P15-12.
An 8-Bit Multiplier
IMPLEMENTATION
The basic blocks of the implementation are (1) the calculation of partial
products, (2) the summing of the 4-bit product slices, and (3) the carry look-ahead
unit. We examine each of these in turn.
Calculation of Sums:
The low-order 4 bits of the final product, P3-0, are the same as PP03-0 and do
not participate in the sums. P7-4 and P11-8 are sums of three 4-bit quantities. How do
we compute these?
3
An 8-Bit Multiplier
For this purpose, we need a 3 bit adder IC which was not available so we use 4-bit
adder ICs with two of its terminals shorted.
Note: In the above figure we can suppose these 3-bit adders to be 4-bit adder with
two terminals of each IC shorted.
The rightmost 74181 component and its two associated 74283s implement bit
slice P7-4. The logic is cascaded with an identical block of components to implement
bit slice P11-8.
The above figure also includes the implementation of slice P15-12. The final slice is
formed from the partial product PP37-4, plus any carry-outs from lower-order sums.
We implement this using a 74181 component configured as an adder, with the B data
inputs set to 0, the A inputs set to the partial product, and the carry-in coming from the
adjacent adder block.
Putting the Pieces Together: The last step in the design combines the
An 8-Bit Multiplier
multiplier block with the accumulation block. To further improve the performance, the
carries between the 74181s can be replaced with a 74182 carry look-ahead unit.
An 8-Bit Multiplier
CONCLUSIONS
About The Current Circuit:
Here we looked at ways to use the 4-by-4 multiplier as a fundamental building
block to make 8 bit multiplier. The 8-by-8 multiplier we designed used a considerable
large amount of logic, much greater than if we had built the multiplier directly using
4-bit multiplier ICs rather than using gates to build 4-bit multipliers building blocks.
Here we see that 4 bit multiplier, in conjunction with even more adders, can be used to
build multipliers of larger bit widths.
An 8-Bit Multiplier
References
[1]http://www2.elo.utfsm.cl/~lsb/elo211/aplicaciones/katz/chapter5/chapter05.doc6.ht
ml.
[2]http://www.datasheetarchive.com/5%20bit%20binary%20multiplier%20using%20a
dders-datasheet.html.
[3] http://lap2.epfl.ch/courses/archord1/labs/A_8bit_Sequential_Multiplier.pdf.
[4] https://wiki.engr.illinois.edu/download/attachments/84770821/09AdditionMultiplication.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1254112213000.
An 8-Bit Multiplier
Undertaking
We certify that project work titled An 8-bit Multiplier is our own work. Where
material has been used from other sources it has been properly acknowledged/referred.
Names
Reg#
11-EE-57
11-EE-153
11-EE-159
Signatures
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