Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PH202 Chapter 13 Solutions
PH202 Chapter 13 Solutions
Description: Find the weight of a cylindrical iron rod given its area and length and the density of iron.
Part A
On a part-time job, you are asked to bring a cylindrical iron rod of density 7800
92.1
rod,
Hint
A.1
, length
= 9.81
General approach
To calculate the weight of a body you need to know its mass. If the mass is unknown, and instead
the problem gives you information on the volume of the body and the density of the material of
which it is made, you can calculate the mass of that body by applying the definition of density.
Hint
A.2
Weight of a body
A body of mass
given by
,
where
= 9.81
Hint
A.3
From the length and the cross-sectional area of the rod and the density of iron, find the mass
the rod.
Hint
A.3.1
Consider a mass
of homogeneous material, whose volume is
material is defined as
. The density
.
Hint
A.3.2
Volume of a cylinder
The volume
of a cylinder of length
, then
is given by
of that
of
, then
Part B
Now that you know the weight of the rod, do you think that you will be able to carry the rod without a
cart?
Hint
B.1
A weight measured in newtons may not be very familiar to you; therefore it is more convenient to
determine the corresponding mass measured in kilograms, or in pounds.
Hint
B.2
The unit convertion factors for newtons, kilograms, and pounds are
,
.
ANSWER:
yes
no
Volume of Copper
Description: Includes Math Remediation. Calculate the volume of a given number of moles of
copper.
Part A
of a sample of 3.70
Since the number of moles of copper is known, calculate its mass, and then use the mass and the
density of copper to find the volume of the copper.
Hint
A.2
of copper.
ANSWER:
=
Hint
A.3
. Be careful with
Part A
Which of the following statements is true?
Hint A.1
Since pressure is defined as force per unit area, the pressure at a given depth below the surface of
the ocean is the normal force on a small area at that depth divided by that area. Thus, given the
pressure at 10
you can determine the normal force on a unit area at that depth. Also recall that,
in general, the pressure in a fluid varies with height, but it also depends on the external pressure
applied to the fluid. In the case of the ocean, the external pressure applied at its surface is the
atmospheric pressure.
ANSWER:
The weight of a column of seawater 1
high
pressure at 10
you can determine the normal force on a unit area at that depth. Also recall that,
in general, the pressure in a fluid varies with height, but it also depends on the external pressure
applied to the fluid. In the case of the ocean, the external pressure applied at its surface is the
atmospheric pressure.
ANSWER:
The weight of a column of seawater 1
is about 2.00105
high
of seawater at 10
is about 2.00105
.
The density of seawater is about 2.00105 times the density of air at sea
level.
The pressure at a given level in a fluid is caused by the weight of the overlying fluid plus any external
pressure applied to the fluid. In this case, the external pressure is the atmospheric pressure. Tropical
storms are formed by low-pressure systems in the atmosphere. When such a storm forms over the
ocean, both the atmospheric pressure and the fluid pressure in the ocean decrease.
Part B
Now consider the pressure 20
is true?
Hint B.1
, then, at a distance
in
,
where
pressure at a depth
is greater than
in cross section.
ANSWER:
by an amount
and 1
high.
high.
1.
2.
at surfaces.
Closed surface:
, usually 1
.
, where
3.
4.
5.
.
, where
fluid, is the acceleration due to gravity, and is the height of the fluid.
Use these rules to work out the following problem: A U-shaped tube is connected to a box at one end
and open to the air at the other end. The box is full of gas at pressure
mercury of density 1.36104
mercury column is
= 16.0
= 6.00
Part A
Find the pressures
and
atmospheric pressure.
Express your answers, separated by a comma, in terms of one or both of the variables
to denote
and
.
ANSWER:
,
Part B
As stated in rule 3 in the Tactics Box, it is always convenient to use horizontal lines in hydrostatic
problems. In each one of the following sketches, a different horizontal line is considered. Which
sketch would be more useful in solving the problem of finding the gas pressure?
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
It is useful to draw a horizontal line as in this sketch because it allows you to relate pressure in the
mercury at critical points in the tube. For example, even though you are not given the pressure at
point C, you know that
, because point C is at the same height as any point on
surface B. At the same time, you can also use the hydrostatic pressure equation to relate the pressure
at point C to that at surface A, where pressure is determined by the gas pressure in the box.
Part C
Assume
Hint
C.1
Recall that
.
Hint
C.2
ANSWER:
=
A Submerged Ball
Description: Quantitative question involving the application of Archimedes' principle.
A ball of mass
and volume
in the string when the ball is fully submerged but not touching the bottom, as
Equilibrium condition
Although the fact may be obscured by the presence of a liquid, the basic condition for equilibrium
still holds: The net force on the ball must be zero. Draw a free-body diagram and proceed from
there.
Hint
A.2
Find
Hint
A.2.1
Hint
A.2.1
Archimedes' principle
is the force,
, and
ANSWER:
=
, and
ANSWER:
=
Express your answer in terms of any or all of the given quantities and
acceleration due to gravity.
ANSWER:
=
waterline.
Part A
What is the buoyant force acting on the block?
Hint
A.1
Archimedes' principle
The upward buoyant force on a floating (or submerged) object is equal to the weight of the liquid
displaced by the object.
Mathematically, the buoyant force
is the
Part B
In Part A, you determined that the buoyant force, and hence the weight of the water displaced, is
equal to the weight of the block. Notice, however, that the volume of the water displaced is onehalf of the volume of the block.
Hint
B.2
Density
The density
of a material of mass
and volume
is
.
ANSWER:
2.00
between 1.00 and 2.00
1.00
between 0.50 and 1.00
0.50
The density cannot be determined.
Part C
Masses are stacked on top of the block until the top of the block is level with the waterline. This
requires 20
Hint
C.1
When you add the extra mass on top of the block, the buoyant force must change. Relating the
mass to the new buoyant force will allow you to write an equation to solve for
Hint
C.2
With the 20- mass on the block, twice as much of the block is underwater. Therefore, what
happens to the buoyant force on the block?
ANSWER:
Hint
ANSWER:
Hint
C.3
System mass
mass is placed on the block, the mass of the system is just the mass of the block (
), and this mass is supported by the buoyant force. With the 20of the system is now
Hint
C.4
,
where
is the mass of the block.
The new buoyant force must support the weight of the block and the mass, so according to
Newton's 2nd law
.
By setting these two expressions for
ANSWER:
40
20
10
Part D
The wooden block is removed from the water bath and placed in an unknown liquid. In this liquid,
only one-third of the wooden block is submerged. Is the unknown liquid more or less dense than
water?
ANSWER:
more dense
less dense
Part E
Comparing densities
half of the volume of the block times the density of the water must be equivalent to 20 . In the
unknown substance, one-third of the block is submerged, so one-third of the volume of the block
times the density of the unknown substance must be equivalent to 20 . You can use these
observations to write an equation for the density of the unknown substance.
Hint
E.2
,
,
so
,
where
is the
,
where
is the pressure,
is the height,
subscripts 1 and 2 refer to any two points along the streamline. The physical interpretation of Bernoulli's
equation becomes clearer if we rearrange the terms of the equation as follows:
.
The term
on the left-hand side represents the total work done on a unit volume of fluid by
the pressure forces of the surrounding fluid to move that volume of fluid from point 1 to point 2. The
two terms on the right-hand side represent, respectively, the change in potential energy,
, and the change in kinetic energy,
, of the unit volume during its
flow from point 1 to point 2. In other words, Bernoulli's equation states that the work done on a unit
volume of fluid by the surrounding fluid is equal to the sum of the change in potential and kinetic
energy per unit volume that occurs during the flow. This is nothing more than the statement of
conservation of mechanical energy for an ideal fluid flowing along a streamline.
Part A
Consider the portion of a flow tube shown in the figure.
Apply Bernoulli's equation to point 1 and to point 2. Since the points are both at the same height,
their elevations cancel out in the equation and you are left with a relation between pressure and
flow speeds. Even though the problem does not give direct information on the flow speed along the
flow tube, it does tell you that the cross section of the flow tube decreases as the fluid flows toward
point 2. Apply the continuity equation to points 1 and 2 and determine whether the flow speed at
point 2 is greater than or smaller than the flow speed at point 1. With that information and
Bernoulli's equation, you will be able to determine the pressure at point 2 with respect to the
pressure at point 1.
Hint
A.2
Apply Bernoulli's equation to point 1 and to point 2 to complete the expression below. Here
and
point 2 is greater than or smaller than the flow speed at point 1. With that information and
Bernoulli's equation, you will be able to determine the pressure at point 2 with respect to the
pressure at point 1.
Hint
A.2
Apply Bernoulli's equation to point 1 and to point 2 to complete the expression below. Here
and
are the pressure and flow speed, respectively, and subscripts 1 and 2 refer to point 1 and point 2.
Also, use
Hint
A.2.1
Along a horizontal streamline, the change in potential energy of the flowing fluid is zero. In
other words, when applying Bernoulli's equation to any two points of the streamline,
and they cancel out.
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables
.
, and
ANSWER:
=
Along a horizontal streamline, Bernoulli's equation reduces to
,
or
.
Since the density of the fluid is always a positive quantity, the sign of
of
Hint A.3
with respect to
The continuity equation expresses conservation of mass for incompressible fluids flowing in a
tube. It says that the amount of fluid
time interval
of the tube in a
.
Therefore, the flow speed must increase when the cross section of the flow tube decreases, and
vice versa.
time interval
.
Therefore, the flow speed must increase when the cross section of the flow tube decreases, and
vice versa.
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Thus, by combining the continuity equation and Bernoulli's equation, one can characterize the flow of
an ideal fluid.When the cross section of the flow tube decreases, the flow speed increases, and
therefore the pressure decreases. In other words, if
, then
and
Part B
As you found out in the previous part, Bernoulli's equation tells us that a fluid element that flows
through a flow tube with decreasing cross section moves toward a region of lower pressure.
Physically, the pressure drop experienced by the fluid element between points 1 and 2 acts on the
fluid element as a net force that causes the fluid to __________.
Hint B.1
decrease in speed
increase in speed
remain in equilibrium
Part C
Now assume that point 2 is at height
Apply Bernoulli's equation to point 1 and to point 2, as you did in Part A. Note that this time you
must take into account the difference in elevation between points 1 and 2. Do you need to add this
additional term to the other term representing the pressure drop between the two ends of the flow
tube or do you subtract it?
ANSWER:
The pressure drop
is
Part D
From a physical point of view, how do you explain the fact that the pressure drop at the ends of the
elevated flow tube from Part C is larger than the pressure drop occurring in the similar but purely
horizontal flow from Part A?
Hint D.1
surrounding fluid to move that volume of fluid from one end to the other end of the flow tube.
ANSWER:
A greater amount of work is needed
to balance the
In the case of purely horizontal flow, the difference in pressure between the two ends of the flow tube
had to balance only the increase in kinetic energy resulting from the acceleration of the fluid. In an
elevated flow tube, the difference in pressure must also balance the increase in potential energy of the
fluid; therefore a higher pressure is needed for the flow to occur.
Imagine that plaque has narrowed an artery to one-fifth of its normal cross-sectional area (an 80%
blockage).
Part A
Compared to normal blood flow velocity,
blockage?
Hint A.1
By the equation of continuity, as the cross-sectional area of an artery decreases because of plaque
formation, the velocity of blood through that region of the artery will increase. The new flow speed
can be calculated by rearranging the equation of continuity,
;
so
where
and
are the initial and final cross-sectional areas, and
and final velocities of the blood, respectively.
ANSWER:
and
ANSWER:
Part B
By what factor does the kinetic energy per unit of blood volume change as the blood passes through
this blockage?
ANSWER:
25
5
1
Part C
As the blood passes through this blockage, what happens to the blood pressure?
Hint
C.1
Bernoulli's equation states that the sum of the pressure, the kinetic energy per volume, and the
gravitational energy per volume of a fluid is constant. For initial and final pressures
initial and final velocities
and
, and mass per unit volume of blood,
of changes in gravitational energy leads to
and
.
Basically, the sum of kinetic energy and pressure must remain constant in an artery. This leads to a
very serious health risk. As blood velocity increases, blood pressure in a section of artery can drop
to a dangerously low level, and the blood vessel can collapse, completely cutting off blood flow,
owing to lack of sufficient internal pressure.
Hint
C.2
From Bernoulli's equation, the change in pressure is the negative of the change in kinetic energy
per unit volume. For initial and final kinetic energies per unit volume of the blood,
respectively,
,
or
,
where
and
,
or
,
where
or
.
ANSWER:
It increases by about 250
It increases by about 41
.
.
.
.
Part E
By what factor does the kinetic energy per unit of blood volume increase as the blood passes through
this blockage?
Express your answer numerically.
ANSWER:
Part F
What is the magnitude of the drop in blood pressure,
Use
as the normal (i.e., unblocked) kinetic energy per unit volume of the blood.
Express your answer in pascals using two significant figures.
ANSWER:
=
Part A
A strong wind blows over the house shown in the figure. The wind is much stronger over the house's
roof than lower down, and the house has an open chimney. A window on the ground floor is open,
and so are the doors inside the house. Which way will air flow through the house?
Hint A.1
This problem asks you to apply what you've learned about pressure and fluid flow to a new
situation. Is the pressure above the chimney lower or higher than that at the window? Remember
that the wind is much faster at the level of the chimney than at the level of the open window.
Wind will flow from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure. Use this idea to
determine the direction of air flow.
ANSWER:
Air pressure is lower at the chimney and higher outside the window, so air will flow in through the
window and out through the chimney.
Part A
Rank, from smallest to largest, the pressures in the tank of motionless fluid shown in the figure.
Hint
A.1
Recall that the pressure at any point in an open container of fluid is due to the weight of the
overlying fluid plus the weight of the overlying air.
Also, think about the fact that this fluid is motionless. What does that tell you about the pressure at
any two points on the same horizontal level, such as points B and C?
To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
ANSWER:
Pressure depends on vertical distance from the fluid surface. As we descend deeper in the fluid, the
pressure increases.
View
Pressure depends on vertical distance from the fluid surface. As we descend deeper in the fluid, the
pressure increases.
Part A
Suppose that we repeat the experiment shown in the video, but we replace one of the cylinders with a
cylinder that has twice the radius (and use larger containers of water). If the height of the original
cylinder is
the video?
Hint A.1
, how deeply must we submerge the new cylinder to get the same weight reduction as in
How to approach the problem
How does the reduction in the cylinders weight relate to the amount of water the cylinder
displaces?
How does the volume of a cylinder depend on the cylinders radius and height?
ANSWER:
2
To get the same reduction in weight, the same volume of cylinder must be submerged. The volume of
a cylinder is
To get the same reduction in weight, the same volume of cylinder must be submerged. The volume of
a cylinder is
factor of four.
Q13.33. Reason: Since the question talks about the extra pressure we will ignore the air pressure above the
water; you have an equal amount of air pressure on the inside. The 7 N quoted is the increased pressure.
Therefore the equation we need is Equation 13.5 without the po term,
and round g to
Q13.35. Reason: Well assume the ball is not being forcibly held under the water (because then the net force
would be zero). A free-body diagram shows only two forces on the ball: the downward force of gravity
and the upward buoyant force, whose magnitude equals the weight of the displaced fluid (the weight
of
of water).
The downward gravitational force has a magnitude of
The upward buoyant force has a magnitude of
Subtracting gives the magnitude of the net force,
The correct answer is B.
Assess: This is enough force to cause the basketball to accelerate upward fairly impressively, as you have
probably seen in the swimming pool (if you havent, have your teacher assign you a field trip to the pool to try
this out).
Q13.37. Reason: Well use the equation of continuity, Equation 13.12, and make all the assumptions inherent
in that equation (no leakage, etc.). Well also use
for v1.
Call the plunger point 1 and the nozzle point 2, and solve
Q13.38. Reason: The question says to ignore viscosity, so we do not need Poiseuilles equation; Bernoullis
equation should suffice. And because the pipe is horizontal we can drop the
same on both sides).
We are given
and
We will also use the equation of continuity to solve for v2.
Problems
P13.7. Prepare: Vf is the volume of the fish, Va is the volume of air, and Vw is the volume of water displaced
by the fish + air system. The mass of the fish is mf, the mass of the air is ma, and the mass of the water displaced
by the fish is mw.
Solve: Neutral buoyancy implies static equilibrium, which will happen when
This means
P13.14. Prepare: The pressure required will be the atmospheric pressure exerted by the air on the water in the
container subtracted by the pressure exerted by the column of water.
Solve:
Assess: The principle here is similar to the principle in a barometer.
P13.30. Prepare: The pipe is a flow tube, so the equation of continuity, Equation 13.12, applies. To work with
SI units, we need the conversion 1 L = 103 m3.
Solve: The volume flow rate is
Assess: This is a reasonable speed for water flowing through a 2.0-cm pipe.
P13.55. Prepare: Knowing the volume flow rate, the number of vessels and the diameter of each vessel, we
can use Equation 13.13 to solve the problem. We can either say that each vessel handles 1/2000 of the volume
flow rate or we can say the total area for this flow rate is 2000 times the area of each vessel. Either way we will
get the same result.
Solve: Starting with the definition of volume flow rate and the knowledge that each vessel handles 1/2000 of
this volume, we may write
Solving for v
Assess: At this rate, water could travel to the top of an 18 m tree in a day. That seems reasonable.
P13.61. Prepare: Please refer to Figure P13.61. Assume the gas in the manometer is an ideal gas. Assume that
a drop in length of 90 mm produces a very small change in gas volume compared with the total volume of the
gas cell. This means the volume of the chamber can be considered constant.
Solve: In the ice-water mixture the pressure is
p1 = patmos + Hgg (0.120 m) = 1.013 105 Pa + (13,600 kg/m3)(9.8 m/s2)(0.120 m) = 1.173 105 Pa
In the freezer the pressure is
p2 = patm + Hgg (0.030 m) = 1.013 105 Pa + (13,600 kg/m3)(9.8 m/s2)(0.030 m) = 1.053 105 Pa
For constant volume conditions, the gas equation is