Hydraulic Structures Hydraulic Design of Syphon

February 1, 2011

Cross Drainage Works

1. Aqueducts:
If the bed level of the channel is higher than H.F.L. of the drain, the structure is an
aqueduct. Otherwise, the structure is either syphon or culvert.
2. Culvert
If there is no restriction downstream, the structure will have two slopes S1 and S2, then,
the structure will be a culvert.
3. Syphon
If there is any restriction downstream the structure will have three slopes, therefore the
structure is a syphon.

Hydraulic Design of Syphon

Design a syphon with the following data
a. Canal
Discharge

= 40 cumec

Bed width

= 18 m

Full supply depth

= 2.1 m

Bed level

= 250 m

Side slope

= 1 H: 1 V

b. Drain
Flood discharge

= 100 cumec

Bed level

= 251.8 m

Depth

= 1.45 m

H.F.L.

= 253.25 m

Roadway

16 m

Drain

44.5 m

Roadway

8m

Hydraulic Structures Hydraulic Design of Syphon

February 1, 2011

Design
1. Drainage waterway
Laceys Formula
P 4.83 Q

, P wetted perimeter

4.83 100
48.3 m

Total length of barrels 8 44.5 16

68.5 70 m

Provide bed width of the drain at crossing 44.5m

High flood level of the drain= 253.25 m
2. Canal waterway
Velocity of approach

Q
40

0.9 m s
A 1.5 2.12 18 2.1

Maximum fluming is 40%, 0.4 18 7.2m

Let the canal waterway be reduced from 18 m to 7.3 m
such that two barrels each 3.5 m with 0.3 m thick wall.

3.5 m

0.3 m

Let the height of the barrel = 2.5 m

Q
40

2.29 m s
A 3.5 2.5 2
V
2.29
Fr

0.46 1
gD
9.81 2.5

V 2 ~ 3 m s

Fr 1, 0.4 ~ 0.6

The flow is subcritical in the barrel.

3. Head loss and bed levels at different sections:
Provide 2 in 1 splay in contraction, and 3 to 1 splay in expansion, and 3 in 1 splay in
expansion:
Length of contraction
Length of expansion

18 7.3
2 10.7 m
2

18 7.3
3 16.05 m
2

At section 4
Velocity head ha

Va2
0.92

0.041 m
2 g 2 9.81

R.L. of bed = 250 m

2

2.5 m

Hydraulic Structures Hydraulic Design of Syphon

February 1, 2011

R.L. of water surface = 250+2.1=252.1 m

R.L. of T.E.L. = 252.1+0.041 = 252.141 m
At section 3
Provide water depth = 3 m
Area of section 3 7.3 21.9m2

Velocity

Q
40

1.83 m s
A 21.9

V 2 1.83
Velocity head 3
0.17 m
2 g 2 9.81
2

Loss of head in expansion from section 3 to section 4

V 2 V42
1.832 0.92
K2 3

0.3

0.039 m
2 9.81
2g
El. of T.E.L. at section 3 252.141 0.039 252.18m
R.L. of water surface 252.18 0.17 252.01m
R.L. of bed 252.01 3 249.01m
L V2

Head loss through barrels 1 f1 f 2

R 2g

where,
f1= constant for syphon mouth
=0.08 for bell mouthed syphon
b
f 2 a 1 where a and b are constants depending on the
R

material of the surface of barrels.

For cement plaster, a = 0.00316 and b = 0.1.
R

A
2 3.5 2.5

P 3.5 2.5 2 2

0.1

f 2 0.00316 1
0.036
0.729

Assume length of syphon barrels L= 70 m

70 2.29

hL 1 0.08 0.0036

0.729 2 9.81

0.381 m
2

At section 2

Hydraulic Structures Hydraulic Design of Syphon

February 1, 2011

R.L. of T.E.L. R.L. of T.E.L. @ section 3 + head loss through barrels

252.18 0.381 252.561m

R.L. of water surface 252.562 0.17 252.39 m

R.L. of bed 252.39 3 249.39 m

say 249.40 m

At section 1
V 2 V12
hL in contraction transition K1 2

2g
1.832 0.92
0.2
0.026 m
2 9.81

R.L. of T.E.L. 252.561 0.026

252.587 m

R.L. of water surface 252.587 0.041

252.546 m

R.L. of bed 252.546 2.1 250.446 m

Hydraulic Structures Hydraulic Design of Syphon

February 1, 2011

4. Transitions
Because the depth is varying through the transition, Metras and Chutervedis formulae
for transitions are not applicable, therefore Hinds method shall be used.
The expansion transition is explained in more details, please refer to section 4.b.
a. Contraction transition

y C x2
w.s. @ sec.1 - w.s. @ sec. 2
y1
2
252.546 252.4

0.073 m
2
length of transition 10.7
x1

5.35 m
2
2
Substitute y1 and x1 in the equation to find C
0.073 C 5.35

C 0.0026
y 0.0026 x 2
Contraction Transition
[1]

[2]

Dist.

[3]
El. of
W.S.
(m)

(m)
0.0026x2
0.00

0.0000

252.400

[4]
El. of
T.E.L.
(m)
Linear
Interp.
252.500

[5]
Velocity
head
hv (m)

[6]
Velocity

[4]-[3]

(2g hv)1/2

0.017

1.83

V (m/s)

[7]
Side
slope
s
Linear
Interp.
0:1

[8]
Area
A (m2)

21.86

[9]
Bed
level
(m)

249.40

[10]

[11]

Depth

Bed width

D (m)

[3]-[9]

A/D - s D

3.0

7.30

2.50

7.53

5.35

9.06

8.00

14.56

10.70

0.0000

252.546

252.587

0.040

0.90

b. Expansion transition

252.1 252.01
0.045 m
2
16.05
x1
8.025 m
2
y
0.045
C 12
2
x
8.025
y1

y 0.0007 x 2

1.5:1

44.44

250.45

2.1

18.00

Hydraulic Structures Hydraulic Design of Syphon

February 1, 2011
252.1

y1
w.s. El. 252.01

PROFILE
8.025
16.05

8.02 10

18.00

13.92

10.70

8.09

9.16

7.30

7.30

Bed width (m)

Bed level

13

16.05 m

PLAN

Expansion Transition
[1]

[2]

Dist.

[3]
El. of
W.S.
(m)

0.00

0.0000

252.010

[4]
El. of
T.E.L.
(m)
Linear
Interp.
252.180

3.00

0.0063

252.016

252.173

0.157

1.753

0.28:1

22.73

249.20

2.82

7.29

6.00

0.0252

252.035

252.165

0.130

1.596

0.56:1

25.48

249.38

2.66

8.09

8.02

0.0450

252.055

252.161

0.106

1.442

0.75:1

28.37

249.50

2.56

9.16

10.00

0.0252

252.075

252.156

0.081

1.262

0.93:1

31.75

249.63

2.44

10.71

13.00

0.0063

252.094

252.150

0.056

1.051

1.21:1

38.10

249.81

2.28

13.92

16.05

0.0000

252.100

252.140

0.040

0.886

1.5:1

44.44

250.00

2.10

18.00

(m)
0.0007x2

[5]
Velocity
head
hv (m)

[6]

A (m2)

1.826

[7]
Side
slope
s
Linear
Interp.
0:1

Velocity

[4]-[3]

(2g hv)1/2

0.170

21.86

V (m/s)

[8]
Area

[9]
Bed
level
(m)

[10]

[11]

Depth

Bed width

D (m)

[3]-[9]

A/D - s D

249.01

3.00

7.30

5. Pucca floor
Provide pucca floor in half the transition length in the upstream and 3/4th
the length of the expansion transition in the downstream.
Length of pucca floor u.s.

10.7
5.35 m say 6.0 m
2

Pucca Floor

Hydraulic Structures Hydraulic Design of Syphon

February 1, 2011

6. Uplift pressure on the barrel floor and pucca floor

a. Static uplift pressure
i.

At the bottom of barrel floor

Level of bottom of barrel floor 251.8 0.6 0.3 2 2.5 248.1m
Static head 250 248.1 1.9 m of water

ii.

At the downstream end of barrel

Floor level 249.01m

Assume floor thickness 249.01 1.5

247.51m

Static head 250 247.51 2.49 m of water

b. Seepage head on the barrel floor and the pucca floor
Seepage head H.F.L. in the drain
W.T. in the region (canal bed level)
253.25 250 3.25m

Total seepage path 0.6 2 0.3 2 2.5 1

8 13 13 11.3m

i.

At the bottom of barrel floor

Seepage path to bottom of barrel floor 0.6 2 3.11 4.3m
H1
3.25

, H1 2.01 m of water
11.3 4.3 11.3

Total uplift in the barrel 1.9 2.01

3.91 m of water

Max. Seepage 3.25

head

H1
H2

4.3
6.97
Total seepage length = 11.3 m

ii.

At d.s. end of barrel floor

Hydraulic Structures Hydraulic Design of Syphon

February 1, 2011

Seepage path 0.6 2 3.1

8
3

6.97 m
H 2 3.25

, H 2 1.25 m of water
4.3 11.3

Total uplift 2.49 1.25 3.74 m of water

Floor thickness

3.74
1.7 m say 2.0 m
2.2

The remaining length of transition shall be provided with

0.8 m 0.8 m 0.6 m C.C. blocks over 0.6 m inverted filter.

4 rows of blocks resting on 1.2 m deep toe wall at ends.

Hydraulic Structures Hydraulic Design of Syphon

February 1, 2011