1T4: Some basic mathematics

Xavier Serra
Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona
&
Stanford University

Index

Sinusoidal functions

Complex numbers

Eulers formula

Complex sinusoids

Scalar product of sequences

Even and odd functions

Convolution

Sinusoidal functions (sinewaves)

x [ n]= A cos( nT +)= A cos(2 f nT +)
A : amplitude
: angular frequency in radians
f =/ 2 : frequency in Hz
: initial phase in radians
n : time index
T =1/ f s : sampling period in seconds(t=nT =n / f s )

Sinewave plot

Complex numbers
(a+ jb) a, b: real numbers

j 1 : imaginary unit
Im

Complex
plane:
Re (real axis)
Im (imaginary axis)

Re

Im

Rectangular form:

(a+ jb)

Re

Im

Polar form:
A= a +b
1 b
=tan ( )
a
2

Re

Euler's formula
e j =cos + j sin
j

e +e
cos =
2
j
j
e e
sin =
2j

Im
x

e j =cos()+ j sin ()

sin

cos

Re

Complex sinewave
x [ n]= A e j( nT +)= A e e j ( nT )= Xe j( nT )
= A cos( nT +)+ j Asin ( nT +)

Real sinewave:
x [ n]= A cos( nT +)= A(

j ( nT +)

j ( nT +)

+e
2

1
1 *
j ( nT ) 1
* j ( nT ) 1
= Xe
+ X e
= x [n]+ x [n]
2
2
2
2
={x [n]}

Scalar (dot) product of sequences

N 1

x , y = x [n]y [n]
n=0

Example:

x[n ]=[0, j , 1] ; y [n]=[1, j , j ]

x , y =01+ j( j)+1( j)=0+1+( j)=1 j

Orthogonality of sequences
x y x , y =0
x=(2,2)

Example:

x [n]=[2,2]; y [n]=[2,2]
1

x , y=22 +2(2)=44=0

-1
-2

y=(2,-2)

Even and odd functions

f [n] is even if f [-n] = f [n] [symmetric]
f [n] is odd if f [-n] = -f [n] [antisymmetric]

Convolution

N 1

y [n]=( x 1 [n]x 2 [n ])n = x 1 [m] x 2 [nm]

m=0

References and credits

More information in:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusoid

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_numbers

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_formula

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_product

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution

Reference for the mathematics of the DFT by Julius O.

Smith: https://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/mdft/
Slides and code released using the CC AttributionNoncommercial-Share Alike license or the Affero GPL
license and available from
https://github.com/MTG/sms-tools

1T4: Some basic mathematics

Xavier Serra
Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona
&
Stanford University