Today's Topic: 1st Derivative Test

Today’s Topic
1 1st Derivative Test

Applications of Differentiation
Increasing and Decreasing Functions
Critical Points
Relative Maxima and Minima
Md. Azad Uddin
2 2nd Derivative Test
BSc (Hon’s) & MS in Applied Statistics, University of Dhaka Concavity
MA in Development Economics, Hiroshima University
Email: azad.uddin@northsouth.edu Inflection Points
Visiting Lecturer
3 Absolute/Global Maxima and Minima
School of Business and Economics (SBE) 4 Applications in Business and Economics
Dept. of Management, North South University Maximization/Minimization
November 12, 2018 Elasticity
5 Optimization Using the Closed Interval Method
Md. Azad Uddin (NSU) Applications of Diff. Visiting LecturerSchool of Business and Economics (SBE)Dept. of Management,
Md.North
AzadSouth
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(NSU) November 12, 2018 Applications
1 / 58 of Diff. Visiting LecturerSchool of Business and Economics (SBE)
1st Derivative Test
Introduction: Applications of Differentiation
1st Derivative Test
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1st Derivative Test 1st Derivative Test Increasing and Decreasing Functions

1 If f 0 (x) > 0 for all x in an open interval I , then f is increasing over I .
2 If f 0 (x) < 0 for all x in an open interval I , then f is decreasing over I .
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1st Derivative Test Increasing and Decreasing Functions 1st Derivative Test Critical Points
Critical Points
For determining increasing or decreasing behavior using a derivative, the

interval I is an open interval; that is, it does not include its endpoints.
These values are examples of critical values.
Definition (Critical Points)
Critical Points Let f be a function and c be a point in its domain. We call c a Critical
point for f if f 0 (c) = 0 or f 0 (c) is undefined.
Finding Critical Point(s)

1 Find f 0 (x)
2 Find value(s) of x, setting f 0 (x) = 0
Also note that a continuous function can change from increasing to

decreasing or from decreasing to increasing only at a critical value.
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Uddin (NSU) November 12, 2018 Applications
1st Derivative Test Critical Points 1st Derivative Test Critical Points
Critical Points Critical Points
Example
Find the critical points of the function
1 f (x) = 3x 4 − 20x 3 + 17
x 2 −5x+4
2 R(x) = x 2 +4
3 p(x) = (x − 3x)e −0.5x
2
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1st Derivative Test Critical Points 1st Derivative Test Relative Maxima and Minima
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1st Derivative Test Relative Maxima and Minima 1st Derivative Test Relative Maxima and Minima
The First Derivative Test The First Derivative Test
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Finding Relative Maximum and Minimum:

Example
Find the relative extrema (relative maxima and minima) of the function f
given by
f (x) = 2x 3 − x 4
Solution
First, determine the critical values. we find where f 0 (x) does not exist or
where f 0 (x) = 0.
3
f 0 (x) = 6x 2 − 4x 3 = 0 =⇒ x = 0,
2
Md. Azad Uddin (NSU) Applications of Diff. Md.

Visiting LecturerSchool of Business and Economics (SBE)Dept. of Management, Azad
North Uddin
South (NSU) November 12, 2018 Applications
University 15 / 58 of Diff. Visiting LecturerSchool of Business and Economics (SBE)

Second, We use these values to divide the x-axis into three intervals and More examples,
determine the sign of the derivative on each interval by choosing a test
value in each interval and substituting.
Therefore, by the First-Derivative Test, f has no extremum at x = 0 (since

f 0 (x) is increasing on both sides of 0) and has a relative maximum at
x = 3. Thus, f ( 32 ) = 27
16 is a relative maximum.
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The First Derivative Test
Example
Find the relative maxima and minima of the function 2nd Derivative Test
1 f (x) = x 3 − 6x 2 − 63x + 42
2
2 g (x) = x(5 − x) 3
4x−6
3 h(x) = x 2 +4
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2nd Derivative Test 2nd Derivative Test Concavity
Concavity
The “turning” behavior of a graph is called its concavity. The second
derivative plays a pivotal role in analyzing the concavity of a function’s
graph.
Concavity
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2nd Derivative Test Relative Maxima and Minima 2nd Derivative Test Relative Maxima and Minima
2nd Derivative Test 2nd Derivative Test
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2nd Derivative Test 2nd Derivative Test
Example
Find the Relative Maxima and Minima of the function
f (x) = 3x 5 − 20x 3
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2nd Derivative Test Relative Maxima and Minima

Thus, f (−2) = 64 is a relative maximum,and f (2) = −64 is a relative
minimum.
Since f 0 (−1) < 0 and f 0 (1) < 0, we know that f is decreasing on both (-2,
0) and 1(0, 2). Thus, we know by the First- Derivative Test that f has no
relative extremum at (0, 0).
Example
Find the Relative Maxima and Minima of the function
1 g (x) = 3x 4 − 20x 3 + 17
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2nd Derivative Test Relative Maxima and Minima 2nd Derivative Test Inflection Points
Inflection Points
Inflection Points
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2nd Derivative Test Inflection Points 2nd Derivative Test Inflection Points
Inflection Points Inflection Points
Determine intervals of concavity and find the inflection points for the
function
g (x) = 3x 4 − 20x 3 + 17 (1)
Find g’ and g”
Find where g”(x) is 0, x=0 or 10/3
make a sign chart for g” at 0 and 10/3
(−∞, 0), second derivative is positive , concave up
(0, 10/3), second derivative is negative, concave down
(10/3, ∞), second derivative is positive , concave up
inflection points (0, f (0)), and (10/3, f (10/3))
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2nd Derivative Test Inflection Points 2nd Derivative Test Inflection Points
Concavity and Inflection Points
Determine intervals of concavity and find the inflection points for the
function
Absolute/Global Maxima and Minima
x
1 h(x) = 9xe − 3
2
2 g (x) = x(5 − x) 3
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Absolute/Global Maxima and Minima Absolute/Global Maxima and Minima
A relative minimum may or may not be an absolute minimum,

meaning the smallest value of the function over its entire domain.
Similarly, a relative maximum may or may not be an absolute
maximum, meaning the greatest value of a function over its entire
domain.
An extremum may be at the highest or lowest point for a function’s
entire graph, in which case it is called an absolute extremum.
The function in the following graph has relative minima at interior
points c1 of the closed interval [a, b]. The relative minimum at c1 is
also the absolute minimum.
On the other hand, the relative maximum at c2 is not the absolute
maximum. The absolute maximum occurs at the endpoint b.
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Md.North
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Md.North
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University
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Absolute/Global Maxima and Minima Applications in Business and Economics
Applications in Business and Economics
In recent years, economic decision making has become more and more
mathematically oriented. Faced with huge masses of statistical data,
depending on hundreds or even thousands of different variables, business
analysts and economists have increasingly turned to mathematical
Applications in Business and Economics methods to help them describe what is happening, predict the effects of
various policy alternatives, and choose reasonable courses of action from
the myriad of possibilities. Among the mathematical methods employed is
calculus.
Methods of finding extreme value have practical applications in many
areas of life.
A businessperson wants to minimize costs and maximize profits.
A traveler wants to minimize transportation time.
Fermat’s Principle in optics states that light follows the path that
takes the least time.
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Applications in Business and Economics Maximization/Minimization Applications in Business and Economics Maximization/Minimization
Applications in Business and Economics Applications in Business and Economics

Example
An apartment complex has 250 apartments to rent. If they rent x Example
apartments then their monthly profit, in dollars, is given by, Suppose you own a snow board rental shop and have determined that the
demand equation for your snow boards is
P(x) = −8x 2 + 3200x − 80000
How many apartments should they rent in order to maximize their profit? p = $20 − x/10
(At $20 per rental you wont sell any) and the cost equation is
Solution
All that we’re really being asked to do here is to maximize the profit C = 50 + 3x
subject to the constraint that x must be in the range 0 ≤ x ≤ 250.
First, we’ll need the derivative and the critical point(s) that fall in the ($50 fixed costs and $3 per snow board rental).
range 0 ≤ x ≤ 250. What is the marginal profit in terms of x? What price should you charge
0
p (x) = −16x + 3200 =⇒ 3200 − 16x = 0 =⇒ x = 200 to maximize profits?
p(0) = −80000, p(200) = 240000, p(250) = 220000
So, it looks like they will generate the most profit if they only rent out 200
of the apartments
Md. Azad Uddin (NSU) instead of all Applications
250 of ofthem.
Diff. Visiting LecturerSchool of Business and Economics (SBE)Dept. of Management,
Md.North
Applications in Business and Economics Maximization/Minimization
Solution
The revenue is
R = px = (20 − x/10)(x) = 20x − x 2 /10
So that profit is
P = R − C = (20x − x 2 /10) − (50 + 3x) = 17x − x 2 /10 − 50
The marginal profit is dP/dx = 17 − x/5
To find the maximum profit we set the marginal profit equal to zero and
solve:
17 − x/5 = 0 =⇒ x = 85
Thus the price we should set is p = 20 − 85/10 = $11.5 per rental.

North Uddin
Maximization/Minimization
Elasticity
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Applications in Business and Economics Elasticity Applications in Business and Economics Elasticity
Elasticity Economic Applications
Elasticity is defined as
dq
q dq p
d = dp
= .
dp q
p
Profits π are a function of output sold given by the function

Example
π = 20.q − q 2 . Which value of q maximizes profits?
what is the price elasticity of demand when p = 5 and demand is Set, π 0 = 0 =⇒ q = 10.
q = 100 − 5.p? Profits are maximized when marginal costs equal marginal benefits.
dq
q dq p
d = dp = dp . q
p
p
=⇒ d = −5 100−5p
5
=⇒ d (p = 5) = −5 100−5.5 = −25
75 = −0.33.
So when the price increases by 1%, the demand decreases by
approximately 0.33%.

North Uddin
Applications in Business and Economics Elasticity Optimization Using the Closed Interval Method
Optimization Using the Closed Interval Method
The closed interval method is a way to solve a problem within a specific

interval of a function. The solutions found by the closed interval method
Optimization Using the Closed Interval Method will be at the absolute maximum or minimum points on the interval, which
can either be at the endpoints or at critical points. Other ways of solving
optimization problems include using the first derivative test or the second
derivative test.
The maximum value of A must occur either at that critical number or at
an endpoint of the interval.
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Optimization Using the Closed Interval Method Optimization Using the Closed Interval Method
A farmer has 2400 ft of fencing and wants to fence off a rectangular field
that borders a straight river. He needs no fence along the river. What are So, the function that we wish to maximize is:
the dimensions of the field that has the largest area? A(x) = 2400x − 2x 2 ; 0 ≤ x ≤ 1200
The derivative is: A0 (x) = 2400 − 4x So, to find the critical numbers, we
solve: 2400 − 4x = 0 =⇒ x = 600
The maximum value of A must occur either at that critical number or at
an endpoint of the interval. A(0) = 0; A(600) = 720, 000; and
A(1200) = 0
So, the Closed Interval Method gives the maximum value as:
A(600) = 720, 000
Alternatively, we could have observed that A00 (x) = −4 < 0 for all x.
Let x and y be the depth and width of the rectangle (in feet). So, A = xy .
So, A is always concave downward and the local maximum at x = 600
We wish to maximize the area A of the rectangle.
must be an absolute maximum.
Also, 2x + y = 2400 From that equation, we have: y = 2400 − 2x This
Thus, the rectangular field should be: 600 ft deep , 1200 ft wide
gives: A = x(2400 − 2x) = 2400x − 2x 2 Note that x ≥ 0 and x ≤ 1200
(otherwise A < 0).
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Optimization Using the Closed Interval Method
Find the absolute Maximum and Minimum values of the function

3 2
Thank you
f (x) = x − 6x − 36x + 41 (2)
on the interval [-4, 10]
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Today’s Topic

1 1st Derivative Test

1st Derivative Test

Introduction: Applications of Differentiation

1st Derivative Test

Increasing and Decreasing Functions

Increasing and Decreasing Functions

For determining increasing or decreasing behavior using a derivative, the

Finding Critical Point(s)

Also note that a continuous function can change from increasing to

Critical Points Critical Points

Relative Maxima and Minima

Relative Maxima and Minima

The First Derivative Test The First Derivative Test

The First Derivative Test The First Derivative Test

Finding Relative Maximum and Minimum:

Md. Azad Uddin (NSU) Applications of Diff. Md.

The First Derivative Test The First Derivative Test

Therefore, by the First-Derivative Test, f has no extremum at x = 0 (since

The First Derivative Test

2nd Derivative Test 2nd Derivative Test

2nd Derivative Test 2nd Derivative Test

2nd Derivative Test Relative Maxima and Minima

Inflection Points Inflection Points

Concavity and Inflection Points

Absolute/Global Maxima and Minima Absolute/Global Maxima and Minima

Absolute/Global Maxima and Minima Absolute/Global Maxima and Minima

A relative minimum may or may not be an absolute minimum,

Absolute/Global Maxima and Minima Absolute/Global Maxima and Minima

Absolute/Global Maxima and Minima Absolute/Global Maxima and Minima

Absolute/Global Maxima and Minima Absolute/Global Maxima and Minima

Absolute/Global Maxima and Minima Absolute/Global Maxima and Minima

Absolute/Global Maxima and Minima Applications in Business and Economics

Applications in Business and Economics

Applications in Business and Economics Applications in Business and Economics

Applications in Business and Economics Maximization/Minimization

Md. Azad Uddin (NSU) Applications of Diff. Md.

Elasticity Economic Applications

Profits π are a function of output sold given by the function

Md. Azad Uddin (NSU) Applications of Diff. Md.

Optimization Using the Closed Interval Method

The closed interval method is a way to solve a problem within a specific

Optimization Using the Closed Interval Method

Find the absolute Maximum and Minimum values of the function

on the interval [-4, 10]

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